United States House of Representatives elections, 1808 and 1809
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Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 11th Congress were held in the various states between April 1808 (in New York) and May 1809 (in Tennessee). The Congress first met on May 22, 1809.
Although the Democratic-Republicans maintained control of the presidency (under James Madison) and Congress after the election of 1808, Federalists made significant gains in the House, mainly due to the unpopularity of the Embargo Act of 1807. In particular, voters in New England, who often had ties to the shipping or manufacturing industries, overwhelmingly chose to send Federalists to Washington. Economic stagnation due to the closing of the export market and fears that Democratic-Republican policies had the potential for leading America into a naval war with France or Britain were key issues that allowed for a brief Federalist resurgence. The Democratic-Republicans were left with a majority under two-thirds for the first time since the election of 1800 and 1801.
Election summaries
| 94 | 48 |
| Democratic-Republican | Federalist |
| State | Type | ↑ Date |
Total seats |
Democratic- Republican |
Federalist | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | Change | Seats | Change | ||||
| New York | Districts | April 26–28, 1808 | 17 | 9 |  |
8 |  |
| Kentucky | Districts | August 1, 1808 | 6 | 6 |  |
0 | |
| North Carolina | Districts | August 12, 1808 | 12 | 9 | |
3 | |
| New Hampshire | At-large | August 29, 1808 | 5 | 0 | |
5 | |
| Rhode Island | At-large | August 30, 1808 | 2 | 0 | |
2 | |
| Vermont | Districts | September 6, 1808[lower-alpha 2] | 4 | 1 | |
3 | |
| Connecticut | At-large | September 19, 1808 | 7 | 0 | |
7 | |
| Georgia | At-large | October 3, 1808 | 4 | 4 | |
0 | |
| Maryland | Districts | 9 | 6 | |
3 | | |
| Delaware | At-large | October 4, 1808 | 1 | 0 | |
1 | |
| South Carolina | Districts | October 10–11, 1808 | 8 | 8 | |
0 | |
| Ohio | At-large | October 11, 1808 | 1 | 1 | |
0 | |
| Pennsylvania | Districts | 18 | 16 | |
2 | | |
| Massachusetts | Districts | November 7, 1808 | 17 | 8 | |
9 | |
| New Jersey | At-large | November 7–8, 1808 | 6 | 6 | |
0 | |
| Late elections (after the March 4, 1809 beginning of the next Congress) | |||||||
| Virginia | Districts | April 1809 | 22 | 17 | |
5 | |
| Tennessee | Districts | May 4–5, 1809 | 3 | 3 | |
0 | |
| Total | 142 | 94[2][lower-alpha 1] 66.2% |
|
48[2][lower-alpha 1] {{Small|33.8% |
| ||
Special elections
There were special elections in 1808 and 1809 during the 10th United States Congress and 11th United States Congress.
Elections are sorted here by date then district.
10th Congress
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| North Carolina 7 | John Culpepper | Federalist | 1806 | Seat declared vacant January 2, 1808 due to a contest on account of alleged irregularities. Incumbent re-elected February 1, 1808.[1] Democratic-Republican hold. Incumbent re-seated February 23, 1808.[3] Incumbent later lost re-election, see below. |
√ John Culpepper (Federalist) 56.5% Duncan McFarlan (Democratic-Republican) 42.7%[4] |
| New Jersey at-large | Ezra Darby | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent died January 27, 1808. New member elected March 8–9, 1808.[1] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated April 1, 1808.[3] Successor later elected to the next term, see below. |
√ Adam Boyd (Democratic-Republican) 82.3% Aaron Ogden (Federalist) 9.7% Ebenezer Elmer (Democratic-Republican) 4.0% Others 3.9%[5][6] |
| New York 12 | David Thomas | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent resigned February 5, 1808 to become New York State Treasurer.. New member elected April 26–28, 1808.[1] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated November 7, 1808.[3] Successor lost election the same day to the next term in the redistricted 6th district, see below. |
√ Nathan Wilson (Democratic-Republican) 57.4% Asa Fitch (Federalist) 42.6% Others <0.1%[7][8] |
| Massachusetts 2 "Essex South district" |
Jacob Crowninshield | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent died April 15, 1808. New member elected May 4, 1808.[1] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated December 20, 1808.[3] Successor later retired instead of running for the next term, see below. |
√ Joseph Story (Democratic-Republican) 98.3% Others 1.7%[9][10] |
| Rhode Island at-large | Nehemiah Knight | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent died June 13, 1808. New member elected August 30, 1808.[1] Federalist gain. Successor seated November 11, 1808.[3] Successor also elected the same day to the next term, see below. |
√ Richard Jackson Jr. (Federalist) 63.4% Jonathan Russell (Democratic-Republican) 36.6%[11] |
| Vermont 1 "Southwestern district" |
James Witherell | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent resigned May 1, 1808 to become judge of the Supreme Court of Michigan Territory. New member elected September 6, 1808. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated November 8, 1808.[3] Successor also elected the same day to the next term, see below. |
