Whiskey-class submarine

S-189 preserved and on display as a museum boat in Saint Petersburg.
Class overview
Operators:
Preceded by: S class
Succeeded by:
Built:
  • 1950 - 1958 (USSR)
  • 1956 - 1960 (China)
Completed: 236 (215 in the USSR + 21 in China)
Preserved: 2
General characteristics
(Project 613)
Type: Diesel-electric attack submarine
Displacement:
  • Surfaced: 1,050 tonnes (1,030 long tons)
  • Submerged: 1,340 tonnes (1,320 long tons)
Length: 76 m (249 ft 4 in)
Beam: 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) to 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in)
Draft: 4.55 m (14 ft 11 in)
Propulsion:
  • Two-shaft diesel-electric:
  • 2 × 4,000 bhp (3,000 kW) diesel engines
  • 2 × 2,700 hp (2,000 kW) main electric motors
  • 2 × 100 hp (75 kW) electric creep motors for silent running
Speed:
  • Surfaced: 18.25 knots (33.80 km/h)
  • Submerged:13.1 knots (24.3 km/h)
Range:
  • Surfaced: 8,580 nmi (15,890 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
  • Submerged: 335 nmi (620 km) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph)
Endurance: Submerged: 166 h
Complement: 52
Armament:
  • 6 × 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes (4 bow + 2 stern) for:
  • 12 × torpedoes or,
  • 22 × mines
  • 1 × single-mounted 25 mm (1.0 in) AA gun
  • 2 × single-mounted 57 mm (2.2 in) AA gun
Silhouette of a Whiskey-class submarine with twin 57 mm deck guns and twin 25 mm conning tower guns
Silhouette of a Whiskey Long Bin-class submarine
Silhouette of a Whiskey Twin Cylinder-class submarine

Whiskey-class submarines (known in the Soviet Union as Projects 613, 644, and 665) are a class of naval submarines that the Soviet Union built in the early Cold War period.

Design

Indonesian Navy Whiskey-class submarine KRI Pasopati mounted on pedestal in Surabaya riverside

The initial design was developed in the early 1940s as a sea-going follow on to the S-class submarine. As a result of war experience and the capture of German technology at the end of the war, the Soviets issued a new design requirement in 1946. The revised design was developed by the Lazurit Design Bureau based in Gorkiy. Like most conventional submarines designed 1946–1960, the design was heavily influenced by the Type XXI U-boat.[1]

Patrol variants

Between 1949 and 1958 a total of 236 of an envisaged 340[2] submarines of this type were commissioned into the Soviet Navy. The vessels were initially designed as coastal patrol submarines. These patrol variants are known in the west as Whiskey I, II, III, IV, and V and were called Project 613 in the Soviet Union.

  • Whiskey I − twin 25 mm (1.0 in) guns in conning tower
  • Whiskey II − twin 57 mm (2.2 in) guns and twin 25 mm guns
  • Whiskey III − guns removed
  • Whiskey IV − 25 mm guns - fitted with snorkel
  • Whiskey V − no guns - streamlined conning tower and snorkel

Missile variants

Whiskey Twin Cylinder submarine

In the 1950s and 1960s some Whiskey submarines were converted to guided missile submarines, with the capability to fire one to four SS-N-3 Shaddock cruise missiles. In 1956, the first prototype was ready. It was a regular Whiskey class modified with a launch tube aft of the sail containing a single SS-N-3c. This vessel was known in the West as Whiskey Single Cylinder. Between 1958 and 1960, six additional Whiskey-class submarines were converted to carry guided missiles. These boats had two missile tubes behind the sail, and were known in the west as the Whiskey Twin Cylinder, and Project 644 boats by the Soviets.[3]

Between 1960 and 1963, six boats received an extended sail that could contain four Shaddock missiles. These were called Whiskey Long Bin in the West and Project 665 in the Soviet Union.[3] All guided missile variants of the Whiskey class carried the P-5/ NATO SS-N-3c Shaddock land-attack missile, and had to surface in order to fire their missiles. The boats of the single and twin cylinder class also had to raise their missile tubes, which were normally positioned horizontally.

