Type XXI submarine

U-3008 in U.S. Navy service during 1948 with modified conning tower
Class overview
Name: Type XXI U-boat
Operators:
Cost: 5,750,000 Reichsmark per boat[1]
Built: 1943–1945[1]
In commission: 1944–1982
Planned: 1170[2]
Building: 267[2]
Completed: 118
Cancelled: 785[2]
Preserved: 1
General characteristics
Class and type: Submarine
Displacement:
  • 1,621 t (1,595 long tons) surfaced
  • 1,819 t (1,790 long tons) submerged[1]
Length: 76.70 m (251 ft 8 in)[1]
Beam: 8 m (26 ft 3 in)[1]
Draught: 6.32 m (20 ft 9 in)[1]
Propulsion:
Speed:
  • 15.6 knots (28.9 km/h; 18.0 mph) surfaced
  • 17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph) submerged[1]
  • 6.1 knots (11.3 km/h; 7.0 mph) (silent running motors)
Range:
  • 15,500 nmi (28,700 km; 17,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced
  • 340 nmi (630 km; 390 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged[1]
Test depth: 240 m (787 ft)[1]
Complement: 5 officers, 52 enlisted men[3]
Armament:

Type XXI U-boats were a class of German diesel-electric Elektroboot (German: "electric boat") submarines designed during the Second World War. Four were completed during the war and only two actually went on patrols and these were not used in combat.

They were the first submarines designed to operate primarily submerged, rather than spending most of their time as surface ships that could submerge for brief periods as a means to escape detection. They incorporated a large number of batteries to increase the time they could spend under water, to as much as several days, and they only needed to surface to periscope depth for recharging via a snorkel. The design included many general improvements as well: much greater underwater speed by an improved hull design, greatly improved diving times, power-assisted torpedo reloading and greatly improved crew accommodations.

After the war, several navies obtained XXIs and operated them for decades in various roles and large navies introduced new submarine designs based on them. These include the Soviet Whiskey, US Tang, UK Porpoise and Swedish Hajen classes, all based on the Type XXI design to some extent. The design remains the basis for modern diesel-electric submarines.

Description

The main features of the Type XXI were the hydrodynamically streamlined hull and conning tower and the large number of battery cells, roughly triple that of the German Type VII submarine. This gave these boats great underwater range and dramatically reduced the time spent on or near the surface. They could travel submerged at about 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) for about 75 hours[4] before recharging batteries, which took less than five hours using the snorkel. Surfaced speed was also higher, twice the Type IX's, thanks to new turbo-supercharged diesel engines.[5]

The Type XXI was also much quieter than the VIIC, making it more difficult to detect when submerged and the design eliminated protruding components that created drag with earlier models. The new, streamlined hull design allowed submerged speed of 17.2 kn (19.8 mph; 31.9 km/h), versus 7.6 kn (8.7 mph; 14.1 km/h) for the Type VIIC.[6] The ability to outrun many surface ships while submerged, combined with improved dive times (also a product of the new hull form), made the Type XXI much more difficult to pursue and destroy.[7] It also provided a 'sprint ability' when positioning itself for an attack. Older boats had to surface to sprint into position. This often revealed a boat's location, especially after aircraft became available for convoy escort. The Type XII was also equipped with a creep motor for occasions when silent running was necessary.[8]

Type XXI was equipped with six bow torpedo tubes (instead of the more common four) and carried 23 torpedos.[9] It featured an electric torpedo-reloading system that allowed all six bow torpedo tubes to be reloaded faster than a Type VIIC could reload one tube[10]. The Type XXI could fire 18 torpedoes in less than 20 minutes. The class also featured a very sensitive passive sonar for the time, housed in the "chin" of the hull.

The Type XXIs also had better facilities than previous U-boat classes, with much roomier crew berths, a freezer to prevent food spoilage.[11] The increased capacity allowed for a crew of 57.[12][13]

Construction

This was the first U-boat to be constructed of modular components to allow for the manufacture of the various components in different factories and subsequent assemby at the shipyard.[14]

Between 1943 and 1945, 118 boats were assembled by Blohm & Voss of Hamburg, AG Weser of Bremen and Schichau-Werke of Danzig. Each hull was constructed from nine prefabricated sections with final assembly at the shipyards. This new method allowed for a hypothetical construction time of less than six months per vessel, but in practice all the assembled U-boats were plagued with severe quality problems that required extensive post-production work and time to rectify.[15] One of the reasons for these shortcomings was that sections were made by companies having little experience with shipbuilding, after a decision by Albert Speer. As a result, of 118 Type XXIs constructed, only four were fit for combat before the Second World War ended in Europe. Of these, only two conducted combat patrols and neither sank any Allied ships[16].