√ Samuel Shaw (Democratic-Republican) 56.7% Nathan Robinson (Federalist) 20.7% Chauncey Langdon (Federalist) 19.0% Jonas Galusha (Democratic-Republican) 2.4% Others 1.1% |
| Virginia 17 | John Claiborne | Democratic-Republican | 1805 | Incumbent died October 9, 1808. New member elected September 8, 1808.[12][1] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated November 7, 1808.[3] Successor later elected to the next term, see below. |
√ Thomas Gholson Jr. (Democratic-Republican) Unopposed[12] |
| Pennsylvania 1 | Joseph Clay | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent resigned March 28, 1808. New member elected October 11, 1808.[1] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated November 16, 1808.[3] Successor elected the same day to the next term, see below. |
√ Benjamin Say (Democratic-Republican) 55.7% Charles W. Hare (Federalist) 44.3%[13][14] |
11th Congress
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Pennsylvania 1 | Benjamin Say | Democratic-Republican | 1808 (Special) | Incumbent resigned June 1809. New member elected October 10, 1809. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated November 27, 1809.[15] |
√ Adam Seybert (Democratic-Republican) 59.5% Richard R. Smith (Federalist) 40.5%[16] |
| Virginia 21 | Wilson C. Nicholas | Democratic-Republican | 1807 | Incumbent resigned November 27, 1809. New member elected December 1809.[1] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated January 17, 1810.[15] |
√ David S. Garland (Democratic-Republican) Thomas M. Randolph (Federalist)[lower-alpha 3][17][18] |
Connecticut
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Connecticut at-large 7 seats on a general ticket |
Epaphroditus Champion | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Epaphroditus Champion (Federalist)[lower-alpha 3] √ Samuel W. Dana (Federalist) √ John Davenport (Federalist) √ Jonathan O. Moseley (Federalist) √ Timothy Pitkin (Federalist) √ Lewis B. Sturges (Federalist) √ Benjamin Tallmadge (Federalist) Sylvanus Backus (Federalist) Asa Bacon (Federalist) John Caldwell (Federalist) Sylvester Gilbert (Federalist) Uriel Holmes (Federalist) Ebenezer Huntington (Federalist) Lyman Law (Federalist) Samuel B. Sherwood (Federalist) Nathan Smith (Federalist) Nathaniel Terry (Federalist) Noah Webster (Federalist) |
| Samuel W. Dana | Federalist | 1796 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| John Davenport | Federalist | 1798 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Jonathan O. Moseley | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Timothy Pitkin | Federalist | 1805 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Lewis B. Sturges | Federalist | 1805 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Benjamin Tallmadge | Federalist | 1801 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Delaware
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Delaware at-large | Nicholas Van Dyke | Federalist | 1807 (Special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
√ Nicholas Van Dyke (Federalist) 53.3% Joseph Haslet (Democratic-Republican) 46.7% |
Georgia
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Georgia at-large 4 seats on a general ticket |
William W. Bibb | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ William W. Bibb (Democratic-Republican) 22.7% √ George Troup (Democratic-Republican) 22.2% √ Howell Cobb (Democratic-Republican) 20.6% √ Dennis Smelt (Democratic-Republican) 14.8% James E. Houston (Democratic-Republican) 11.1% John M. Dooley (Democratic-Republican) 8.6% |
| George M. Troup | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Howell Cobb | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Dennis Smelt | Democratic-Republican | 1806 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Kentucky
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Kentucky 1 | Matthew Lyon | Democratic-Republican | 1797 (in Vermont) 1803 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Matthew Lyon (Democratic-Republican)[lower-alpha 3] Anthony New (Democratic-Republican) |
| Kentucky 2 | John Boyle | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Samuel McKee (Democratic-Republican)[lower-alpha 3] Philip Trapnell John L. Bridges |
| Kentucky 3 | John Rowan | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Henry Crist (Democratic-Republican)[lower-alpha 3] Stephen Ormsby (Democratic-Republican) |
| Kentucky 4 | Richard M. Johnson | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Richard M. Johnson (Democratic-Republican) Unopposed |
| Kentucky 5 | Benjamin Howard | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Benjamin Howard (Democratic-Republican) Unopposed |
| Kentucky 6 | Joseph Desha | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Joseph Desha (Democratic-Republican) Unopposed |
Maryland
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maryland 1 | John Campbell | Federalist | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Campbell (Federalist) 70.1% James Fenwick (Democratic-Republican) 29.7% |
| Maryland 2 | Archibald Van Horne | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Archibald Van Horne (Democratic-Republican) 60.0% Henry A. Callis (Federalist) 40.0% |
