XTC

Formation

Growing up in Swindon in the 1960s, Andy Partridge had been a fan of contemporary pop groups like the Beatles, but was intimidated by the process of learning guitar. When the Monkees grew popular. he became interested in joining a music group. He recalled watching schoolmate Dave Gregory performing Jimi Hendrix-style songs at churches and youth clubs: "Sort of acid-skiffle. I thought, 'Ah, one day I'll play guitar!' But I didn't think I would be in the same band as this kid on the stage."^[13] Partridge eventually obtained a guitar and taught himself how to play it with no formal training.^[13] At the age of 15, he wrote his first song, titled "Please Help Me",^[14] and attracted the nickname "Rocky" for his early guitar mastery of the Beatles' "Rocky Raccoon" (1968).^[15] By the early 1970s, his music tastes had transitioned "from the Monkees to having a big binge on this Euro-avant-garde stuff. I got really in deep."^[13] One of his first bands was called "Stiff Beach", formed in August 1970.^[16] In early 1972, Partridge's constantly evolving group settled into "Star Park", a four-piece that featured himself with guitarist Dave Cartner, drummer Paul Wilson, and a bassist nicknamed "Nervous Steve".^[17]

In 1972, Partridge became closer acquainted with Gregory, a diabetic then suffering from a bout of depression, while working as an assistant at a local record shop in Swindon. Gregory was played the Mahavishnu Orchestra's album The Inner Mounting Flame (1971), which he later called "one of the watershed moments in my musical education."^[15] Partridge met bassist Colin Moulding at the shop in that same year.^[18] Moulding had been playing bass since 1970 "because I liked music [and] I thought that playing a bass, with four strings, would be infinitely easier than playing a guitar, with six strings. That was a horrible misconception!".^[19] Upon hearing the New York Dolls, Partridge's musical conceptions were "blown away ... I suddenly just wanted to play three chords again and get out my mom's makeup and stuff."^[13] The Dolls' single "Jet Boy" was a particular favorite for the group.^[20] At the end of 1972, Moulding and drummer Terry Chambers joined Partridge's band, replacing Nervous Steve and Paul Wilson, and the group was renamed "Star Park (Mark II)".^[17] Other members would frequently join and leave the group.^[13]

Local popularity, rise of punk and label signing

After Star Park opened for Thin Lizzy in May 1973,^[21] the band renamed themselves the Helium Kidz. Partridge subsequently wrote hundreds of songs for the group, and some demo tapes were sent to Decca Records.^[13] NME ran a small profile on the "up and coming" band, which consisted of Partridge, Moulding, Chambers and guitarist Dave Cartner: "They aspire to attain the impossible dream of being able to throw a TV or two out of the window of an American hotel and have no one complain."^[22] This version of the group lasted until 1975, when the group decided to rebrand themselves and change their music to "three-minute pop songs that were fast and inventive."^[13] Gregory auditioned for the band at this juncture, but did not end up joining.^[15] It was decided that the band have another name change. "The Dukes of Stratosphear" was considered, but Partridge thought it was too "flowery" and "psychedelic".^[13] He derived "XTC" from Jimmy Durante's exclamation upon discovering the lost chord: "That's it! I'm in ecstasy!".^[21] The name was chosen mainly for its emphatic appearance in print.^[23] Meanwhile, owing to creative differences with Partridge, synthesizer player Jonathan Perkins quit the band.^[24] In search of his replacement, Partridge found Barry Andrews through a "keyboard player seeks band" advertisement. Instead of a formal audition, the two went out drinking together.^[15] Andrews was immediately hired. During the first band rehearsal, Partridge recalled, "He sounded like Jon Lord from Deep Purple; fuzz box, wah wah pedal, bluesy runs. I said, You don't have to play like that, you can play like us if you want. The next rehearsal, he was like a maniac, like if Miró had played electric organ. Fantastic."^[15] December 1976 officially marked the beginning of the Partridge–Moulding–Chambers–Andrews line-up.^[25]

Ian Reid, owner of a Swindon club named The Affair, was their first manager and brokered deals for the group to perform at more popular venues such as the Red Cow in Hammersmith, The Nashville Rooms and Islington's Hope And Anchor. By this time, the punk rock movement had emerged, which opened an avenue for the group in terms of record label appeal, even though the band did not necessarily fit in the punk dogma.^[15] Partridge remembered hearing the Sex Pistols' "Anarchy In The UK" (1976) and feeling underwhelmed by its similarity to the Monkees or the Ramones: "That sort of spurred me on – watching this stuff that I thought was rather average."^[2] Soon, John Peel saw the band perform at Upstairs at Ronnie Scott's and asked them to appear on his BBC Radio 1 block.^[15] Partridge credited him as "responsible for us getting a recording contract. ... As soon as we recorded that session for the BBC, suddenly three or four record labels wanted to sign us up."^[26] After declining CBS, Harvest and Island, they signed with Virgin Records.^[15]

White Music and Go 2

In August 1977, XTC made their first commercially-released studio recordings with producer John Leckie at Abbey Road, which appeared on their debut album 3D EP in October.^[15] Their first full-length record, White Music, was then recorded within a week, and released for January 1978. Partridge characterized the album as "Captain Beefheart meets the Archies" shrouded in 1950s-style retrofuturism. He reflected that the album was the sum of everything the band enjoyed, including the Beatles, Sun Ra, and Atomic Rooster,^[15] but dismissed the contents as premature songs "built around this electric wordplay stuff".^[27] White Music reached number 38 on the UK Albums Chart.^[11] Although the album was well received by the press (Melody Maker, NME, Sounds, and Record Mirror all gave positive reviews^[28]), none of its singles managed to chart.^[15][1] They had re-recorded "This Is Pop" as a lead single; its follow-up, "Statue of Liberty", was banned on BBC Radio due to the lyric "I sail beneath her skirt".^[15] Placed on a £100 weekly salary,^[15] the band toured perpetually for the next five years.^[29] The group also made appearances on the children's television shows Tiswas and Magpie,^[15] which meant they would occasionally play for under-16 crowds on these early tours.^[30] Partridge enjoyed these early shows, but would later resent touring as the band's audience numbers grew and the performing experience became more impersonal.^[23]

