Zen (microarchitecture)

AMD Zen
Logo for the Zen microarchitecture
Produced Q1 2017[1]
Designed by AMD
Common manufacturer(s)
Instruction set AMD64 (x86-64)
CPUID code Family 17h
Cores
  • 2–4 (essential)
  • 4–8 (mainstream)
  • 8–16 (enthusiast)[1][4][5][6]
  • Up to 32 (server)[1][7]
L1 cache 64 KiB instruction, 32 KiB data per core
L2 cache 512 KiB per core
L3 cache 8 MiB per quad-core CCX
Created 2012–2017
Transistors 14 nm (FinFET)[2]
Socket(s)
Predecessor Excavator (4th gen)
Successor Zen+
Product code name(s)
  • Summit Ridge (Desktop)
  • Whitehaven (HEDT)
  • Raven Ridge (APU/Embedded)
  • Naples (Server CPU)
  • Snowy Owl (Server APU)[9]
Brand name(s)
A highly simplified illustration of the Zen microarchitecture: a core has a total of 512 KiB of L2 cache.

Zen is the codename for a computer processor microarchitecture from AMD, and was first used with their Ryzen series of CPUs in February 2017.[1][10] The first Zen-based preview system was demonstrated at E3 2016, and first substantially detailed at an event hosted a block away from the Intel Developer Forum 2016. The first Zen-based CPUs codenamed "Summit Ridge" reached the market in early March 2017, Zen-derived Epyc server processors launched in June 2017[11] and Zen-based APUs arrived in November 2017.[12]

Zen is a clean sheet design that differs from the long-standing Bulldozer architecture. Zen-based processors use a 14 nm FinFET process, are reportedly more energy efficient, and can execute significantly more instructions per cycle. SMT has been introduced, allowing each core to run two threads. The cache system has also been redesigned, making the L1 cache write-back. Zen processors use three different sockets: desktop and mobile Ryzen chips use the AM4 socket, bringing DDR4 support; the high-end desktop Zen-based Threadripper chips support quad-channel DDR4 RAM and offer 64 PCIe 3.0 lanes (vs 24 lanes), using the TR4 socket;[13][14] and Epyc server processors offer 128 PCI 3.0 lanes and octal-channel DDR4 using the SP3 socket.

Zen is based on a SoC design.[15] The memory, PCIe, SATA, and USB controllers are incorporated into the same chip as the processor cores. This has advantages in bandwidth and power, at the expense of chip complexity and die area.[16] This SoC design allows the Zen microarchitecture to scale from laptops and small-form factor mini PCs to high-end desktops and servers.

Design

According to AMD, the main focus of Zen is on increasing per-core performance.[17][18][19] New or improved features include[20]:

  • The L1 cache has been changed from write-through to write-back, allowing for lower latency and higher bandwidth.
  • SMT (simultaneous multithreading) architecture allows for two threads per core, a departure from the CMT (clustered multi-thread) design used in the previous Bulldozer architecture. This is a feature previously offered in some IBM, Intel and Oracle processors.[21]
  • A fundamental building block for all Zen-based CPUs is the Core Complex (CCX) consisting of four cores and their associated caches. Processors with more than four cores consist of multiple CCXs connected by Infinity Fabric.[22]
  • Four ALUs, two AGUs/load–store units, and two floating-point units per core.[23]
  • Newly introduced "large" micro-operation cache.[24]
  • Each SMT core can dispatch up to six micro-ops per cycle (a combination of 6 integer micro-ops and 4 floating point micro-ops per cycle).[25][26]
  • Close to 2× faster L1 and L2 bandwidth, with total L3 cache bandwidth up 5×.
  • Clock gating.
  • Larger retire, load, and store queues.
  • Improved branch prediction using a hashed perceptron system with Indirect Target Array similar to the Bobcat microarchitecture,[27] something that has been compared to a neural network by AMD engineer Mike Clark.[28]
  • The branch predictor is decoupled from the fetch stage.
  • A dedicated stack engine for modifying the stack pointer, similar to that of Intel Haswell and Broadwell processors.[29]
  • Move elimination, a method that reduces physical data movement to reduce power consumption.
  • RDSEED support, a set of high-performance hardware random number generator instructions introduced in Intel's Broadwell microarchitecture.[30]
  • Support for the SMAP, SMEP, XSAVEC/XSAVES/XRSTORS, XSAVES, CLFLUSHOPT, and CLZERO instructions.[30]
  • AVX2 support.
  • ADX support.
  • SHA support.
  • PTE (page table entry) coalescing, which combines 4 kiB page tables into 32 kiB page size.
  • "Pure Power" (more accurate power monitoring sensors).[31]
  • Smart Prefetch.
  • Precision Boost.
  • eXtended Frequency Range (XFR), an automated overclocking feature which boosts clock speeds beyond the advertised turbo frequency.[32]