| Maryland 3 | Philip Barton Key | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Philip Barton Key (Federalist) 66.5% John Wampler (Democratic-Republican) 33.5% |
| Maryland 4 | Roger Nelson | Democratic-Republican | 1804 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Roger Nelson (Democratic-Republican) 51.8% Upton Bruce (Federalist) 48.2% |
| Maryland 5 Plural district with 2 seats |
Nicholas R. Moore | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Nicholas R. Moore (Democratic-Republican) 44.8% √ Alexander McKim (Democratic-Republican) 43.4% William Winder (Federalist) 11.9% |
| William McCreery | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Maryland 6 | John Montgomery | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Montgomery (Democratic-Republican) 51.5% William Spencer (Federalist) 32.9% John Archer (Democratic-Republican) 15.6% |
| Maryland 7 | Edward Lloyd | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ John Brown (Democratic-Republican) 58.6% Robert H. Goldsborough (Federalist) 41.4% |
| Maryland 8 | Charles Goldsborough | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Charles Goldsborough (Federalist) 75.1% Charles Nutter (Democratic-Republican) 24.9% |
Massachusetts
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[lower-alpha 4] | |
| Massachusetts 1 "Suffolk district" |
Josiah Quincy | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Josiah Quincy (Federalist) 59.1% William Jarvis (Democratic-Republican) 40.8% |
| Massachusetts 2 "Essex South district" |
Joseph Story | Democratic-Republican | 1808 (Special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ Benjamin Pickman Jr. (Federalist) 52.2% Daniel Kilham (Democratic-Republican) 47.8% |
| Massachusetts 3 "Essex North district" |
Edward St. Loe Livermore | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Edward St. Loe Livermore (Federalist) 63.6% Thomas Kitteridge (Democratic-Republican) 36.0% |
| Massachusetts 4 "Middlesex district" |
Joseph Bradley Varnum | Democratic-Republican | 1794 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Joseph Bradley Varnum (Democratic-Republican) 63.4% Abraham Bigelow (Federalist) 36.% |
| Massachusetts 5 "Hampshire South district" |
William Ely | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ William Ely (Federalist) 66.0% Samuel Fowler (Democratic-Republican) 33.9% |
| Massachusetts 6 "Hampshire North district" |
Samuel Taggart | Federalist | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Samuel Taggart (Federalist) 68.4% Solomon Snead (Democratic-Republican) 31.5% |
| Massachusetts 7 "Plymouth district" |
Joseph Barker | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent retired. Two ballots were held, but the second was invalidated.[lower-alpha 5] New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Charles Turner Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 50.4% William Baylies (Federalist) 49.2% |
| Massachusetts 8 "Barnstable district" |
Isaiah L. Green | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Gideon Gardner (Democratic-Republican) 58.1% Wendall Davis (Federalist) 41.9% |
| Massachusetts 9 "Bristol district" |
Josiah Dean | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Lost re-election Federalist gain. |
√ Laban Wheaton (Federalist) 56.8% Josiah Dean (Democratic-Republican) 42.7% |
| Massachusetts 10 "Worcester South district" |
Jabez Upham | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Jabez Upham (Federalist) 54.3% Edward Bangs (Democratic-Republican) 44.4% John Spurr (Democratic-Republican) 1.2% |
| Massachusetts 11 "Worcester North district" |
William Stedman | Federalist | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ William Stedman (Federalist) 65.3% Moses White (Democratic-Republican) 32.3% Abijah Bigelow (Federalist) 1.8% |
| Massachusetts 12 "Berkshire district" |
Ezekiel Bacon | Democratic-Republican | 1807 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Ezekiel Bacon (Democratic-Republican) 54.4% John W. Hulbert (Federalist) 45.6% |
| Massachusetts 13 "Norfolk district" |
Ebenezer Seaver | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Ebenezer Seaver (Democratic-Republican) 57.7% Edward Robbins (Federalist) 42.1% |
| Massachusetts 14 "York district," District of Maine |
Richard Cutts | Democratic-Republican | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Richard Cutts (Democratic-Republican) 51.2% Joseph Leland (Federalist) 47.7% Others 1.0% |
| Massachusetts 15 "Cumberland district," District of Maine |
Daniel Ilsley | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Lost re-election Federalist gain. |
√ Ezekiel Whitman (Federalist) 50.9% Daniel Ilsley (Democratic-Republican) 49.1% |
| Massachusetts 16 "Lincoln district," District of Maine |
Orchard Cook | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Orchard Cook (Democratic-Republican) 50.9% Alden Bradford (Federalist) 48.1% Barzillai Gannett (Democratic-Republican) 1.0% |
| Massachusetts 17 "Kennebec district," District of Maine |
John Chandler | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Barzillai Gannett (Democratic-Republican) 50.6% Thomas Rice (Federalist) 48.7% |
New Hampshire
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Hampshire at-large 5 seats on a general ticket |
