Turning Point USA

Turning Point USA
Formation 2012
Type Nonprofit student organization
80-0835023
Purpose Activism
Region served
United States
Canada
Executive Director
 Charlie Kirk
Website www.tpusa.com

Turning Point USA is an American conservative, nonprofit organization whose stated mission is "to educate students about true free market values."[1][2] It was founded in 2012 by conservative activist Charlie Kirk.[3] Its website says it has more than 350 chapters.

Since 2016, Turning Point USA has maintained a Professor Watchlist that lists college professors it alleges "discriminate against conservative students and advance leftist propaganda in the classroom".[4] The organization has also secretly attempted to influence student government elections in an effort to "combat liberalism on college and university campuses".[5]

In December 2017, former employees of the organization accused it of engaging in racist practices, as well as potentially illegal involvement in the 2016 presidential election.[6]

Formation and activities

Charlie Kirk founded Turning Point USA in 2012, when he was 18 years old. At the 2012 Republican National Convention, Kirk met Foster Friess, a prominent Republican donor, and persuaded him to finance the organization.[7][8] Friess also serves on the organization's advisory council, alongside Ginni Thomas, wife of US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas.[9]

Turning Point USA's website says the organization has more than 300 chapters in colleges and high schools[10] and a "presence" in over 1,000.[11]

Turning Point holds several annual national conferences, including the Young Women's Leadership Summit (YWLS)[12] and the Young Latino Leadership Summit.[13] The National Rifle Association was the headline sponsor of the YWLS in 2017 and 2018.[12][14] According to The New York Times, YWLS "styles itself as an alternative to a liberal culture of feminism that many Republicans characterize as oppressive" and had by 2018 "evolved into an ultra-Trumpian event complete with 'lock her up' chants and vulgar T-shirts disparaging Hillary Clinton."[12] Candace Owens, who days prior to the 2018 conference stirred controversy by saying "the entire premise of #metoo is that women are stupid, weak, and inconsequential", was greeted with a standing ovation at the conference.[12]

Turning Point hosts an annual retreat; in West Palm Beach, Florida; in 2016 the event was sponsored by a dozen conservative groups, including FreedomWorks.[15]

Each of Turning Point's paid workers is supposed to meet a quota to make at least 1,500 student contacts per semester.[16] Student volunteers have several different themes for promoting conservative ideas, including "The Healthcare Games," "Game of Loans," and "iCapitalism."[17]

Finances

Turning Point's revenues were $78,890 in 2012, $443,859 in 2013, $2,052,060 in 2014, and $4,319,220 in 2015.[18] Charlie Kirk has stated that Turning Point received $5,000,000 in 2016.[19]

In addition to the seed money from billionaire Foster Friess, the family foundation of Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner donated $100,000 to Turning Point in 2014.[20]

In The New Yorker, Jane Mayer reported that Turning Point's budget was $8 million.[21]

Professor Watchlist

First appearing on November 21, 2016, Turning Point USA also operates a website called Professor Watchlist.[4] Kirk has said the site is "dedicated to documenting and exposing college professors who discriminate against conservative students, promote anti-American values, and advance leftist propaganda in the classroom."[22] Tips are accepted from the public, and more than 250 professors are currently listed.[23] The list contains many inaccuracies and includes professors listed for things they didn't exactly say or do and others listed for being rude to students or for making "clever remarks" about Trump.[24]

The website has been criticized for using surveillance type propaganda to manipulate ideas of truth, equality, and freedom.[1][25][26] Critics have compared Professor Watchlist to the actions of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, who tried to publicly identify American citizens as Communists and Communist sympathizers in the 1950s.[27][28] The New York Times wrote that it was "a threat to academic freedom,"[1] while Salon wrote that it was "a sign of the stupidity of the post truth era."[29]

In May 2017, Northern Arizona University criminology professor Luis Fernandez said Turning Point surveillance of him had led to multiple threats.[30] In The Harvard Crimson, Harvard University Professor Danielle Allen also said she had been threatened after being targeted by Charlie Kirk and Turning Point.[31]

Denial of recognition on campus

At Drake University, Turning Point was denied recognition as an official student organization based on student senate concerns that the organization has "a hateful record," "aggressive marketing" and "an unethical privacy concern."[32]