The Zen architecture is built on a 14 nanometer FinFET process subcontracted to GlobalFoundries,[34] giving greater efficiency than the 32 nm and 28 nm processes of previous AMD FX CPUs and AMD APUs, respectively.[35] The "Summit Ridge" Zen family of CPUs use the AM4 socket and feature DDR4 support and a 95 W TDP (thermal design power).[35] While newer roadmaps don't confirm the TDP for desktop products, they suggest a range for low-power mobile products with up to two Zen cores from 5 to 15 W and 15 to 35 W for performance-oriented mobile products with up to four Zen cores.[36]

Each Zen core can decode four instructions per clock cycle and includes a micro-op cache which feeds two schedulers, one each for the integer and floating point segments.[37][38] Each core has two address generation units, four integer units, and four floating point units. Two of the floating point units are adders, and two are multiply-adders. However, using multiply-add-operations may prevent simultaneous add operation in one of the adder units.[39] There are also improvements in the branch predictor. The L1 cache size is 64 KiB for instructions per core and 32 KiB for data per core. The L2 cache size 512 KiB per core, and the L3 is 1–2 MB per core. L3 caches offer 5× the bandwidth of previous AMD designs.

History and development

AMD began planning the Zen microarchitecture shortly after re-hiring Jim Keller in August 2012.[40] AMD formally revealed Zen in 2015.

The team in charge of Zen was led by Keller (who left in September 2015 after a 3-year tenure)[41] and AMD Senior Fellow and Chief Architect Michael Clark.[42][43][44]

Zen was originally planned for 2017 following the ARM64-based K12 sister core, but on AMD's 2015 Financial Analyst Day it was revealed that K12 was delayed in favor of the Zen design, to allow it to enter the market within the 2016 timeframe,[8] with the release of the first Zen-based processors expected for October 2016.[45]

In November 2015, a source inside AMD reported that Zen microprocessors had been tested and "met all expectations" with "no significant bottlenecks found".[2][46]

In December 2015, it was rumored that Samsung may be contracted as a fabricator for AMD's 14 nm FinFET processors, including both Zen and AMD's then-upcoming Polaris GPU architecture.[47] This was clarified by AMD's July 2016 announcement that products had been successfully produced on Samsung's 14 nm FinFET process.[48] AMD stated Samsung would be used "if needed", arguing this would reduce risk for AMD by decreasing dependence on any one foundry.

Advantages over predecessors

Zen's from-scratch design is notably different from its predecessors, with many different types of changes and enhancements being made across the board in hopes of making Zen more competitive with Intel's architectures, and the software most often built with Intel's processor features in mind.

Manufacturing process

Processors based on Zen use 14 nm FinFET silicon.[49] These processors are being produced at GlobalFoundries,[50] though reports state some Zen processors may also be produced at TSMC.[51] Prior to Zen, AMD's smallest process size was 28 nm, as utilized by their Steamroller and Excavator microarchitectures.[52][53] The immediate competition, Intel's Skylake and Kaby Lake microarchitecture, are also fabricated on 14 nm FinFET;[54] though Intel planned to begin the release of 10 nm parts later in 2017.[55] In comparison to Intel's 14 nm FinFET, AMD claimed in February 2017 the Zen cores would be 10% smaller.[56] Intel has later announced in July 2018 that 10nm mainstream processors should not be expected before the second half of 2019.[57]

For identical designs, these die shrinks would use less current (and power) at the same frequency (or voltage). As CPUs are usually power limited (typically up to ~125 W, or ~45 W for mobile), smaller transistors allow for either lower power at the same frequency, or higher frequency at the same power.[58]

Performance

One of Zen's major goals is to focus on performance per-core, and it is targeting a 40% improvement in instructions per cycle (IPC) over its predecessor.[59] Excavator, in comparison, offered 4–15% improvement over previous architectures.[60][61] AMD announced the final Zen microarchitecture actually achieved 52% improvement in IPC over Excavator.[62] The inclusion of SMT also allows each core to process up to two threads, increasing processing throughput by better use of available resources.