Peter Carleton | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ William Hale (Federalist) 11.1% √ Nathaniel A. Haven (Federalist) 11.1% √ John C. Chamberlain (Federalist) 11.0% √ Daniel Blaisdell (Federalist) 11.0% √ James Wilson (Federalist) 11.0% Francis Gardner (Democratic-Republican) 9.0% Jedediah K. Smith (Democratic-Republican) 9.0% Daniel Durell (Democratic-Republican) 9.0% Charles Cutts (Democratic-Republican) 9.0% Clement Storer (Democratic-Republican) 9.0% |
| Daniel M. Durell | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
| Francis Gardner | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
| Jedediah K. Smith | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
| Clement Storer | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
New Jersey
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Jersey at-large 6 seats on a general ticket |
Adam Boyd | Democratic-Republican | 1808 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Henry Southard (Democratic-Republican) 9.4% √ Adam Boyd (Democratic-Republican) 9.4% √ William Helms (Democratic-Republican) 9.4% √ Thomas Newbold (Democratic-Republican) 9.3% √ James Cox (Democratic-Republican) 9.3% √ Jacob Hufty' (Democratic-Republican) 9.3% John Beatty (Democratic-Republican) 7.4% William Campfield (Federalist) 7.4% William Coxe Jr. (Federalist) 7.4% John Neilson (Federalist) 7.3% Aaron Ogden (Federalist) 7.3% Samuel Harrison (Federalist) 7.3% |
| Thomas Newbold | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| William Helms | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| John Lambert | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Henry Southard | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| James Sloan | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
New York
Between the 1806 and 1808 elections, New York went through a redistricting that reduced the number of districts to 15 by creating two plural districts with two seats each. This brought the state's 17-seat delegation from a 15-2 ratio favoring Democratic-Republicans to a nearly-even 9-8 split in their favor.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New York 1 | Samuel Riker | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Ebenezer Sage (Democratic-Republican) 38.7% Benjamin B. Blydenburgh (Federalist) 38.3% John W. Seaman (Democratic-Republican) 23.0% |
| New York 2 Plural district with 2 seats |
Gurdon S. Mumford Redistricted from the 2nd/3rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1804 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected but declined the seat. | √ William Denning (Democratic-Republican) 28.6% √ Gurdon S. Mumford (Democratic-Republican) 28.5% William Henderson (Federalist) 21.5% Barent Gardenier (Federalist) 21.4% |
| George Clinton Jr. Redistricted from the 2nd/3rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1805 (Special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| New York 3 | John Blake Jr. Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Jonathan Fisk (Democratic-Republican) 53.3% Richard Hatfield (Federalist) 46.7% |
| Philip Van Cortlandt Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1793 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
| New York 4 | Daniel C. Verplanck Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1803 (Special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ James Emott (Federalist) 74.3% Robert Johnston (Democratic-Republican) 25.7% |
| New York 5 | Barent Gardenier Redistricted from the 7th district |
Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Barent Gardenier (Federalist) 56.5% John Dill (Democratic-Republican) 43.5% |
| New York 6 Plural district with 2 seats |
James I. Van Alen Redistricted from the 8th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ Herman Knickerbocker (Federalist) 26.2% √ Robert Le Roy Livingston (Federalist) 26.1% James I. Van Alen (Democratic-Republican) 23.9% James L. Hogeboom (Democratic-Republican) 23.8% |
| Josiah Masters Redistricted from the 10th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
| Nathan Wilson Redistricted from the 12th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
| New York 7 | Killian Van Rensselaer Redistricted from the 9th district |
Federalist | 1800 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Killian K. Van Rensselaer (Federalist)[lower-alpha 3] George Merchant (Democratic-Republican) |
| New York 8 | John Thompson Redistricted from the 11th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Thompson (Democratic-Republican) 65.6% William Bailey (Federalist) 34.4% |
| New York 9 | Peter Swart Redistricted from the 13th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ Thomas Sammons (Federalist) 63.3% John Herkimer (Democratic-Republican) 36.7% |
| New York 10 | None (District created) | New seat. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ John Nicholson (Democratic-Republican) 53.8% Moss Kent (Federalist) 46.2% | ||
| New York 11 | None (District created) | New seat. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ Thomas R. Gold (Federalist) 56.4% Joshua Hathaway (Federalist) 43.6% | ||