The "Long Bin" boats did not handle well, with the launch tubes causing stability problems, and water flow around the missile fittings was very noisy.[4] All were soon retired from service. Four were converted to Project 640 radar picket boats (called Whiskey Canvas Bag in the West). Two were converted for 'fishery research' and 'oceanographic research' purposes. In the Soviet Navy, the patrol variants of this class were replaced by the Romeo class. The guided missile variants were replaced by the Juliett class.

Production programme

Model of ORP Orzeł

The Soviet Union built a total of 236 or 215 Whiskeys (sources vary; it appears the initial 21 Chinese-built boats are often included with the Soviet boats). Vice Admiral Burov, head of the Soviet Defense Ministry's Shipbuilding Institute from 1969 to 1983, confirms 215 units built.[3]

Year Gorkiy Nikolayev Baltic Komsomolsk Total
1951 1 – – – 1
1952 4 5 – – 9
1953 19 11 – – 30
1954 29 14 – 1 44
1955 37 18 8 4 67
1956 26 15 4 4 49
1957 – 9 3 2 14
1958 – – 1 – 1
Total 116 72 16 11 215

Patrol submarines of the Whiskey class were exported to:

  • Albania (four vessels, all retired) which were based at Porto Palermo
  • Bulgaria (two vessels, retired)
  • China (five vessels, and another 21 built locally from parts provided by the Soviet Union, known as Type 03, all now retired)
  • Egypt (seven vessels, retired)
  • Indonesia (twelve vessels, and two as a source of spare parts, retired)
  • North Korea (four vessels)
  • Poland (four vessels, 1962–1986, retired)
ORP Orzeł (292)
ORP Bielik (295)
ORP Sokół (293)
ORP Kondor (294) – 10 June 1965 raising of the banner, 30 October 1985 lowering of the banner.

Cuba and Syria ordered used Whiskey-class submarines for use as battery charging hulks. The guided missile and radar picket boats were never exported.

By 1982, only 60 boats remained in the Soviet Navy (45 active, 15 in operational reserve); all were retired by the end of the Cold War.

Incidents involving Whiskey-class submarines

  • On 27 January 1961, S-80 was lost due to accidental flooding while the boat was submerged. The valve that should have prevented water from entering the snorkel did not work properly.
  • On 24 November 1972, the submarine KNM Sklinna of the Royal Norwegian Navy had "contact" with what they presumed was a Whiskey-class submarine, after 14 days of "hunt" in Sognefjord. Military documents released in 2009 confirm this episode.[5]
  • On 21 October 1981, S-178 was run down by the merchant vessel Refrizherator-13 in Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok.
  • On 27 October 1981, S-363 ran aground in Swedish territorial waters near the Karlskrona naval base.
  • On 5 February 2007, the decommissioned S-194 took on water and sank off the coast of Denmark while being towed to become part of a naval museum.[6]
  • In 2009 a previously unknown and unidentified sunken Whiskey-class submarine was discovered within Sweden's EEZ close to the island of Gotland. It was a decommissioned submarine which sank while under tow to be scrapped in Denmark. News of the discovery was not made public until March 2011.[7][8]

Surviving examples

S-189 is preserved as a museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. KRI Pasopati (ex-S-290) is preserved in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Notes

  1. ↑ Gardiner, pp. 396–397
  2. ↑ Kuzin, V.P.; Nikolskiy V.I. Voyenno-morskoy Flot SSSR 1945-1991. Istoricheskoye Morskoye Obshchestvo, Sankt Peterburg, 1996
  3. 1 2 3 Burov, V.N. Otechestvennoye Voyennoye Korablestroyeniye v Tretem Stoletii Svoyey Istorii, Sudostroyeniye, Sankt Peterburg, 1995. 5-7355-0508-4
  4. ↑ Weir and Boyle 2003
  5. ↑ Aftenposten(Norwegian Language) (including pictures)
  6. ↑ Dansk Dykkerservice ApS (Danish Language) (including pictures)
  7. ↑ JP.dk
  8. ↑ Forsvarsmakten.se

References

  • Gardiner, Robert (ed.) (1995). Conway's all the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. London: Conway Maritime. ISBN 0-85177-605-1. OCLC 34284130. Also published as Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's all the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. OCLC 34267261.
  • Weir, Gary E., and Boyle, Walter J. Rising Tide: The Untold Story of the Russian Submarines That Fought the Cold War Basic Books, 2003.
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