The Zen processors also employ sensors across the chip to dynamically scale frequency and voltage.[63] This allows for the maximum frequency to be dynamically and automatically defined by the processor itself based upon available cooling.

AMD has demonstrated an 8-core/16-thread Zen processor outperforming an equally-clocked Intel Broadwell-E processor in Blender rendering[1][9] and HandBrake benchmarks.[63]

Zen supports AVX2 but it requires two clock cycles to complete each AVX2 instruction compared to Intel's one.[64][65]

Memory

Zen supports DDR4 memory (up to eight channels)[66] and ECC.[67]

Pre-release reports stated APUs using the Zen architecture would also support High Bandwidth Memory (HBM).[68] However, the first demonstrated APU did not use HBM.[69] Previous APUs from AMD relied on shared memory for both the GPU and the CPU.

Power consumption and heat output

Processors built at the 14 nm node on FinFET silicon should show reduced power consumption and therefore heat over their 28 nm and 32 nm non-FinFET predecessors (for equivalent designs), or be more computationally powerful at equivalent heat output/power consumption.

Zen is also expected to use clock gating,[38] reducing the frequency of underutilized portions of the core to save power. This will be through AMD's SenseMI technology, using sensors across the chip to dynamically scale frequency and voltage.[63]

Enhanced security and virtualization support

Zen added support for AMD's Secure Memory Encryption (SME) and AMD's Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV). Secure Memory Encryption is real-time memory encryption done per page table entry. Encryption occurs on a hardware AES engine and keys are managed by the onboard "Security" Processor (ARM Cortex-A5) at boot time to encrypt each page, allowing any DDR4 memory (including non-volatile varieties) to be encrypted. AMD SME also makes the contents of the memory more resistant to memory snooping and cold boot attacks.[70][71]

[72]

The Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) feature allows the memory contents of a virtual machine (VM) to be transparently encrypted with a key unique to the guest VM. The memory controller contains a high-performance encryption engine which can be programmed with multiple keys for use by different VMs in the system. The programming and management of these keys is handled by the AMD Secure Processor firmware which exposes an API for these tasks.[73]

Connectivity

Incorporating much of the southbridge into the SoC, the Zen CPU includes SATA, USB, and PCI Express NVMe links.[74][75] This can be augmented by available Socket AM4 chipsets which add connectivity options including additional SATA and USB connections, and support for AMD's Crossfire and Nvidia's SLI.[76]

AMD, in announcing its Radeon Instinct line, argued that the upcoming Zen-based Naples server CPU would be particularly suited for building deep learning systems.[77][78] The expected 64 PCIe lanes per Naples CPU allows for four Instinct cards to connect at PCIe x16 to a single CPU. This compares favorably to the Intel Xeon line, with only 40 PCIe lanes.

Products

The Zen architecture is used in the current-generation desktop Ryzen CPUs. It is also in Epyc server processors (successor of Opteron processors), and APUs.[68][79][80]

The first desktop processors without graphics processing units (codenamed "Summit Ridge") were initially expected to start selling at the end of 2016, according to an AMD roadmap; with the first mobile and desktop processors of the AMD Accelerated Processing Unit type (codenamed "Raven Ridge") following in late 2017.[81] AMD officially delayed Zen until Q1 of 2017. In August 2016, an early demonstration of the architecture showed an 8-core/16-thread engineering sample CPU at 3.0 GHz.[9]

In December 2016, AMD officially announced the desktop CPU line under the Ryzen brand for release in Q1 2017. It also confirmed Server processors would be released in Q2 2017, and mobile APUs in H2 2017.[82]

On March 2, 2017, AMD officially launched the first Zen architecture-based octacore Ryzen desktop CPUs. The final clock speeds and TDPs for the 3 CPUs released in Q1 of 2017 demonstrated significant performance-per-watt benefits over the previous K15h (Piledriver) architecture.[83][84] The octacore Ryzen desktop CPUs demonstrated performance-per-watt comparable to Intel's Broadwell octacore CPUs.[85][86]

In March 2017, AMD also demonstrated an engineering sample of a server CPU based on the Zen architecture. The CPU (codenamed "Naples") was configured as a dual-socket server platform with each CPU having 32 cores/64 threads.[1][9]

Desktop processors

First Generation of Ryzen processors (Ryzen 1000 series):