| New York 12 | John Russell Redistricted from the 14th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Erastus Root (Democratic-Republican) 49.5% Gabriel North (Federalist) 36.7% Ebenezer Foote (Federalist) 13.9% |
| New York 13 | William Kirkpatrick Redistricted from the 15th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Uri Tracy (Democratic-Republican)[lower-alpha 3] Isaac Foote (Federalist) |
| Reuben Humphrey Redistricted from the 16th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
| New York 14 | John Harris Redistricted from the 17th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ Vincent Mathews (Federalist) 41.2% John Harris (Democratic-Republican) 23.4% Matthew Carpenter (Democratic-Republican) 21.2% Joseph Glover (Democratic-Republican) 14.2% |
| New York 15 | None (District created) | New seat. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ Peter B. Porter (Democratic-Republican) 59.9% Nathaniel W. Howell (Federalist) 40.1% | ||
North Carolina
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| North Carolina 1 | Lemuel Sawyer | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Lemuel Sawyer (Democratic-Republican) 67.0% William H. Murfree (Federalist) 33.0% |
| North Carolina 2 | Willis Alston | Democratic-Republican | 1798 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Willis Alston (Democratic-Republican) 58.0% Daniel Mason (Democratic-Republican) 42.0% |
| North Carolina 3 | Thomas Blount | Democratic-Republican | 1793 1804 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ William Kennedy (Democratic-Republican) 52.0% Thomas Blount (Democratic-Republican) 48.0% |
| North Carolina 4 | William Blackledge | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ John Stanly (Federalist) 51.8% William Blackledge (Democratic-Republican) 48.2% |
| North Carolina 5 | Thomas Kenan | Democratic-Republican | 1805 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Thomas Kenan (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
| North Carolina 6 | Nathaniel Macon | Democratic-Republican | 1791 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Nathaniel Macon (Democratic-Republican) 99.9% |
| North Carolina 7 | John Culpepper | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
√ Archibald McBryde (Federalist) 54.6% John Culpepper (Federalist) 45.4% |
| North Carolina 8 | Richard Stanford | Democratic-Republican | 1796 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Richard Stanford (Democratic-Republican) 65.3% Duncan Cameron (Federalist) 34.7% |
| North Carolina 9 | Marmaduke Williams | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ James Cochran (Democratic-Republican) 52.3% Theophilus Lacy (Democratic-Republican) 47.3% |
| North Carolina 10 | Evan S. Alexander | Democratic-Republican | 1806 (Special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ Joseph Pearson (Federalist) 63.8% Robert Locke (Democratic-Republican) 36.2% |
| North Carolina 11 | James Holland | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ James Holland (Democratic-Republican) 48.7% Felix Walker (Democratic-Republican) 31.2% John MacClain (Federalist) 9.4% William Tate (Federalist) 8.0% William Porter (Federalist) 2.8% |
| North Carolina 12 | Meshack Franklin | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Meshack Franklin (Democratic-Republican) 54.6% Joseph Winston (Democratic-Republican) 40.5% James Martin (Federalist) 4.9% |
Ohio
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Ohio at-large | Jeremiah Morrow | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican) 71.5% Philemon Beecher (Federalist) 28.5% |
Pennsylvania
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[20] | |
| Pennsylvania 1 Plural district with 3 seats |
Benjamin Say | Democratic-Republican | 1808 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Benjamin Say (Democratic-Republican) 18.5% √ John Porter (Democratic-Republican) 18.5% √ William Anderson (Democratic-Republican) 18.4% Joseph Hemphill (Federalist) 14.9% Derick Peterson (Federalist) 14.9% Charles W. Hare (Federalist) 14.8% |
| John Porter | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Jacob Richards | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Pennsylvania 2 Plural district with 3 seats |
Robert Brown | Democratic-Republican | 1798 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Robert Brown (Democratic-Republican) 16.9% √ John Ross (Democratic-Republican) 16.8% √ William Milnor (Federalist) 16.7% John Pugh (Democratic-Republican) 16.7% John Hahn (Democratic-Republican) 16.6% Roswell Wells (Federalist) 16.4% |
| John Pugh | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| William Milnor | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Pennsylvania 3 Plural district with 3 seats |
Matthias Richards | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Matthias Richards (Democratic-Republican) 17.1% √ Daniel Hiester (Democratic-Republican) 17.1% √ Robert Jenkins (Federalist) 16.9% John Whitehill (Democratic-Republican) 16.4% Roger Davis (Democratic-Republican) 16.3% William Witman (Democratic-Republican) 16.2% |
| John Hiester | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Robert Jenkins | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Pennsylvania 4 Plural district with 2 seats |
