HMS Formidable (1898)

Painting of HMS Formidable, Sept. 1898
History
United Kingdom
Name: HMS Formidable
Ordered: 1897 Programme
Builder: Portsmouth Dockyard
Laid down: 21 March 1898
Launched: 17 November 1898
Completed: September 1901
Commissioned: 10 October 1904
Refit: Chatham Dockyard (April–August 1909)
Fate: Torpedoed twice by German submarine U-24 and sunk, 1 January 1915
General characteristics
Class and type: Formidable-class battleship
Displacement:
  • 14,685 long tons (14,921 t) (normal)
  • 15,805 long tons (16,059 t) (full load)
Length:
  • 411 ft (125.3 m) w/l
  • 431 ft 9 in (131.6 m) o/a
Beam: 75 ft (22.9 m)
Draught: 26 ft 9 in (8.15 m)
Installed power: 15,500 ihp (11,560 kW)
Propulsion:
Speed: 18 knots (33.3 km/h; 20.7 mph)
Range: 5,500 nmi (10,190 km; 6,330 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement: 780 (810 as flagship)
Armament: 4 × BL 12-inch (305-mm) Mk IX guns, 12 × BL 6 in (152 mm) Mk VII guns, 16 × QF 12-pounder guns, 6 × QF 3-pounder guns, 2 × .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns, 4 × 18-inch (450-mm) submerged torpedo tubes
Armour:

HMS Formidable, the third of four ships of that name to serve in the Royal Navy, was the lead ship of her class of pre-dreadnought battleships. Commissioned in 1904, she served initially with the Mediterranean Fleet, transferring to the Channel Fleet in 1908. In 1912, she was assigned to the 5th Battle Squadron, which was stationed at Nore.

Following the outbreak of World War I, the squadron conducted operations in the English Channel, and was based at Sheerness to guard against a possible German invasion. Despite reports of submarine activity, early in the morning of 1 January 1915, whilst on exercise in the English Channel, Formidable sank after being hit by two torpedoes. She was the second British battleship to be sunk by enemy action during the First World War.[1]

Technical characteristics

HMS Formidable was laid down at Portsmouth Dockyard on 21 March 1898 and launched on 17 November 1898. She was completed in September 1901, but due to difficulties with machinery contractors her readiness for service was delayed, and she was not commissioned for another three years.[2]

Formidable had the same-calibre armament and was similar in appearance to the Majestic and Canopus classes that preceded her. She and her sister ships are often described as improved Majestics, but in design they were effectively enlarged Canopuses. The Canopuses employed Krupp armour in their construction, which possessed greater strength for a given weight compared to that of the Majestics' Harvey armour; this allowed the Canopuses to be lighter and faster without sacrificing protection. In Formidable, however, Krupp armour was used to improve protection without reducing the size of the ship.[3] Formidable thus was larger than the ships of the two preceding classes, and enjoyed greater protection than the Majestics and the higher speed of the Canopus class. Formidable's armour scheme was similar to that of the Canopus class, although the armour belt ran all the way to the stern being 215 ft (65.5 m) long, 15 ft (4.6 m) deep and 9 in (23 cm) thick. It tapered at the stem to 3 in (7.6 cm) thick and 12 ft (3.7 m) deep, and at the stern to 1.5 in (3.8 cm) thick and 8 ft (2.4 m) deep. The main battery turrets had 10 in (25 cm) of Krupp armour on their sides and 8 in (20 cm) on their backs.[3]

Formidable improved on the main and secondary armament of previous classes, being up-gunned from 35 calibre to 40 12 in (305 mm) guns and from 40 calibre to 45 6 in (152 mm) guns. The 12 in (305 mm) guns could be loaded at any bearing and elevation, and had a split hoist with a working chamber beneath the turrets to reduce the chance of a cordite fire spreading from the turrets to the shell and powder handling rooms and to the magazines.[3]

Formidable had an improved hull form that endowed better handling at high speeds than the Majestics and inward-turning screws which allowed reduced fuel consumption and slightly higher speeds than in previous classes, but at the expense of reduced manoeuvrability at low speeds.[3]

With the appearance of the new dreadnought-type battleships and battlecruisers beginning in 1906, predreadnoughts such as Formidable were outclassed; however, they still performed some front-line duties during the early part of the First World War.