It was planned that final assembly of Type XXI boats would eventually be carried out in the Valentin submarine pens, a massive, bomb–hardened concrete bunker built at the small port of Farge, near Bremen[17]. The pens were constructed between 1943 and 1945, using about 10,000 concentration camp prisoners and prisoners of war as forced labour[18]. The facility was 90% completed when, during March 1945, it was heavily damaged by Allied bombing with Grand Slam "earthquake" bombs and abandoned. A few weeks later the area was captured by the British Army[19].

U.S. Navy diagram of a Type XXI U-boat. Note the teardrop-shaped fairing for the large hydrophone array beneath the bow and the figure-eight pressure hull. The large sonar array and its housing did slow the boat down, but its placement and size allowed for a very sensitive system to be installed, and gave it near-360 degree coverage around the submarine.

Sensors

Radar detector

The FuMB Ant 3 Bali radar detector and antenna was located on top of the snorkel head.

Radar transmitter

The Type XXI boats were fitted with the FuMO 65 Hohentwiel U1 with the Type F432 D2 radar transmitter.

Wartime and post-war service

Germany

Three Type XXI U-boats and one Type VII U-boat moored at Bergen, Norway (May 1945). The Type XXI in the middle is U-2511

U-2511 and U-3008 were the only Type XXIs used for war patrols, and neither sank any ships. The commander of U-2511 claimed the U-boat had a British cruiser in her sights on 4 May when news of the German cease-fire was received. He further claimed she made a practice attack before leaving the scene undetected.[20]

During 1957, U-2540, which had been scuttled at the end of the war, was raised and refitted as research vessel Wilhelm Bauer of the Bundesmarine. It was operated by both military and civilian crews for research purposes until 1982. During 1984, it was made available for display to the public by the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum (German Maritime Museum) in Bremerhaven, Germany.

France

U-2518 became French submarine Roland Morillot. It was used for active service during the Suez Crisis in 1956, and remained in commission until 1967. It was scrapped in 1969.

Soviet Union

Four Type XXI boats were assigned to the USSR by the Potsdam Agreement; these were U-3515, U-2529, U-3035, and U-3041, which were commissioned into the Soviet Navy as B-27, B-28, B-29, and B-30 (later B-100) respectively. However, Western intelligence believed the Soviets had acquired several more Type XXI boats; a review by the U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee for the Joint Chiefs of Staff during January 1948 estimated the Soviet Navy then had 15 Type XXIs operational, could complete construction of 6 more within 2 months, and could build another 39 within a year and a half from prefabricated sections, since several factories producing Type XXI components and the assembly yard at Danzig had been captured by the Soviets at the end of World War II. U 3538 — U 3557 (respectively TS-5 – TS-19 and TS-32 – TS-38) remained incomplete at Danzig and were scrapped or sunk during 1947. The four boats assigned by Potsdam were used in trials and tests until 1955, then scuttled or used for weapon testing between 1958 and 1973. The Type XXI design formed the basis for several Soviet design projects, Projects 611, 613, 614, 633, and 644. These became the submarine classes known by their NATO codes as Zulu, Whiskey and Romeo submarine classes.[21]

United Kingdom

German submarine U-3008 in Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine.

The U-3017 was commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS N41. It was used for tests until being scrapped during November 1949.

United States

The United States Navy acquired the U-2513 and U-3008, operating them both in the Atlantic Ocean. During November 1946 President Harry S. Truman visited U-2513; the submarine dived to 440 feet (130 m) with the President aboard.[22] The U-2513 was sunk as a target during 1951; U-3008 was scrapped during 1956.

Survivor

Wilhelm Bauer (U-2540), preserved as a floating museum ship at the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven (2013).