At Hagerstown Community College, a student's attempt to start a Turning Point group was initially blocked when the school said the organization duplicated an existing group. The student's lawsuit led to the school revising its policy on student organizations, clarifying that school funded groups will be denied if they duplicate existing groups while unfunded groups face no such restriction.[33]

In February 2017, Santa Clara University's student government voted to deny recognition for Turning Point as a campus organization.[34] As of March 2017, this decision was overturned by the Vice Provost for Student Life, and Turning Point has been recognized as a registered student organization.[35]

Wartburg College's student senate voted to deny Turning Point USA recognition in late November. The chapter was forced to make changes to its constitution after initially being denied approval.[36][37]

The Executive Board of the student union of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute also voted on January 18, 2018 to deny the Turning Point USA chapter status as an officially recognized student organization.[38]

Involvement in student government

Turning Point USA has been involved in influencing student government elections at a number of colleges and universities.[39][24] Universities that have been targeted by this effort have included Ohio State University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the University of Maryland.

These claims led to conservative candidates at the University of Maryland withdrawing from student elections after failing to report assistance from Turning Point.[40][41]

A private brochure, handed out only to Turning Point donors, highlighted the organization's alleged strategy to take over student governments at universities across the country, and included a list of every Turning Point-supported student who was elected to student government positions in the year 2017.[6]

Turning Point said that it had helped more than 50 conservatives win elections to become student-body presidents.[24] However, when Politico looked into Turning Point's claims, it found the "success rate to be considerably overstated. In fact, some of the students that Turning Point USA claimed to have backed flatly condemned the organization and said they'd never spoken to anyone who works for it."[24]

Involvement in 2016 presidential election

In addition, several former employees and student volunteers for Turning Point claimed they had witnessed collusion between high-ranking Turning Point employees – including Kirk himself and top advisor Ginni Thomas - and the presidential campaigns of both Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio. The interactions included Kirk coordinating via email with two officials at a pro-Cruz super PAC to send student volunteers to work for the PAC in South Carolina, as well as two students being requested by Thomas herself, via voicemail, to distribute over 200 Cruz placards in Wisconsin.

A former employee for Turning Point, who had been based in Florida, alleged that Turning Point had given the personal information of over 700 student supporters to an employee with Rubio's presidential campaign.[6]

In October 2016, Kirk participated in a Fox News event along with Donald Trump Jr., Eric Trump, and Lara Trump that had a pro-Donald Trump tone. A Turning Point staff member wrote on Facebook that students who attended the event would have their expenses covered. The event led tax experts to say the organization's conduct may have violated its tax-exempt status, a charge disputed by Turning Point.[39]

According Jane Mayer of the New Yorker, these activities may violate Turning Point's 501(c)(3) nonprofit legal status which does not allow them to "endorse candidates or support political campaigns".[42][24]

Controversies

In 2016, Turning Point at Grand Valley State University filed a lawsuit against the trustees of the school. The complainants asked the court to prohibit enforcement of GVSU's Speech Zone policy and declare it a violation of the students' 1st and 14th Amendment freedoms. They have since reached a settlement.[43][44]

In December 2016, Turning Point falsely quoted Nancy Pelosi in a Facebook post as saying: "Employers cutting hours is a good thing. It then gives that person time to pursue their dreams and passions."[45]

In May 2017, DePaul University refused to allow Turning Point to post "Gay Lives Matter" posters on campus. Matt Lamb, a spokesperson for Turning Point, said that the action by DePaul was an infringement of free speech rights.[46]

In September 2017, a University of Nebraska lecturer was reassigned after she received threats stemming from a video posted online that showed her confronting a student recruiting for TPUSA.[47]

In October 2017, several Turning Point student members at Kent State University conducted a protest against campus "safe space" culture, which involved members dressing up in diapers as babies.[48][49] Following widespread ridicule on social media, the student-run publication KentWired.com reported that the Turning Point chapter at Kent State had disbanded.[50]