By August 1978, XTC were prepared to record their next album.^[31] The band had contacted Brian Eno to produce after they learned that he was a fan, but he declined, telling them that they were good enough to produce themselves.^[15] Virgin rejected Eno's advice, and the group instead returned to Abbey Road with Leckie. Andrews appeared at the sessions with several original songs, but Partridge did not feel they were right for the band. He began taking Moulding and Chambers out for drinks without inviting Partridge, allegedly in an attempt to take over the group. After most of Andrews' songs were dropped from the final track list, the keyboardist told journalists that he foresaw the band "explod[ing] pretty soon".^[15] Go 2, a more experimental venture, was released in October to positive reviews and a number 21 chart peak.^[15] Like White Music, it was given praise in Sounds, Melody Maker, and the NME.^[32] One of the tracks, "Battery Brides (Andy Paints Brian)", was written in tribute to Eno.^[31] The album also included a bonus EP, Go+, which consisted of five dub remixes of XTC songs.^[15]

Andrews left the band in December 1978, while they were on their first American tour,^[15] and went on to form the League of Gentlemen with Robert Fripp of King Crimson.^[1] Partridge said: "He enjoyed undermining what little authority I had in the band. We were bickering quite a lot. But when he left I thought, Oh shit, that's the sound of the band gone, this space-cream over everything. And I did enjoy his brain power, the verbal and mental fencing."^[15] XTC went through a "silly half-hearted" process of auditioning another keyboardist.^[13] Thomas Dolby was in the running, but he was rejected for being an "ambitious songwriter"—to avoid repeating the conflicts that had led to Andrews' departure.^[31]

Rather than hiring a replacement keyboardist, Dave Gregory was invited to join as a second guitarist. Partridge remembered holding a "pretend audition" where Gregory was asked to play "This Is Pop", only for Gregory to inquire whether they wanted the album version or the single version: "We thought, 'Bloody oh, a real musician.' But he was in the band before he even knew."^[13] Gregory was anxious over whether the fans would accept him as a member, characterizing himself as "the archetypal pub-rocker in jeans and long hair. But the fans weren't bothered. Nobody was fashionable in XTC, ever."^[15] He grew more comfortable with the group after playing a few shows, he said, "and things got better and better".^[15]

Drums and Wires and Black Sea

XTC were impressed by Steve Lillywhite's work on Siouxsie and the Banshees' The Scream (1978), and he was contacted to produce their third album with a drum sound that would "knock your head off".^[34] With engineer Hugh Padgham, the band embarked to the newly built Townhouse Studios, "with its now world-famous stone room"; Gregory later recalled that Padgham had "yet to develop his trade-mark 'gated ambience' sound".^[35] Coinciding with Gregory's arrival, the band recorded "Life Begins at the Hop" (1979), a Moulding composition.^[1] By this time, Moulding "wanted to ditch [our] quirky nonsense and do more straight-ahead pop."^[15] He was surprised to learn that the label chose his song as a single over Partridge's.^[33] Upon release, it was the first charting single for the band,^[1] rising to number 54 on the UK Singles Chart.^[11] For a period, most of the group's singles were not placed on their albums. Moulding explained that this was because of an industry convention in the 1960s and the 1970s, and that when "we wanted to shift albums later on, that approach got blown out of the water."^[36]

	"Making Plans for Nigel" (1979) In 2016, "Making Plans for Nigel" was ranked number 143 on Pitchfork's list of the 200 best songs of the 1970s, where it was described as "more tender and complex than a straightforward anti-establishment tirade."[37]
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The first track recorded for the new album was Moulding's "Making Plans for Nigel".^[35] Virgin believed that it was the "most promising" of XTC's latest demos.^[36] Its distinctive drum pattern was discovered by accident after a miscommunication between Partridge and Chambers. Partridge was bothered by the amount of time spent recording the song, remarking that "[w]e spent a week doing Nigel and three weeks doing the rest of the album."^[15] The album was named Drums and Wires owing to its emphasis on guitars and expansive drums, and was released in August 1979. AllMusic reviewer Chris Woodstra wrote that it signalled "a turning point for the band, with a more subdued set of songs that reflect an increasing songwriting proficiency. The aimless energy of the first two albums is focused into a cohesive statement with a distinctive voice that retains their clever humor, quirky wordplay, and decidedly British flavor. ... driven by the powerful rhythms and angular, mainly minimalistic arrangements."^[34] "Making Plans for Nigel", a number 17 hit,^[11] helped propel the album to number 37 in the UK.^[1] Before "Nigel", XTC had struggled to fill more than half the seats of the small club circuits they played.^[38] Afterward, the single was playlisted at the BBC, which helped the band secure two appearances on Top of the Pops. When touring resumed in November, every date was sold out.^[35] In later years, Moulding and Partridge would look back on this point as the true start of XTC.^[15]

To follow up "Nigel", the band released "Wait Till Your Boat Goes Down" (1980), a reggae-influenced Partridge song with production by Phil Wainman of Bay City Rollers fame. It was their lowest-selling single to date. Concurrently, Virgin issued Moulding's "Ten Feet Tall" as the band's first US single.^[15] According to Gregory, "Colin began to fancy himself as the 'writer of the singles'".^[39] In response to "the fuss made over Colin's songs", Partridge attempted to exert more authority in the group: "I thought I was a very benevolent dictator." Gregory disagreed, recalling that the band was "pretty tired" and that Partridge "could be a little bit of a bully."^[15] Partridge made his solo debut with Take Away / The Lure of Salvage in early 1980, a one-off record that appeared without much notice.^{[1][nb 1]}

