Organomegaly

Organomegaly is the abnormal enlargement of organs. For example, clitoromegaly is the enlargement of the clitoris, and cardiomegaly is enlargement of the heart. Visceromegaly is the enlargement of abdominal organs.[1] Examples of visceromegaly are enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), spleen (splenomegaly), stomach, kidneys, and pancreas.

Definitions for various organs

Values refer to adults unless otherwise specified.

OrganTerm for enlargementCutoff for definition
Abdominal aortaEctasia or mild dilation

>2.0 cm and <3.0 cm[2]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • Moderate AAA: 3.0–5.0 cm[2]
  • Large or severe AAA: >5.0[2] or 5.5.[3] cm
Common bile ductDilatation
  • Mild dilatation:[4] 8–12 mm
  • Moderate dilatation:[4] 12–16 mm
  • Severe dilatation:[4] 16–20 mm
  • Extremely severe dilatation:[4] >20 mm
GallbladderWall thickening3 mm wall thickness[5]
HydropsGreater than 5 cm transverse dimension[6]
HeartCardiomegalyIndicated by cardiothoracic ratio over 0.5.[7]
Large intestineDilation

Upper limit of normal range of diameter:[8]

Wall thickeningWall thickness 5 mm[9]
KidneysEnlargementLength >13 cm in females or >14 cm in males.[10]
LiverHepatomegalyLongitudinal axis > 15.5 cm at the hepatic midline, or > 16.0 cm at the midclavicular line[11]
Lymph nodesLymphadenopathyGenerally 10 mm[12][13]
Renal pelvisPart of hydronephrosis grading 4 – 20 mm:
  • Fetal: Anteroposterior diameter of less than 4 mm in fetuses up to 32 weeks of gestational age and 7 mm afterwards.[14]
  • Adults: cutoff values defined differently by different sources, with anteroposterior diameters ranging between 10 and 20 mm.[15] About 13% of normal healthy adults have a transverse pelvic diameter of over 10 mm.[16]
ProstateProstatomegalyVolume over 30 cm3.
Pulmonary arteryDilation>29 mm[17]
Small intestineDilation
  • Mild: 2.5–2.9 cm[20]
  • Moderate: 3-4 cm[20]
  • Severe: >4 cm[20]
Wall thickening3–5 mm[23]
SpleenSplenomegaly Largest dimension of over 11 cm,[24][25] or craniocaudal height of 13[26] cm.
  • Moderate splenomegaly: the largest dimension is between 11–20 cm[24]
  • Severe splenomegaly: the largest dimension is greater than 20 cm[24]
Thoracic aortaDilation Diameters:
  • >3.5 cm generally[27]

Upper limits of standard reference range:

  • 3.3 cm in small young individuals[28]
  • 4.3 cm among large elderly individuals.[28]
  • 2.3 cm among small young individuals[28]
  • 3.2 cm among large elderly individuals.[28]
Thoracic aortic aneurysm Diameter:
  • > 4.5 cm (US)[27]
  • > 4.0 cm (Korea)[29]
TestisEnlargement5 cm (long axis) x 3 cm (short axis)[30]
TonsilEnlarged tonsil2.5 cm in length, 2.0 cm in width and 1.2 cm in thickness.[31]
UreterMegaureter6[32] or 7[33] mm
Urinary bladderWall thickening3–5 mm thick, and < 3 mm when well distended.[34]