Target
segment		 Processor
branding & model		 Cores
(threads)		 Clock rate (GHz) Cache[lower-alpha 1] TDP Socket Memory
support		 PCIe lanes[lower-alpha 2] Release
date		 Release
price
(USD)
Base Precision Boost
1–2
(3+)		 XFR L1 L2 L3
Entry-level Ryzen 3 1200[89][90][91] 4[92] (4) 3.1 3.4
(?)		 3.45[93] 384 KB [94][95][96][97][98][99][100] 512 KB per core [101][102][103] 8 MB 65 W [104] AM4 DDR4-2666

Dual-channel

 24[105] July 27, 2017 $109
Pro 1200[106][107] June 29, 2017 TBA
1300X[89][90] 3.5 3.7
(?)		 3.9[108] July 27, 2017 $129
Pro 1300[106][107] June 29, 2017 TBA
Mainstream Ryzen 5 1400 4 (8) 3.2 3.4
(?)		 3.45 April 11, 2017 $169
1500X 3.5 3.7
(3.6)		 3.9 16 MB [101] April 11, 2017 $189
Pro 1500[106][107] June 29, 2017 TBA
1600 6 (12) 3.2 3.6
(3.4)		 3.7 576 KB [109][110][111] April 11, 2017 $219
Pro 1600[106][107] June 29, 2017 TBA
1600X 3.6 4.0
(3.7)		 4.1 95 W April 11, 2017 $249
Performance Ryzen 7 1700 8 (16[112]) 3.0 3.7
(3.2)		 3.75 768 KB [113][114][115][116] 65 W March 2, 2017 $329
Pro 1700[106][107] June 29, 2017 TBA
1700X 3.4 3.8[117]
(3.5)		 3.9 95 W Mar 2, 2017 $399
Pro 1700X[106][107] June 29, 2017 TBA
1800X 3.6 4.0
(3.7)		 4.1 March 2, 2017 $499
High-end (HEDT) Ryzen
Threadripper [118][119]		 1900X[101][120][112] 8 (16[112]) 3.8[112] 4.0
(3.9[121][122])		 4.2 768 KB 180 W TR4[123] DDR4-2666
Quad-channel[123][124]		 64[125] August 31, 2017[112] $549
1920X[126][101] 12 (24) 3.5 4.0
(3.7[127])		 1.125 MB [103] 32 MB [101][102][103] August 10, 2017[120][112] $799
1950X[126][101] 16 (32) 3.4 4.0
(3.7)		 1.5 MB [102] $999
  1. ↑ AMD defines 1 kilobyte (KB) as 1024 bytes, and 1 megabyte (MB) as 1024 kilobytes.[87]
  2. ↑ PCIe lane count includes 4 lanes used for connectivity to the chipset.[88]

Mobile APUs

Model CPU GPU Memory support TDP Release
date
Cores
(threads)		 Clock rate (GHz) Cache[lower-alpha 1] Model Config[lower-alpha 2]
(cores)		 Clock Processing power (GFLOPS)[lower-alpha 3]
Base Boost XFR L2 L3
Ryzen 3 2200U[128] 2 (4) 2.5 3.4 Unknown 1 MB 4 MB Vega 3 192:12:4
(3)[129]		 1100 MHz 422.4 DDR4-2400 (dual channel) 12–25 W (configurable) 8 January, 2018
Ryzen 3 2300U[130] 4 (4) 2.0 2 MB Vega 6 384:24:8
(6)[131]		 844.8
Ryzen 3 Pro 2300U[132] 15 May, 2018 [133]
Ryzen 5 2500U[134] 4 (8) 3.6 Vega 8 512:32:16
(8)[135]		 1126.4 26 October, 2017[134]
Ryzen 5 Pro 2500U[136] 15 May, 2018 [133]
Ryzen 7 2700U[137] 2.2 3.8 Vega 10 640:40:16
(10)[138]		 1300 MHz 1664 26 October, 2017[137]
Ryzen 7 Pro 2700U[139] 15 May, 2018 [133]
Ryzen 5 2600H[140] 4 (8) 3.2 3.6 2 MB 4 MB Vega 8 512:32:16
(8)		 1100 MHz 1126.4 DDR4-3200 (dual channel) 35–54 W (configurable) 10 September, 2018[141]
Ryzen 7 2800H[140] 3.3 3.8 Vega 11 704:44:16
(11)		 1300 MHz 1830.4
  1. ↑ AMD defines 1 kilobyte (KB) as 1024 bytes, and 1 megabyte (MB) as 1024 kilobytes.[87]
  2. ↑ Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units
  3. ↑ Single precision performance is calculated from the base (or boost) core clock speed based on a FMA operation.