Black Sea, released in September 1980, reunited the group with Lillywhite and Padgham and was well-received critically.^[15] Singles "Generals and Majors", "Towers of London" and "Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me)" returned them to the charts at numbers 32, 31 and 16, respectively.^[11] "Sgt. Rock" provoked feminist hate-mail for the lyric "keep her stood in line". Partridge regretted the song, calling it "crass but not enjoyably crass".^[15] "Respectable Street" was banned from BBC radio due to its references to abortion and a "Sony Entertainment Centre".^[41] Partridge believed Black Sea was the closest the group had come to representing their live sound in the studio.^[42] It remains XTC's second-highest charting British album, placing at number 16,^[11] and the most successful album in the U.S. of their career, peaking at number 41 on the Billboard 200.^[1] That October, the documentary XTC At the Manor, which highlighted the studio recording of "Towers of London", was broadcast on BBC2.^[43]

English Settlement and Partridge's breakdown

From 1980 to 1981, XTC toured Australia, New Zealand and the US as the opening act for the Police. At this point, they were playing in arena stadiums while Partridge's mental state was beginning to deteriorate, and he requested to cease touring, but was opposed by Virgin, his bandmates, and the band's management.^[15] He would occasionally experience moments of memory lapse to the extent that he would forget who he was.^[45] His then-wife Marianne blamed his illness on his longtime dependency on Valium, and threw away the tablets.^{[46][nb 2]} Over the next year, he experienced intense withdrawal effects that he later described as "brain melt".^[47] Until this point, Partridge had insisted that every part of the band's arrangements on record could be replicated live.^[48] He believed that "if I wrote an album with a sound less geared towards touring then maybe there would be less pressure to tour."^[44]

XTC became their own producers for their next album project.^[49] Partridge said the band figured "it was Hugh who was getting all the great sounds".^[49] Padgham was given a producer credit alongside XTC, and the new music showcased more complex and intricate arrangements.^[1][50] Song lengths were longer and subject matter covered broader social issues.^[51] Much of the new material featured acoustic instruments, a reflection of Partridge's newfound interest in 12-string guitar,^[50] Gregory also bought a Rickenbacker 12-string and began contributing to the records as a keyboardist.^[15] In February 1982, English Settlement was released as the group's first double album.^[15] The hook of its lead single, "Senses Working Overtime", was based on Manfred Mann's "5-4-3-2-1" (1964),^[2] Both the album and single became the highest-charting records they would ever have in the UK, peaking at number five and number 10, respectively.^[1][15] In several territories outside the UK, the album was released as a single LP.^[43]

The group scheduled numerous television appearances and an international tour in support of English Settlement. During a live-broadcast gig in Paris, Partridge ran off the stage, and afterward, took a flight back to Swindon for treatment, which amounted to hypnotherapy. He described feeling nausea and stomach pains while on stage: "My body and brain said, You're hating this experience I'm going to make it bad for you. When you go on stage I'm going to give you panic attacks and stomach cramps. You're not enjoying this and you haven't got the heart to tell anyone you can't carry on so I'm gonna mess you up."^[15] The band's remaining tour dates in England were cancelled.^[46] After recovering from the episode, Partridge rejoined the group for their first tour of the US as a headlining act.^[46] The band played the first date in San Diego. Gregory said that they were "totally unrehearsed" during the performance because "we'd not played together for two weeks. ... It was obvious that he was ill, but exactly what it was, no-one knew."^[43]

On 4 April 1982, XTC were scheduled to play a sold-out show at the Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles, Partridge woke up that morning, he said, and "couldn't get off the bed. My legs wouldn't function. Walked to Ben Frank's coffee shop, where we'd all agreed to meet, in slow motion like I had both legs in plaster, trying not to throw up. I got in there, they knew what I was going to say."^[15] The tour ceased. He continued his hypnotherapy treatment, fearing that he was turning into the archetypal rock burn-out (such as Syd Barrett). "It got to the point where if I touched the front door knob, I wanted to throw up."^[15] For a period afterward, it was rumoured among fans and industry insiders that the group stopped performing because Partridge had died, and some American bands put on XTC tribute shows in his remembrance.^[23]

Financial issues and start of managerial litigation

The cancelled American tour incurred XTC with a £20,000 debt, and since it left them unable to record new material, they decided to reexamine their financial affairs.^[52] Confused as to where their earnings had gone, the group requested that manager Ian Reid help pay for the debts, but he refused, saying that they had owed him money. They tried distancing themselves from Reid by renegotiating their contract with Virgin. Six more albums were promised to the label in exchange for covering their debts, as well as a guarantee that subsequent royalty and advancement cheques be redirected into the band's own deposit account. Royalty rates were still kept relatively low, as the group's A&R man Paul Kinder explained, they had "appalling management for a number of years. Usually if a manager has got any kind of business acumen he will renegotiate the contract to get a better royalty. A record company expects this, which is why they keep royalties low initially. It's just business really. Nobody addressed the contract for XTC."^[15]

By January 1983, Reid was no longer the band's manager.^[53] That December, the group learned that he had incurred them an outstanding value-added taxes [VAT] bill^[54] and that he had significantly mishandled their revenue stream.^[13] A lawsuit was filed by the band, while he counter-sued for "unpaid commission on royalties". Virgin were then "legally required to freeze royalty and advance payments and divert publishing income into a frozen deposit account."^[15] For the next decade, the entirety of the band's earnings would be invested in the continued litigation.^[55] The group supported themselves mostly through short-term loans from Virgin and royalty payments derived from airplay.^[15] At one point, Moulding and Gregory were working at a car rental service for additional income.^[56] Partridge was eventually left with "about £300 in the bank", he said, "which is really heavy when you've got a family and everyone thinks you're 'Mr Rich and Famous'."^[55] A court-enforced gag order restricts the band from speaking publicly on the alleged improprieties.^[46] According to Partridge, Reid was "very naughty" and left the band with roughly £300,000 in unpaid VAT.^[55] Music journalist Patrick Schabe elaborates:

... what is known is that [Reid] inked a deal with Virgin that wound up working out primarily for Reid, secondarily for Virgin, and not at all for XTC. Throughout their first five years of existence, XTC never saw a penny of profits from either album sales or touring revenue. Reid, on the other hand, took out large loans from Virgin, borrowing against XTC's royalties, to the tune of millions of pounds by some estimates. Even after the band settled out of court with Reid, because of the terms of the contract, Virgin was able to hold XTC liable for the sum. Because of XTC's failure to tour, the likelihood of ever repaying Virgin dwindled further and further away. Over the course of a 20-year contract with Virgin Records, and after achieving gold and platinum status in album sales on a number of discs, XTC never saw any publishing royalties.^[46]

Mummer and faltered popularity

During the middle months of 1982, Partridge spent his time in convalescence and writing songs.^[15] He later surmised that relinquishing Valium inadvertently gave him a new sense of creative direction: "I was thinking clearer and wanted to know stuff. Life's big questions."^[57] In the interim, Chambers moved to Australia and started a family. Feeling dismayed by Partridge's decision not to tour, he had to be persuaded to return to Swindon for the next album's rehearsals in September. At one rehearsal, Partridge recalled asking Chambers for "tiny, cyclical, nattering clay pots", which he replied sounded "a bit fucking nancified".^[15] The newly-wed Chambers soon left the band to be with his wife in Australia.^[15]

Drummer Pete Phipps, formerly of the Glitter Band, was quickly hired as a temporary substitute. In the meantime, Virgin released a greatest hits compilation, Waxworks: Some Singles 1977–1982, to underwhelming sales. The group's new material was rejected by Virgin executive Jeremy Lascelles, who suggested that they write something more commercial. Partridge believed that "He asked me to write something a bit more like The Police, with more international flavour, more basic appeal."^[15] Lascelles remembered that he had actually named Talking Heads, not the Police: "Andy likes to portray us as the strict, stern schoolmasters, but we never wanted him to compromise at anything we thought he was good at. Here were very talented songwriters – surely, surely, surely they can come up with that elusive thing that is a hit single. That was our psyche."^[15]

After some remixing at Virgin's behest, Mummer, the first product of the studio-bound XTC, appeared in August 1983.^[15] Virgin did little to promote the album and delayed its release by several months.^[15] At number 58, it was their lowest-charting album to date.^[11] The one single that did chart, "Love on a Farmboy's Wages", did find significant airplay on BBC Radio 1.^[58] It was the first of a handful of XTC songs written over the years that reflected their poor financial state.^[29] Virtually every contemporary review of the album accused the band of falling out of touch with the contemporary music climate.^[59] Journalist Serene Dominic retrospectively wrote that the album was seen as "something of a disappointment at the time of release ... [It was] devoid of silly songs like 'Sgt. Rock' that had heretofore been the band's stock-in-trade and didn't rock out until the last song, 'Funk Pop a Roll.' ... Mummer signaled a strange rebirth for XTC."^[29] Moulding thought that "when we came back from America after our aborted tour of 1982 ... people like Spandau Ballet had moved onto the scene; new groups were coming up and there was no place for us."^{[49][nb 3]} Mojo journalist Chris Ingham summed up the period: "In 18 months, XTC had gone from Top 10 hits and critical superlatives to being ignorable, arcane eccentrics. 'Your average English person probably thinks we split up in 1982,' suggests Partridge. He's probably right."^[15]

The Big Express and 25 O'Clock

XTC released the 1983 holiday single "Thanks for Christmas" under the pseudonym Three Wise Men. It was produced by David Lord, owner of Crescent Studios in Bath, and they subsequently negotiated a deal that allowed them to work as much as they wanted on their next album at his studio. Rather than hiring a live drummer, most of the album was recorded using a Linn LM-1 Drum Computer, and extensive time was spent on its programming.^[15] Partridge envisioned the work as "industrial pop" inspired by Swindon, a "railway town".^[39] The end result, The Big Express, returned the group to a brighter and uptempo sound.^[61] He jokingly referred to some parts of the album as the only time the group were befallen with stereotypical 1980s-style production.^[39] It was released in October 1984, reaching a higher chart position than Mummer,^[1] but was "virtually ignored" by critics.^[61] Virgin invested £33,000 into the music video for "All You Pretty Girls" to little effect.^[15] A contemporary review by Erica Wexler of Musician magazine suggested: "XTC is never short of ideas; their only real flaw is a propensity for crowding together too many. But in this day of pop cliché, I'd take XTC's senses-working-overtime anytime. I just hope they're still not too far ahead of their time."^[62]

When Gregory joined the band in 1979, Partridge learned that they both shared a longtime enthusiasm for 1960s psychedelic music. An album of songs in that style was immediately put to consideration, but the group could not go through with it due to their commercial obligations to Virgin.^{[63][nb 4]} In November 1984, one month after The Big Express's release, Partridge and John Leckie traveled to Monmouth to produce the album Miss America by singer-songwriter Mary Margaret O'Hara, who had recently signed with Virgin. Partridge and Leckie were dismissed due to conflicts related to their religious affiliations or lack thereof (O'Hara was a devout Catholic). Partridge was feeling inspired by Nick Nicely's 1982 psychedelic single "Hilly Fields 1892", and devised a recording project to fill the newfound gap in his schedule.^[15] The rules were as follows: songs must follow the conventions of 1967 and 1968 psychedelia; no more than two takes allowed; use vintage equipment wherever possible. After receiving a £5,000 advance from a skeptical Virgin Records, the group devoted two weeks to the sessions.^[21] Partridge said: "I didn't really have songs ready, just ideas. I knew I wanted to do something like Syd Barrett. Perhaps a Beatles-esque track. ... I rung up the other guys and said 'Hey, let's put on a show!'; you know, that kind of thing."^[63]