References

  1. ↑ "Visceromegaly on Medline Plus". Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Page 56 in: Philip Lumb (2014). Critical Care Ultrasound E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323278171.
  3. ↑ Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW (Apr 2005). "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial". BMJ. 330 (7494): 750. doi:10.1136/bmj.38369.620162.82. PMC 555873. PMID 15757960.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Yunfu Lv, Wan Yee Lau, Haiying Wu, Shunwu Chang, NingLiu, Yejuan Li, Jie Deng (2015). "Etiological Causes of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Dilatation" (PDF). International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR). 1 (8).
  5. ↑ van Breda Vriesman, Adriaan C.; Engelbrecht, Marc R.; Smithuis, Robin H. M.; Puylaert, Julien B. C. M. (2007). "Diffuse Gallbladder Wall Thickening: Differential Diagnosis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 188 (2): 495–501. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.1712. ISSN 0361-803X.
  6. ↑ Page 256 in Template:Title=Liver and Biliary Diseases
  7. ↑ Justin, M; Zaman, S; Sanders, J.; Crook, A. M; Feder, G.; Shipley, M.; Timmis, A.; Hemingway, H. (2007). "Cardiothoracic ratio within the "normal" range independently predicts mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography". Heart. 93 (4): 491–494. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.101238. ISSN 1355-6037. PMC 1861494.
  8. ↑ Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". J Vis Exp (41). doi:10.3791/1931. PMC 3149991. PMID 20689513.
  9. ↑ Fernandes, Teresa; Oliveira, Maria I.; Castro, Ricardo; Araújo, Bruno; Viamonte, Bárbara; Cunha, Rui (2014). "Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis". Insights into Imaging. 5 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y. ISSN 1869-4101.
  10. ↑ Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and Dr Henry Knipe; et al. "Kidneys". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  11. ↑ Vermelho, Marli Batista Fernandes; Correia, Ademir Silva; Michailowsky, Tânia Cibele de Almeida; Suzart, Elizete Kazumi Kuniyoshi; Ibanês, Aline Santos; Almeida, Lanamar Aparecida; Khoury, Zarifa; Barba, Mário Flores (2015). "Abdominal alterations in disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis: computed tomography findings". Radiologia Brasileira. 48 (2): 81–85. doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2013.0025. ISSN 0100-3984.
  12. ↑ Ganeshalingam, Skandadas; Koh, Dow-Mu (2009). "Nodal staging". Cancer Imaging. 9 (1). doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0017. ISSN 1470-7330.
  13. ↑ Schmidt Júnior, Aurelino Fernandes; Rodrigues, Olavo Ribeiro; Matheus, Roberto Storte; Kim, Jorge Du Ub; Jatene, Fábio Biscegli (2007). "Distribuição, tamanho e número dos linfonodos mediastinais: definições por meio de estudo anatômico". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 33 (2): 134–140. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132007000200006. ISSN 1806-3713.
  14. ↑ Page 189 in: V. D'Addario (2014). Donald School Basic Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9789351523376.
  15. ↑ Page 78 in: Justin Bowra, Russell E (2011). Emergency Ultrasound Made Easy, Edition 2. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780702048722.
  16. ↑ Emamian SA, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, Ytte L (1993). "Sonographic evaluation of renal appearance in 665 adult volunteers. Correlation with age and obesity". Acta Radiol. 34 (5): 482–5. doi:10.3109/02841859309175388. PMID 8369185.
  17. ↑ Prof Frank Gaillard; et al. "Pulmonary hypertension". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
  18. 1 2 Ali Nawaz Khan (2016-09-22). "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  19. ↑ Gazelle, G S; Goldberg, M A; Wittenberg, J; Halpern, E F; Pinkney, L; Mueller, P R (1994). "Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small-bowel obstruction from other causes of small-bowel dilatation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 162 (1): 43–47. doi:10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273687. ISSN 0361-803X.
  20. 1 2 3 Kuang, Lian-qin; Zhao, Da-wei; Cheng, Cheng; Wang, Yi (2016). "Prediction of Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Bezoars Using Risk Factor Categories on Multidetector Computed Tomographic Findings". BioMed Research International. 2016: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2016/6569103. ISSN 2314-6133.
  21. ↑ "Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern". radiologymasterclass.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  22. ↑ Pérez, M. A.; Affatato, Saverio; Zanini, Filippo; Carmignato, Simone (2017). "Micro X-Ray Computed Tomography Mass Loss Assessment of Different UHMWPE: A Hip Joint Simulator Study on Standard vs. Cross-Linked Polyethylene". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0170263. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170263. ISSN 1932-6203.
  23. ↑ Ali Nawaz Khan. "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape. Retrieved 2017-03-07. Updated: Sep 22, 2016
  24. 1 2 3 Neetu Radhakrishnan. "Splenomegaly". Medscape. Updated Apr. 2012 (referring the classification system to Poulin et al.
  25. ↑ Page 1964 in: Florian Lang (2009). Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783540671367.
  26. ↑ Saboo, S S; Krajewski, K M; O'Regan, K N; Giardino, A; Brown, J R; Ramaiya, N; Jagannathan, J P (2012). "Spleen in haematological malignancies: spectrum of imaging findings". The British Journal of Radiology. 85 (1009): 81–92. doi:10.1259/bjr/31542964. ISSN 0007-1285.
  27. 1 2 Bret P Nelson (2015-10-01). "Thoracic Aneurysm". Medscape. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Wolak, Arik; Gransar, Heidi; Thomson, Louise E.J.; Friedman, John D.; Hachamovitch, Rory; Gutstein, Ariel; Shaw, Leslee J.; Polk, Donna; Wong, Nathan D.; Saouaf, Rola; Hayes, Sean W.; Rozanski, Alan; Slomka, Piotr J.; Germano, Guido; Berman, Daniel S. (2008). "Aortic Size Assessment by Noncontrast Cardiac Computed Tomography: Normal Limits by Age, Gender, and Body Surface Area". JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 1 (2): 200–209. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2007.11.005. ISSN 1936-878X.
  29. ↑ Cho, In-Jeong; Jang, Sung-Yeol; Chang, Hyuk-Jae; Shin, Sanghoon; Shim, Chi Young; Hong, Geu-Ru; Chung, Namsik (2014). "Aortic Aneurysm Screening in a High-Risk Population: A Non-Contrast Computed Tomography Study in Korean Males with Hypertension". Korean Circulation Journal. 44 (3): 162. doi:10.4070/kcj.2014.44.3.162. ISSN 1738-5520.
  30. ↑ Page 559 in: John Pellerito, Joseph F Polak (2012). Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography (6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455737666.
  31. ↑ Chapter: Ear, Nose and Throat Histopathology in L. Michaels (1987). Normal Anatomy, Histology; Inflammatory Diseases. Springer London. ISBN 9781447133322.
  32. ↑ "Enlarged ureter". Greifswald Medical School. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
  33. ↑ Page 140 in: Mitchell E. Tublin (2015). Diagnostic Imaging: Genitourinary E-Book. Edition 3. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323400428.
  34. ↑ Page 12 in: Uday Patel (2010). Imaging and Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781848828360.
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