Desktop APUs

Model CPU GPU Memory
support		 TDP Release
date		 Release
price
Cores
(threads)		 Clock rate (GHz) Cache[lower-alpha 1] Model Config[lower-alpha 2]
(cores)		 Clock Processing power (GFLOPS)[lower-alpha 3]
Base Boost XFR L2 L3
Athlon 200GE[142][143] 2 (4) 3.2 N/A Unknown 1 MB 4 MB Vega 3 192:12:4
(3)		 1000 MHz 384 DDR4-2666 (Dual channel) 35 W September 6, 2018 $55
Athlon Pro 200GE[144][143] Unknown
Ryzen 3 2200GE[145][146] 4 (4) 3.2 3.6 Unknown 2 MB 4 MB RX Vega 8 512:32:16
(8)		 1100 MHz 1126 DDR4-2933 (Dual channel)[147][148] 35 W April 19, 2018 Unknown
Ryzen 3 Pro 2200GE[149] May 10, 2018 Unknown
Ryzen 3 2200G[148][150] 3.5 3.7 Unknown 45–65 W (configurable) February 12, 2018[151] $99
Ryzen 3 Pro 2200G[152] May 10, 2018 Unknown
Ryzen 5 2400GE[153][146] 4 (8) 3.2 3.8 Unknown RX Vega 11 704:44:16
(11)[154]		 1250 MHz 1760 35 W April 19, 2018 Unknown
Ryzen 5 Pro 2400GE[155] May 10, 2018 Unknown
Ryzen 5 2400G[147][150] 3.6 3.9 Unknown 45–65 W (configurable) February 12, 2018[151][156] $169
Ryzen 5 Pro 2400G[157] May 10, 2018 Unknown
  1. ↑ AMD defines 1 kilobyte (KB) as 1024 bytes, and 1 megabyte (MB) as 1024 kilobytes.[87]
  2. ↑ Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units
  3. ↑ Single-precision performance is calculated from the base (or boost) core clock speed based on a FMA operation.

Server processors

AMD announced in March 2017 that it will release a server platform based on Zen, codenamed Naples, in the second quarter of the year. The platform will include 1- and 2-socket systems. The CPUs in multi-processor configurations will communicate via AMD's Infinity Fabric.[158] Each chip supports eight channels of memory and 128 PCIe 3.0 lanes, of which 64 lanes will be used for CPU-to-CPU communication through Infinity Fabric when installed in a dual-processor configuration.[159] AMD officially revealed Naples under the brand name Epyc in May 2017.[160]

On June 20, 2017, AMD officially released the Epyc 7000 series CPUs at a launch event in Austin, Texas.[161]

Model Socket
Configu-
ration		 Cores
(threads)		 Clock rate (GHz) Cache Memory Support TDP
(W)		 Release
date		 Release
price (USD)
Base Boost L2
(kB)		 L3
(MB)
All Core Max
Epyc 7351P[162] [163][164] 1P 16 (32) 2.42.9 16 × 512 64 DDR4-2666
8 Channels		 155/170 June 2017
[165]		0$750+
Epyc 7401P[162] [163][164] 24 (48) 2.02.83.0 24 × 512 64 155/170$1075+
Epyc 7551P[162][163][164] 32 (64) 2.02.553.0 32 × 512 64 180$2100+
Epyc 7251[162][163][164] 2P 8 (16) 2.12.9 8 × 512 32[162]DDR4-2400
8 Channels		 1200$475+
Epyc 7281[162][163][164] 16 (32) 2.12.72.7 16 × 512 32[162] DDR4-2666
8 Channels		 155/1700 $650+
Epyc 7301[162][163][164] 2.22.72.7 16 × 512 640 $800+
Epyc 7351[162][163][164] 2.42.9 16 × 512 64$1100+
Epyc 7401[162][163][164] 24 (48) 2.02.83.0 24 × 512 64 DDR4-2666
8 Channels		 155/170$1850+
Epyc 7451[162][163][164]2.32.93.224 × 512 180$2400+
Epyc 7501[162][163][164] 32 (64) 2.02.63.0 32 × 512 64 DDR4-2666
8 Channels		 155/170$3400+
Epyc 7551[162][163][164]2.02.553.032 × 512 180$3400+
Epyc 7601[162][163][164] 2.22.73.2 32 × 512 180$4200+

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 "GlobalFoundries announces 14nm validation with AMD Zen silicon". ExtremeTech.
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