Calling themselves "the Dukes of Stratosphear", the spin-off group consisted of Partridge and Moulding with Dave and his drummer brother Ian. Each adopted a pseudonym: Sir John Johns, The Red Curtain, Lord Cornelius Plum and E.I.E.I. Owen. At the sessions, the band dressed themselves in Paisley outfits and lit scented candles.^[15] With "nothing to live up to" as the Dukes, Partridge looked back on the project as the "most fun we ever had in the studio ... We never knew if it would sell ... We could never [subvert everybody's expectations] with XTC, as there was too much money involved and we were expected to be mentally honest and 'real.' Too much financial pressure."^[57] Released on April Fool's Day 1985, the album was presented as a long-lost collection of recordings by a late 1960s group.^[64] When asked about the album in interviews, XTC initially denied having any involvement.^[65] In England, the six-track mini-album sold twice as many copies as The Big Express, even before the Dukes' identity was made public. The album also achieved considerable sales in the US.^[55] Acts such as Kula Shaker, the Shamen and the Stone Roses would later recruit John Leckie based on his production work for the Dukes.^[15][49]

Skylarking and Psonic Psunspot

During a routine meeting in early 1986, Virgin executives threatened to drop the band from the label if their next album failed to sell more than 70,000 units.^[15] One reason why the group was not selling enough records, Virgin reportedly concluded, was that they sounded "too English".^[66] The label forced the group to work with one of their selected American producers; when shown a list of their names, Gregory recognized none of them except for Todd Rundgren.^[67] Gregory was a fan of Rundgren's music, particularly since hearing the 1978 album Hermit of Mink Hollow. His bandmates were not as familiar with Rundgren, but Gregory urged the group to work with him: "I reminded Andy that Todd had produced one of his favourite New York Dolls records [New York Dolls, 1973]. In the absence of any better alternatives, he agreed."^[68] Once contacted, Rundgren offered to handle the album's entire recording for a lump sum of $150,000, and the band agreed.^[69]

In January 1986, Partridge and Moulding mailed Rundgren a collection of more than 20 demo tapes they had stockpiled in advance.^[70] Compared to previous XTC albums, much of the material contrasted significantly with its mellower feel, lush arrangements, and "flowery" aesthetic.^[57] Rundgren responded with the idea of a concept album to bridge "Colin's 'pastoral' tunes and subject matter and Andy's 'pop anthems' and sly poetry. ... The album could be about a day, a year, or a lifetime. ... Using this framework, I [Rundgren] came up with a sequence of songs and a justification for their placement and brought it to the band."^[71] Partridge was immediately put off by Rundgren's suggestions ("you hadn't spoken to the bloke for three minutes, and he'd already been hacking and throwing your work in the bin").^[72]

After the group arrived at Utopia Sound recording studio in upstate New York, Rundgren played a large role in the album's sound design and drum programming, providing them with string and brass arrangements, as well as an assortment of gear.^[57] However, the sessions were fraught with tension, especially between him and Partridge, and numerous disagreements arose over drum patterns, song selections, and other details.^[73] Partridge likened the power struggle to "two Hitlers in the same bunker".^[24] Rundgren or his agents were blamed with accidentally mastering the album with a reversed sound polarity, resulting in a "thin" mix.^{[74][nb 5]} Partridge expressed resentment toward Rundgren's contributions when sessions concluded, but later realized that "[Todd] did us a great favour. If he wasn't so personally poisonous, I would have loved to work with him again."^[15] Rundgren said that in spite of all the difficulties, the album "ultimately ... sounds like we were having a great time doing it. And at times we were having a good time."^[73]

Skylarking spent one week on the UK album charts, reaching number 90 in November 1986, two weeks after its release.^[11] Moulding's "Grass" was chosen as lead single. It was issued exclusively in the UK with the B-side "Dear God", an outtake. "Dear God" became so popular with American college radio stations who imported the record that Geffen Records (XTC's US distributor) recalled and repressed Skylarking with the track included.^[15] Controversy also broke out over the song's anti-religious lyrics, which inspired some violent incidents. In Florida, a radio station received a bomb threat, and in New York, a student forced their school to play the song over its public-address system by holding a faculty member at knife-point. Nonetheless, the commercial success of "Dear God" propelled Skylarking to sell more than 250,000 units, and it raised the band's profile among American college youth.^[15] In the US, the album spent 29 weeks on the Billboard 200 and reached its peak position of number 70 in June 1987.^[76] The music video for "Dear God" received the 1987 Billboard Best Video award and was also nominated for three categories at the MTV Video Music Awards.^[77] Skylarking ultimately became XTC's best-known album^[78] and is generally regarded as their finest work.^[69]

Partridge was reluctant to make another Dukes album, but to appease requests from his bandmates and Virgin Records, Psonic Psunspot (1987) was recorded. This time, 10 songs and a £10,000 budget was supplied, while John Leckie returned as producer.^[15] Once again, the Dukes' record outsold XTC's previous album in the UK (Skylarking in this case). Partridge felt it was "a bit upsetting to think that people preferred these pretend personalities to our own personalities ... But I don't mind because we have turned into the Dukes slowly over the years."^[55] Likewise, Moulding felt that the "psychedelic element was being more ingratiated into the pie" since 25 O'Clock.^[57] When issued on CD, Psonic Psunspot was combined with 25 O'Clock and given the title Chips from the Chocolate Fireball (1987).^[1] Reportedly, when Brian Wilson was played the album's Beach Boys pastiche "Pale and Precious", he thought it was styled after Paul McCartney.^[79]