Operational history

Pre-World War I

Formidable commissioned on 10 October 1904 at Portsmouth Dockyard for service in the Mediterranean Fleet. She began a refit at Malta in 1904 which lasted until April 1905, and in April 1908 transferred to the Channel Fleet.[4] Paid off at Chatham Dockyard on 17 August 1908, Formidable began another refit and recommissioned on 20 April 1909 for service in the 1st Division, Home Fleet stationed at the Nore. On 29 May, she transferred to the Atlantic Fleet.[5]

In May 1912, Formidable was reduced to a nucleus crew and transferred to the 5th Battle Squadron in the Second Fleet, Home Fleet, again at the Nore, where she served until the outbreak of war in August 1914.[1][5] Hard steaming during this service led to her developing serious machinery problems.[4]

World War I

At the beginning of the First World War, Formidable and the 5th Battle Squadron were based at Portland and assigned to the Channel Fleet to defend the English Channel. After covering the safe transportation of the British Expeditionary Force to France in August 1914, Formidable took part in the transportation of the Portsmouth Marine Battalion to Ostend on 25 August.[5]

On 14 November, Formidable and the other ships of the 5th Battle Squadron were rebased at Sheerness because of concern that a German invasion of Great Britain was in the offing. The squadron was relieved by Duncan-class battleships of the 6th Battle Squadron and transferred to Portland on 30 December.[5]

Loss

Under the command of Vice-Admiral Commanding, Channel Fleet, Sir Lewis Bayly, the 5th Battle Squadron spent 31 December participating in gunnery exercises off the Isle of Portland, supported by the light cruisers Topaze and Diamond. After the exercises, that night the fleet remained at sea on patrol even though submarine activity had been reported in the area. With rough sea conditions and the wind increasing, submarine attacks would have been difficult to carry out and so were not thought to be a significant threat. Formidable was steaming at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) at the rear of the squadron off Portland Bill just 20 nmi (37 km; 23 mi) from Start Point, when at 02:20 on 1 January 1915 a torpedo from U-24[6] struck the number one boiler port side.[7] It was thought that she might be saved by reaching the coast but by about 02:40 she had taken a list of 20° to starboard and the Captain Noel Loxley gave the order to abandon ship. Darkness and worsening weather made it difficult to get the men and boats over the side; some small boats were thrown into the water upside down.[5]

At about 03:05, Formidable was struck by a second torpedo on the starboard side. Amidst a 30 ft (9.1 m) swell the pinnaces and launch along with other boats (one of which capsized soon after) were launched and the two light cruisers came alongside and managed to pick up 80 men in the deteriorating weather. By 04:45, she seemed in imminent danger of capsizing and a few minutes later she rolled over onto many of the men in the water and sank quickly. Captain Loxley had remained on the bridge along with his Fox terrier Bruce,[8] calmly overseeing the evacuation of the ship.[5]

In rough seas near Berry Head, the crew of a Brixham trawler Provident BM291, Skipper William Pillar, First Hand William Carter, Second Hand John Clarke and Apprentice (the boy) Daniel Taylor (né Ferguson), picked up the men from one pinnace before it sank, saving 71 members of the crew.[9] The second pinnace took off another 70 men, of which 48 were brought ashore alive after it was eventually spotted from the shore the following night, 22 hours after the sinking.[1][7][8] The loss of life of Formidable was 35 officers (including Captain Loxley) and 512 men from a complement of 780.[1] The body of Captain Loxley's dog Bruce, a war dog washed ashore and was buried in a marked grave in Abbotsbury Gardens in Dorset.

Formidable was the third British battleship to be sunk and the second to be sunk by enemy action, during the First World War.

Wreck site

Formidable's wreck site is designated as a controlled site under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.[10]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 HMS Formidable's history on the battleships-cruisers.co.uk website Retrieved: 6 April 2008
  2. ↑ Burt, p. 162
  3. 1 2 3 4 Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905, p. 36
  4. 1 2 Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921, p. 8
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Burt, p. 170
  6. ↑ de:SM U 24
  7. 1 2 Story of the sinking on Burton Bradstock village website Retrieved: 6 April 2008
  8. 1 2 Hero Dogs of the First World War Associated with the Sinking of H.M.S. Formidable. This book also contains a list of all the men who drowned.
  9. ↑ "William Pillar of Brixham". Devon Heritage.
  10. ↑ "The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2008". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 21 July 2008.

References

  • Burt, R. A. (1988). British Battleships 1889–1904. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-061-7.
  • Corbett, Julian Stafford (1920). Naval Operations: To The Battle of the Falklands, December 1914. I. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 174823980.
  • Corbett, Julian Stafford (1921). Naval Operations: From The Battle of the Falklands to the Entry of Italy Into the War in May 1915. II. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 924170059.
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
  • Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1984). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1922. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.

Further reading

  • Dittmar, F. J., and J.J. Colledge, eds. British Warships 1914–1919. London: Ian Allen, 1972. ISBN 0-7110-0380-7
  • Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of All the World's Capital Ships From 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1983.
  • Pears, Randolph. British Battleships 1892–1957: The Great Days of the Fleets. G. Cave Associates, 1979. ISBN 978-0-906223-14-7.

Coordinates: 50°13′N 3°04′W / 50.217°N 3.067°W / 50.217; -3.067

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