Robert Whitehill | Democratic-Republican | 1805 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Robert Whitehill (Democratic-Republican) 36.7% √ David Bard (Democratic-Republican) 36.6% John Gloninger (Federalist) 13.5% William Alexander (Federalist) 13.2% |
| David Bard | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Pennsylvania 5 | Daniel Montgomery | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ George Smith (Democratic-Republican) 82.3% John Bull (Federalist) 17.3% |
| Pennsylvania 6 | James Kelly | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ William Crawford (Democratic-Republican) 52.4% James Kelly (Federalist) 47.6% |
| Pennsylvania 7 | John Rea | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Rea (Democratic-Republican) 61.5% Andrew Dunlap (Federalist) 38.5% |
| Pennsylvania 8 | William Findley | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ William Findley (Democratic-Republican) 45.7% John Kirkpatrick (Democratic-Republican) 29.1% Robert Philson (Democratic-Republican) 25.2% |
| Pennsylvania 9 | John Smilie | Democratic-Republican | 1792 1794 (Retired) 1798 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Smilie (Democratic-Republican) 67.3% Thomas Meason (Federalist) 32.7% |
| Pennsylvania 10 | William Hoge | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Aaron Lyle (Democratic-Republican) 76.5% John Hamilton (Federalist) 23.5% |
| Pennsylvania 11 | Samuel Smith | Democratic-Republican | 1805 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Samuel Smith (Democratic-Republican) 68.3% Alexander Foster (Federalist) 31.7% |
Rhode Island
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Rhode Island at-large 2 seats on a general ticket |
Nehemiah Knight | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent died June 13, 1808. New member elected. Federalist gain. Successor (Jackson) also elected the same day to finish the term, see above. |
√ Richard Jackson Jr. (Federalist) 26.6% √ Elisha R. Potter (Federalist) 26.4% Isaac Wilbour (Democratic-Republican) 23.6% Jonathan Russell (Democratic-Republican) 23.4% |
| Isaac Wilbour | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
South Carolina
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[lower-alpha 4] | |
| South Carolina 1 "Charleston district" |
Robert Marion | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Robert Marion (Democratic-Republican) 68.2% Thomas Lowndes (Federalist) 30.1% |
| South Carolina 2 "Beaufort district" |
William Butler Sr. | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ William Butler Sr. (Democratic-Republican) 96.3% Thomas Deveaux 2.0% |
| South Carolina 3 "Georgetown district" |
David R. Williams | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Robert Witherspoon (Democratic-Republican) 72.4% Theodore Gourdin (Democratic-Republican) 27.6% |
| South Carolina 4 "Orangeburgh district" |
John Taylor | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Taylor (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
| South Carolina 5 "Sumter district" |
Richard Winn | Democratic-Republican | 1802 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Richard Winn (Democratic-Republican) 53.5% William Ellison 46.5% |
| South Carolina 6 "Abbeville district" |
Joseph Calhoun | Democratic-Republican | 1807 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Joseph Calhoun (Democratic-Republican) 76.3% William Burnsides 26.7% |
| South Carolina 7 "Spartanburgh district" |
Thomas Moore | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Thomas Moore (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
| South Carolina 8 "Pendleton district" |
Lemuel J. Alston | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Lemuel J. Alston (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
Tennessee
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[lower-alpha 4] | |
| Tennessee 1 "Washington district" |
John Rhea | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Rhea (Democratic-Republican) Unopposed |
| Tennessee 2 "Hamilton district" |
George W. Campbell | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Robert Weakley (Democratic-Republican) 47.4% Abraham Maury (Democratic-Republican) 39.9% James Lyon (Democratic-Republican) 12.6% |
| Tennessee 3 "Mero district" |
Jesse Wharton | Democratic-Republican | 1807 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Pleasant M. Miller (Democratic-Republican) 77.2% Scattering 22.8% |
Vermont
| District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vermont 1 "Southwestern district" |
James Witherell | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent resigned May 1, 1808. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor was also elected the same day to finish the current term, see above. |
√ Samuel Shaw (Democratic-Republican)[lower-alpha 3] Nathan Robinson (Federalist) Chauncey Langdon (Federalist) Jonas Galusha (Democratic-Republican) |
| Vermont 2 "Southeastern district" |
James Elliot | Federalist | 1802 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