Oranges & Lemons and Nonsuch

	"Mayor of Simpleton" (1989) "Mayor of Simpleton", lead single from Oranges & Lemons, adopts a jangle pop style.[80] It became their highest charting single in the US.
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For their next album Oranges & Lemons, XTC traveled to Los Angeles to make use of a cheap studio rate arranged by Paul Fox, who was recruited by the band for his first production gig.^[13] Another reason for recording in the US with an American producer, said Gregory, was that "America was our biggest market".^[39] The album was released in February 1989 with music that was in a similar psychedelic vein as the Dukes.^[1] In a retrospective review, The Quietus' Nick Reed notes: "Nearly every instrument is mixed to the forefront; it's too well-arranged to be cacophonous, but there's a degree of sensory overload, especially given the band's newfound tendency to blast synthesizers in our faces. ... whether or not this album holds up for you depends on how much you like the band's boisterous side."^[56] "While a 60s edge was detectable," wrote Gary Ramon of Record Collector, "the sound was firmly rooted in the Eighties."^[43] It became the highest album they had in the charts since 1982's English Settlement, rising to number 28 in the UK^[11] and number 44 in the US.^[76] Additionally, it combined with Skylarking for the group's best-selling albums to date.^[27] "Mayor of Simpleton" reached number 46 in the UK^[56] and number 72 in the US, making it their only American single to chart.^[1]

To support the album, Partridge joined XTC for an acoustic-guitar American radio tour that lasted for two weeks in May.^[15] Gregory commented that it was an "interesting" style of promotion, but "incredibly hard work", as the band performed at about four radio stations a day for three weeks: "We also did a live acoustic set for MTV in front of an audience which worried Andy a bit but he got through it."^[43] This inspired the network to invite more artists to perform stripped-down sets, calling the series "unplugged".^[15] XTC's performance of "King for a Day" on Late Night with David Letterman marked the first time the group played in front of a live audience in seven years.^[81] A similar acoustic tour was planned for Europe, but cancelled when Partridge discovered that the Paris date would be broadcast from a sold-out 5,000 seater venue.^[49] After an unsuccessful attempt was made to coax Partridge back into regular touring,^[15] they took a short break. Partridge produced Paradise Circus (1989), the second album by the Lilac Time, and compered for an unbroadcast children's game show named Matchmakers.^[82] Gregory played for Johnny Hates Jazz, Marc Almond and Francesco Messina whilst producing for Cud. Moulding performed a special event concert with David Marx and the Refugees, a Swindon-based band that reunited him with Barry Andrews.^[83]

Tarquin Gotch, who served as XTC's manager for a short time, helped the band reach a legal settlement with Ian Reid in 1989.^[15] However, they were again left with a six-figure debt. Virgin Records advanced the group enough money to cover their debt in exchange for the promise of four additional albums.^[39] Having written more than two dozen songs by 1991, some difficulties prolonged the start of recording sessions for the next album. Initially, the band had issue with the musical director of Virgin, who, after seeing the songs, was convinced the band "could do better" and asked them to write more material.^{[85][nb 6]} With the band sitting on the material, the director left the label a year later, and his replacement liked the band's content, hurrying them to record the album.^[86] Gus Dudgeon produced, even though Partridge felt he was the wrong choice, and Fairport Convention's Dave Mattacks was brought in as drummer.^[87] Both Partridge and Virgin Records were vocal in their dissatisfaction with the first three mixes that Dudgeon had created, with one Virgin executive even comparing one such mix to "ice blasts"; as a result, Dudgeon was subsequently fired, with Nick Davis being hired to mix the final version of the album.^[88]

Nonsuch was received with critical acclaim when released in April 1992,^[90][56] and like Oranges & Lemons, peaked at number 28 in the UK, becoming their second consecutive and final Top 40 album.^[11] Rolling Stone's Michael Azerrad reviewed: "Emphasizing wonder and wit in opposition to the rage of most college rock, XTC makes alternative music for people who don't like 'alternative music.'"^[91] Lead single "The Disappointed" reached number 33 in the UK^[11] and was nominated for an Ivor Novello Award.^[21] Its follow-up "The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead" reached number 71.^[11] "Wrapped in Grey" was intended as the third single, and about 5,000 copies were pressed before being withdrawn from sale. Partridge remembered thinking, "that's it, they've suffocated one of our kids in the cot, they've murdered the album, basically through ignorance."^[15] In 1993, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to Tom Waits' Bone Machine.^[92]

Strike period

In 1993, Partridge conceived XTC's next project to be an album of bubblegum pop songs disguising itself as a retrospective compilation featuring 12 different groups from the early 1970s. The lyrics were also heavily sexual, with song titles such as "Lolly (Suck It and See)" and "Visit to the Doctor". Partridge recalled playing some demos for Virgin agents, and compared their reaction to the "Springtime for Hitler" scene from the 1967 film The Producers. The label rejected his idea.^[29] Virgin denied Partridge's requests to renegotiate or revoke XTC's contract.^[15] Paul Kinder believed that the label and the group were "poles apart" and that "the contract was so old it got to the point where Andy wanted the moon and Virgin weren't prepared to give it him."^[15]

Whatever new music the band recorded would have been automatically owned by Virgin, and so the band enacted strike action against the label.^[29] Prince and George Michael also went on a strike against their respective labels that was heavily publicized at about the same time. XTC's strike, however, received little press.^[46] In the meantime, Partridge produced Martin Newell's 1993 album The Greatest Living Englishman^[93] and early sessions for Blur's second album. "I thought I did sterling work. ... Next day, [Dave Balfe from the Teardrop Explodes said], 'Quite frankly, Andy, this is shit.'"^[15] Other complications arose; he developed some health issues related to alcoholism, while his wife divorced him.^[15]