The only boat to survive intact is Wilhelm Bauer (ex-U-2540).[23] Records indicate that this sub was scuttled by the crew in 1945, salvaged in 1957 and refurbished for use by the West German Bundesmarine until retirement in 1983. It was then modified to appear in wartime configuration for exhibit purposes.[24]

Notable wrecks

 The wrecks of several Type XXI boats are known to exist. During 1985, it was discovered that the partially scrapped remains of U-2505, U-3004, and U-3506 were still in the partially demolished "Elbe II" U-boat bunker in Hamburg. The bunker has since been filled in with gravel, although even that did not initially deter many souvenir hunters who measured the position of open hatches and dug down to them to allow the removal of artifacts.[25] The wrecks now lie beneath a car park (parking lot), making them inaccessible.[26]

U-2513 lies in 213 feet (65 m) of water 70 nautical miles (130 km) west of Key West, Florida. The boat has been visited by divers, but the depth makes this very difficult and the site is considered suitable for only advanced divers. Four other boats lie off the coast of Northern Ireland, where they were sunk during 1946 as part of Operation Deadlight. Both U-2511 and U-2506 were found by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney during his Operation Deadlight expeditions between 2001 and 2003.[27][28] Both were found to be in remarkably good condition. In April 2018 the wreck of U-3523 was found North of Skagen in Denmark.[29]

Influences

The Type XXI design directly influenced advanced post-war submarines, the Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program (GUPPY) improvements to the United States Gato-, Balao-, and Tench-class submarines and the Soviet submarine projects designated by NATO as the Whiskey, Zulu[30] and Romeo classes. The Chinese built Romeo-class submarines were based on Soviet-supplied designs. The subsequent Ming class, some of which were still in operation during 2013, was based on the Romeo.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gröner et al. 1991, p. 84–85.
  2. 1 2 3 Gröner et al. 1991, pp. 84–89.
  3. 1 2 Gröner et al. 1991, p. 85.
  4. ↑ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. p. 59. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  5. ↑ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. p. 58. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  6. ↑ "History, U-Boot Wilhelm-Bauer". Museum Harbour of Bremerhaven. October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  7. ↑ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  8. ↑ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  9. ↑ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. p. 59. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  10. ↑ Breyer 1999, pp. 18–19.
  11. ↑ Gerken, Louis (1989). Torpedo Technology (Illustrated ed.). United States: Pennsylvania State University. p. 57. ISBN 978-0961716325. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  12. ↑ Gardiner, Robert (1990). Warships - 1990. London, UK: Conway Maritime Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0851775470.
  13. ↑ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. p. 60. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  14. ↑ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  15. ↑ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  16. ↑ Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction. London: Penguin Books. pp. 616–618. ISBN 978-0-14-100348-1.
  17. ↑ Flower, Stephen (2004). Barnes Wallis' Bombs. Tempus. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-7524-2987-8.
  18. ↑ Marc Buggeln. "Neuengamme / Bremen-Farge". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  19. ↑ Flower, Stephen (2004). Barnes Wallis' Bombs. Tempus. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-7524-2987-8.
  20. ↑ Van der Vat, Dan (1994). Stealth at Sea. London: Orion. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-85797-864-3.
  21. ↑ Polmar, Norman; Kenneth J. Moore (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Brassey's. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
  22. ↑ "Truman Dives 440 Feet In German Sub", The Pittsburgh Press, November 21, 1946, p9
  23. ↑ Hitler's U-boat Bases (2002), Jak P Mallmann Showell, Sutton Publishing ISBN 0-7509-2606-6
  24. ↑ Gordon Williamson (2002). Kriegsmarine U-boats 1939–45. 841763640. ISBN 9781780966618.
  25. ↑ Hitler's U-boat Bases (2002), Jak P Mallmann Showell, Sutton Publishing ISBN 0-7509-2606-6
  26. ↑ "3 Type XXI boats in the Elbe II in Hamburg". uboat.net.
  27. ↑ "Uboat.net Operation Deadlight dives 2001".
  28. ↑ "Uboat.net Operation Deadlight dives 2002".
  29. ↑ Ritzau (13 April 2018). "Rare wreckage of groundbreaking nazi submarines found in the Skagerrak". tv2.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  30. ↑ Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor. The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus Publishing Company, 1978), Volume 24, p.2594, "'Whiskey'", and p.2620, "'Zulu'".

References

  • Breyer, Siegfried (1999). German U-Boat Type XXI. Translated by Force, Ed. Atglen: Schiffer. ISBN 978-0-7643-0787-4.
  • Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor. The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus Publishing Company, 1978), Volume 24, p. 2594, "'Whiskey'", and p. 2620, "'Zulu'".
  • Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and mine warfare vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-593-7.
  • Kohl, Fritz; Eberhard Rossler (1991). The Type XXI U-boat. Conway Maritime. ISBN 978-1-55750-829-4.
  • U-Boot Type XXI in Detail with photos.
  • Helgason, Guðmundur. "Type XXI". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  • Type XXI on www.uboataces.com
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