First ballot (September 6, 1808): Jonathan H. Hubbard (Federalist) 45.4% Aaron Leland (Democratic-Republican) 36.2% William Czar Bradley (Democratic-Republican) 14.5% Others 4.0% Second ballot (December 13, 1808): √ Jonathan H. Hubbard (Federalist) 51.6% Aaron Leland (Democratic-Republican) 42.2% William Czar Bradley (Democratic-Republican) 4.3% Elias Keyes (Democratic-Republican) 1.4% |
| Vermont 3 "Northeastern district" |
James Fisk | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
First ballot (September 6, 1808): Jedediah Buckingham (Federalist) 47.9% James Fisk (Democratic-Republican) 47.4% William Chamberlain (Federalist) 2.3% Others 2.3% Second ballot (December 13, 1808): √ William Chamberlain (Federalist) 51.5% James Fisk (Democratic-Republican) 47.7% Others 0.8% |
| Vermont 4 "Northwestern district" |
Martin Chittenden | Federalist | 1802 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Martin Chittenden (Federalist) 59.9% Ezra Butler (Democratic-Republican) 37.6% Others 2.5% |
Virginia
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Virginia 1 | John G. Jackson | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John G. Jackson (Democratic-Republican) 60.3% Noah Linsey (Federalist) 29.7% |
| Virginia 2 | John Morrow | Democratic-Republican | 1805 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ James Stephenson (Federalist) 57.6% John Morrow (Democratic-Republican) 42.4% |
| Virginia 3 | John Smith | Democratic-Republican | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Smith (Democratic-Republican) 87.0% Robert Page (Federalist) 13.0% |
| Virginia 4 | David Holmes | Democratic-Republican | 1797 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ Jacob Swoope (Federalist) 53.7% Daniel Smith (Democratic-Republican) 46.3% |
| Virginia 5 | Alexander Wilson | Democratic-Republican | 1804 (Special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ James Breckinridge (Federalist) 56.7% Alexander Wilson (Democratic-Republican) 43.3% |
| Virginia 6 | Abram Trigg | Democratic-Republican | 1797 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
√ Daniel Sheffey (Federalist) 66.6% Francis Preston (Democratic-Republican) 33.4% |
| Virginia 7 | Joseph Lewis Jr. | Federalist | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Joseph Lewis Jr. (Federalist) 62.0% William Tyler (Democratic-Republican) 38.0% |
| Virginia 8 | Walter Jones | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Walter Jones (Democratic-Republican)[lower-alpha 3] John Hungerford (Democratic-Republican) John Talavar (Democratic-Republican) Richard Barnes (Federalist) |
| Virginia 9 | John Love | Democratic-Republican | 1807 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Love (Democratic-Republican)[lower-alpha 6] |
| Virginia 10 | John Dawson | Democratic-Republican | 1797 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Dawson (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
| Virginia 11 | James M. Garnett | Democratic-Republican | 1805 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ John Roane (Democratic-Republican) 53.7% John T. Woodford (Federalist) 46.3% |
| Virginia 12 | Burwell Bassett | Democratic-Republican | 1805 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Burwell Bassett (Democratic-Republican) 57.4% John Eyre (Federalist) 42.6% |
| Virginia 13 | William A. Burwell | Democratic-Republican | 1806 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ William A. Burwell (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
| Virginia 14 | Matthew Clay | Democratic-Republican | 1797 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Matthew Clay (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
| Virginia 15 | John Randolph | Democratic-Republican | 1799 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Randolph (Democratic-Republican) 71.5% Jerman Baker (Democratic-Republican) 28.5% |
| Virginia 16 | John W. Eppes | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John W. Eppes (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
| Virginia 17 | Thomas Gholson Jr. | Democratic-Republican | 1808 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Thomas Gholson Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 94.9% Jarvis Northampton (Federalist) 5.1% |
| Virginia 18 | Peterson Goodwyn | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Peterson Goodwyn (Democratic-Republican) 70.5% John Pegram (Federalist?) 29.5% |
| Virginia 19 | Edwin Gray | Democratic-Republican | 1799 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Edwin Gray (Democratic-Republican) 54.5% Richard Byrd 37.5% William Massenburg (Democratic-Republican) 8.0% |
| Virginia 20 | Thomas Newton Jr. | Democratic-Republican | 1799 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Thomas Newton Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 60.1% Robert B. Tayler (Federalist) 39.9% |
| Virginia 21 | Wilson C. Nicholas | Democratic-Republican | 1807 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Wilson C. Nicholas (Democratic-Republican) 100% |
| Virginia 22 | John Clopton | Democratic-Republican | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Clopton 80.7% (Democratic-Republican) Charles Dabney (Quid) 19.3% |
Non-voting delegates
Three territories sent non-voting delegates to the 11th Congress.