In 1995, XTC found themselves freed from financial debt and from Virgin after "making some heavy concessions". Partridge fantasied that people from the label "met in the dark and thought, 'These blokes are not making a living. We've had 'em all these years and we've got their catalogue and the copyright to their songs for evermore and we've stitched 'em up real good with a rotten deal so, erm, maybe we should let them go.' I like to think that it was a guilt thing."^[15] One of the group's first new recordings since the strike was released that year for the tribute album A Testimonial Dinner: The Songs of XTC.^[94] "The Good Things", a Moulding song originally demoed for Oranges & Lemons,^[13] was credited under the pseudonym Terry and the Lovemen.^[94]

Apple Venus and Wasp Star

By late 1997, Partridge and Moulding had amassed a large stockpile of material.^[96] The former's songs were an elaboration on the more orchestral style he developed with Nonsuch tracks "Omnibus", "Wrapped in Grey", and "Rook".^[49] Moulding felt that "something a bit different" was appropriate for the band at this juncture, and shared Partridge's desire for a cohesive LP similar to soundtracks such as My Fair Lady and "stuff that Burt Bacharach wrote for various [films]".^[96] Partridge thought the new songs were "some of the best stuff, if not the best stuff, ever. It's even more intensely passionate than before."^[15]

The group elected to divide the album into two parts: one of rock songs, and the other of orchestral/acoustic songs augmented by a 40-piece symphony.^[24] They found a label, Cooking Vinyl, and a producer, Haydn Bendall, who had significant experience in recording orchestras. Prairie Prince, who drummed on Skylarking, returned for the sessions. It soon became apparent that the band did not have the funds to record all the material they had.^[15] Gregory, Moulding, and Bendall wanted to reduce the project to one disc, but Partridge insisted on spreading it over two LPs.^[24] It was decided that they release one album with the orchestral portions ("volume 1") and leave the rock songs for its follow-up ("volume 2").^[15] A session was booked at Abbey Road, but the recording was rushed, lasting one day, and had to be edited over a three-month period.^[29]

Gregory quit the band whilst in the middle of sessions due to personal issues and discord with his bandmates.^[24] Partridge told journalists that Gregory left because he grew impatient with the recording of the orchestral material and wanted to quickly move on to second project, which would have consisted of rock songs.^[24] He attributed Gregory's frustration to diabetic mood swings,^[15] as did Moulding.^[97] Gregory denied that his leaving pertained to "musical differences", and that it was more "personal problems" related to Partridge.^[98]

	"River of Orchids" (1999) Apple Venus Volume 1 relied almost entirely on orchestral or acoustic instruments.[99]
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Released in February 1999, Apple Venus Volume 1 was met with critical acclaim and moderate sales.^[46] It had minimal promotion.^[15] Comparing the album to the group's earlier work, Pitchfork reviewer Zach Hooker wrote: "Apple Venus finds them picking up pretty much where they left off. Or maybe even a little bit before they left off: this record bridges the gap between the ambitiously poppy Oranges and Lemons and the pastoral Skylarking. ... The music is built on simple phrases, but the relationships between those phrases becomes tremendously complex."^[100] In contrast, the companion album Wasp Star (Apple Venus Volume 2) (2000) was assumed as one of the band's "weakest" albums.^[101] Upon release, its British chart peak was higher than Volume 1, at number 40 in the UK,^[11] while in the US it was lower, at number 108.^[76] Partridge believed that some parts of the album was when "the [artistic] slope started to go down".^[102]

Fuzzy Warbles and disintegrated partnership

After Wasp Star, newly recorded XTC material was released sporadically. The four-disc hits and rarities boxed set Coat of Many Cupboards (2002) included "Didn't Hurt a Bit", a rerecording of a Nonsuch outtake. The Dukes of Stratosphear — with Dave and Ian Gregory^[102] — were reunited for the charity single "Open a Can (of Human Beans)" (2003).^[103] Another set, Apple Box (2005), included two new tracks: "Spiral", written by Partridge and "Say It", by Moulding. These songs were available to purchasers of the box set in digital format only, with the use of a special download code. This followed with a digital-exclusive track, Moulding's "Where Did the Ordinary People Go?", released in December 2005. From 2002 to 2006, Partridge simultaneously released volumes in the multi-album Fuzzy Warbles series, a set dedicated to unreleased solo demos and other material.^[78] Moulding was initially attached to the project, but opted out because "I just wouldn't have found it very inspiring. Maybe a couple of volumes would've been okay, or just one. But he [Andy] wanted to do twelve, which kind of put the wind up me a little bit. We had a bit of an argument about it."^[104] Partridge said that the impetus for the project was the proliferation of bootleggers who were selling low-quality copies of the material^[46] and that the Fuzzy Warbles set earned him more money than XTC's back catalog on Virgin.^[78] He also did not feel that XTC were a band anymore: "It's more of a brand. It's more HP Sauce than ever. [Colin and I are] two selfish middle-aged gits who make the music we make."^[95]

In 2006, Partridge recorded an album, Monstrance, with Barry Andrews and drummer Martyn Barker. During one of the sessions, some of his hearing was destroyed following a studio mishap, which caused him to develop severe and permanent tinnitus.^[105] Near the end of the year, he told an interviewer that Moulding recently ("a couple of months back") lost interest in writing, performing or even listening to music. He remained hopeful that the situation was temporary and assured that they had "not killed off the XTC head. I mean, we still have the head cryogenically frozen. ... It's no good making a record and calling it XTC, certainly, if Colin isn't involved."^[46] In November, he stated that he had been forced to regard the group "in the past tense," with no likelihood of a new project unless Moulding should have a change of heart.^[106] Months later, Partridge intimated that Moulding had moved and changed his phone number,^[107] effectively ending all contact between the two and reducing their correspondence to emails exchanged via their manager to discuss the division of the band's assets. Partridge also said he and Gregory — their differences now resolved — had considered working together again.^[108]