| District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indiana Territory at-large | Indiana Territory did not elect a delegate before the 11th Congress convened | New member elected. | √ Jonathan Jennings 46.6% Thomas Randolph 43.8% John Johnson 8.8% | ||
| Mississippi Territory at-large | George Poindexter | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ George Poindexter[lower-alpha 7] Thomas H. Williams Others |
| Orleans Territory at-large | Daniel Clark | None | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. |
√ Julien de L. Poydras 20 Watkins[lower-alpha 8] 5 |
In Indiana Territory, Thomas Randolph unsuccessfully contested the election of Jennings. This was the first election for Delegate in Indiana Territory to be decided by popular vote rather than by the legislature. Mississippi Territory also elected its delegate by popular vote. Orleans Territory retained legislative election of its delegate.
See also
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 Figures here match Dubin (p. 42, which includes "87 Republicans, 1 Independent Republican, and 6 Quids", in addition to "48 Federalists"), but are different than those given by Martis (p. 80), and "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. , which both report 92 Democratic-Republicans, and 50 Federalists.
- ↑ Majority required for election which was not met in two districts, necessitating a second election, held on December 13, 1808.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Numbers of votes missing or incomplete in source(s).
- 1 2 3 Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed.
- ↑ In the 7th district, there were 430 votes for "Charles Turner" which were counted separately from Charles Turner Jr. (Democratic-Republican). This caused the vote tally to be William Baylies (Federalist) 1,828 (49.4%), Charles Turner Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 1,443 (39.0%), "Charles Turner" 430 (11.6%). As no candidate had a majority, a second election was held on January 19, 1809 which elected Baylies with 54.3% of the vote. Turner successfully contested this election, and was subsequently declared the winner based on the first ballot, with the second invalidated. He was seated June 8, 1809[19]
- ↑ Source does not have numbers of votes, but provides a citation stating that he was "elected without opposition in one county and by a great majority in the other,"[21] his opponent or opponents in that county is not given.
- ↑ Electoral data in source are incomplete, the top two candidates received 1,067 and 657 votes respectively, numbers of votes for the other candidates is only reported for some counties.
- ↑ Source does not give full name.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dubin, Michael J. (1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results. McFarland and Company.
- 1 2 Dubin, p. 42.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "10th Congress March 4, 1807, to March 3, 1809". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
- ↑ "North Carolina 1808 U.S. House of Representatives, District 7, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ↑ "NJ At-Large - Special Election". February 12, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2018 – via OurCampaigns.com.
- ↑ "New Jersey 1808 U.S. House of Representatives, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ↑ "NY District 12". April 16, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2018 – via OurCampaigns.com.
- ↑ "New York 1808 U.S. House of Representatives, District 12, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ↑ "MA District 2 (Essex South) - Special Election". April 14, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2018 – via OurCampaigns.com.
- ↑ "Massachusetts 1808 U.S. House of Representatives, Essex South District, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ↑ "RI At-Large - Special Election". January 2, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2018 – via OurCampaigns.com.
- 1 2 "VA District 17". April 19, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2018 – via OurCampaigns.com.
- ↑ 10th Congress electoral returns for Pennsylvania
- ↑ "Pennsylvania 1808 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- 1 2 "11th Congress March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1811". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
- ↑ "Pennsylvania 1809 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1, Special". Retrieved September 27, 2018.
- ↑ "VA District 21 Special Election". December 25, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2018 – via OurCampaigns.com.
- ↑ "Virginia 1809 U.S. House of Representatives, District 21, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ↑ "Eleventh Congress (membership roster)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
- ↑ Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project
- ↑ "Virginia 1809 U.S. House of Representatives, District 9". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
Bibliography
- "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
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