In July 2008, Partridge wrote in The Swindon Advertiser that he believed his "musical partnership with Colin Moulding has come to an end. For reasons too personal and varied to go into here, but we had a good run as they say and produced some real good work. No, I won't be working with him in the future."^[110] In December, Moulding resurfaced for a live radio interview where he confirmed his recent disillusionment with music, but revealed that he was thinking of working on solo material. His given reasons for the break-up were financial discord, disagreement over the extent of the Fuzzy Warbles project, and a "change in mindset" between him and Partridge. He also stated that he and Partridge were once again communicating directly by email.^[20]

Remixed albums, documentary and TC&I

XTC did not technically break up in a legal sense. As of 2014, the group still existed as a trademark controlled by Partridge and Moulding.^[111] Throughout the 2010s, the band's catalog was reissued, one album at a time, as deluxe packages centred on new stereo and surround sound mixes by Steven Wilson.^[47] Partridge said that he did not "insist on any mastering or messing with XTC 5.1" and that his involvement with Wilson's mixes goes only as far as authorizing them.^[112] The official XTC Twitter account @xtcfans was originally managed by writer Todd Bernhardt. According to Partridge, after some time, "I sort of took it over, because I thought it was weird that there was another person in the way." In 2016, Bernhardt compiled a book, Complicated Game: Inside the Songs of XTC, which contains discussions between him and Partridge of 30 XTC songs. It was published by Jawbone Press.^[12]

Until 2016, Moulding remained largely inactive as a musician. In October 2017, he and Terry Chambers issued a four-song EP, Great Aspirations (credited to "TC&I").^[113] Its release coincided with a televised documentary film of the band's career, XTC: This Is Pop, which premiered on Sky Arts on October 7.^[114] The documentary featured new interviews with Partridge, Gregory, Moulding and Chambers.^[115] Moulding commented on the film and the possibility of a full-fledged XTC reunion: "I think it was pretty good. I mean, Andy was the central character which I felt was better for the story. ... but I felt it was quite well done. ... They say never say never, don't they? It would seem unlikely, put it that way."^[113] As of January 2018, Partridge maintained that the group would "not be recording together again."^[116]

Britpop, post-punk, power pop, and Japan

Writing for AllMusic, music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine recognises the group thusly:

XTC was one of the smartest – and catchiest – British pop bands to emerge from the punk and new wave explosion of the late '70s. ... While popular success has eluded them in both Britain and America, the group has developed a devoted cult following in both countries that remains loyal over two decades after their first records. ... XTC's lack of commercial success isn't because their music isn't accessible – their bright, occasionally melancholy, melodies flow with more grace than most bands – it has more to do with the group constantly being out of step with the times. However, the band has left behind a remarkably rich and varied series of albums that make a convincing argument that XTC is the great lost pop band.^[1]

According to the websites IGN and Elsewhere, XTC are acknowledged as progenitors of Britpop,^[128][129] were influential to later power pop acts such as Jellyfish and the Apples in Stereo,^[46] and anticipated the indie/art pop bands of the 2000s.^[130] Dave Gregory said it was "apparent" to him in 1988 "that our recent albums were hugely influential to many aspiring musicians and artists across the States."^[39] The group also had an "enormous influence" and cult following in Japan, where the liner notes of Apple Venus included praise from musicians such as singer-songwriter Tamio Okuda and Aiha Higurashi of Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her (named after the XTC song).^[131]

Writings about XTC often compare the group reverentially to 1960s luminaries such as the Who, the Kinks, and most frequently, the Beatles.^[46] Discussing the band's relative obscurity and lack of financial success, Patrick Schabe said that "it's difficult to justify claims of greatness without trying to understand exactly why they never managed to rise above the status of cult band. Respect and recognition are the real validation of such claims".^[46] Andy Partridge characterized the band as "quietly influential"^[46] and thought that the decision to quit touring "definitely affected our popularity later on".^[44] Schabe disagreed and wrote that "XTC suffered more from the hands of industry forces than they did from failure to find an audience."^[46] Partridge also estimated that XTC's fan demographic had a male/female ratio of about 60-40, which was "reassuring" to him, as he thought the band appealed only to "computer nerds".^[132]

During the 2000s, there was a renewed interest in post-punk that "led to XTC being revered in association with the groundbreakers of that era."^[46] Musicologist Alex Ogg listed XTC as one of several "unheralded" events in the history of post-punk,^[133] while Eric Klinger of PopMatters posited: "You might not hear of bands talking about XTC as a big influence the way they talk about, say, Gang of Four, but they were certainly in the mix that became the music that was to come."^[134] In 1989, music journalist Michael Azerrad summarized the band as "the deans of a group of artists who make what can only be described as unpopular pop music, placing a high premium on melody and solid if idiosyncratic songcraft."^[135]

English culture

British music critic John Harris identified Partridge's XTC compositions as within the same "lineage" of rural English songwriting invented by Ray Davies of the Kinks, and followed by the Jam, the Specials, "scores of half-forgotten punk and new wave bands," the Smiths and mid 1990s Britpop.^[136] However, the group's fanbase has been more concentrated in the US than the UK.^[136][89] They refused to conform to punk's simplicity, a point that the British press initially criticised. Partridge believed "we were trying to push music into a new area. And so we had to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous name calling because we refused to just play stupid."^[39] In 1988, writer Chris Hunt observed that "XTC have largely not found favour in their homeland. To a nation that judges success in terms of tabloid coverage and appearances on Top Of The Pops, the retiring bards of rural olde England didn't really strike too loud a chord with the record buying public. XTC had just become 'too weird' for their own good."^[55]

Musician and journalist Dominique Leone argued that they "deserved more than they ever got. From the press, the public, their label, and various managers, XTC have been a tragically under-appreciated band in every sense."^[10] Partridge cited the band's Swindon origins as the main reason for their ill-repute: "if we came from a big city like London or Manchester, we would have probably have been heralded as more godlike."^[137] He remembered the group being advised by their early management to change their accents and deny their Swindon origins, but "we thought it was a badge of honour, coming from the comedy town."^[47]