At Turning Point's annual Student Action Summit in December 2017, one of the featured speakers was Fox News contributor Tomi Lahren. During Lahren's question-and-answer session, several students shouted at Lahren asking about her changing her stance on abortion, which had led to her being fired from TheBlaze. Lahren yelled back at the audience "You need to simmer down! You don't even want to start with me!" Later that day students accused Turning Point USA of trying to prevent students from posing questions to Lahren about abortion, as well as those about Colin Kaepernick. Kirk apologized shortly thereafter.[51]

Instances of racism

In December 2017, The New Yorker published an article by Jane Mayer showcasing interviews with former minority members of the organization. Former staff members said they witnessed widespread discrimination against minorities in the group, and stated "the organization was a difficult workplace and rife with tension, some of it racial."[6][52] One former employee, an African-American woman, said she was the only person of color working for the organization at the time she was hired in 2014; she then said that she was fired on Martin Luther King Jr. Day. The article also revealed text messages sent by Crystal Clanton – who was a leading figure in the organization and served as the group's national field director for five years – to another Turning Point employee saying "i hate black people. Like fuck them all . . . I hate blacks. End of story." Kirk responded to the revelations by saying that "Turning Point assessed the situation and took decisive action within 72 hours of being made aware of the issue."[6] The article also noted that Kirk had explicitly praised Clanton in his book Time for a Turning Point, saying that she had been "the best hire we ever could have made," and that "Turning Point needs more Crystals; so does America."[6]

Sometime after Clanton's firing, HuffPost reported that the woman hired to replace her had a history of using racial slurs, particularly against African-Americans, on Twitter before deleting her account. In response to the reports, Kirk referred to the individual in question as "a former employee" in his official statement (without clarifying when she had been fired), and Turning Point issued an internal memo announcing that all current and new staff would face social media background checks.[53]

Charlie Kirk has said Turning Point USA has no relationship with alt-right groups.[54] In 2017, Turning Point chapters organized campus visits by former Breitbart editor Milo Yiannopoulos to the University of Colorado Boulder and Miami University (Ohio).[55][56][57]

Conflicts with other conservative organizations

In May 2018, an internal memo written by Young America's Foundation (YAF) was leaked, in which YAF leadership "warned" its members to not associate with Turning Point. The memo accused Kirk of being more focused on "building his own brand" and having a "lack of integrity, honesty, experience, and judgment," and said that "the long-term damage TPUSA could inflict on conservative students and the Conservative Movement can no longer be ignored."[58] The memo also accused the organization of various improprieties such as exaggerating the number of Turning Point chapters and activities around the country, taking credit for other organizations' events, increasing attendance at its own events by "boosting numbers with racists & Nazi sympathizers," and sponsoring "humiliating" campus activism events, in reference to the Kent State diaper incident.[59] In addition, the YAF memo included another memo on the subject circulated internally by Young Americans for Liberty, which accused Turning Point of illegally obtaining YAL's email list and soliciting its students without their permission, which Turning Point only stopped doing after being issued a cease-and-desist order.[60]

After the memo was leaked in June 2018, a representative for Turning Point criticized Young America's Foundation in a statement to The Chronicle of Higher Education, accusing the group of "abandoning the 'Reagan Rule'" that "Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow Republican." Although Charlie Kirk did not directly respond to the memo, he posted on Twitter that he wished "some conservatives fought the left as hard as they fight people who support President Trump." Turning Point's Communications Director Candace Owens directly responded to the memo, saying she was "truly speechless" over the memo supposedly attacking Kirk for his lack of college experience. A former employee stated on Twitter that "TPUSA activists do some incredible work. It’s a shame the face for their work has become constant, EXTREME inflation of numbers to mislead donors. They have an opportunity to turn this around, and they should."[61]

Charlie Kirk, founder

The group's founder, Charlie Kirk

The group's founder, Charlie Kirk, grew up in Prospect Heights, Illinois.[62] Kirk became politically active during high school. In his junior year of school in 2010, Kirk volunteered for the successful U.S. Senate campaign of Illinois Republican Mark Kirk (to whom he is not related).[63] In 2012, as a high school senior, Kirk launched the political student organization "SOS Liberty," which he described as an "international distress call for help" related to "Washington's massive debts and deficits."[64]

In 2012 when he was a high school senior, Kirk wrote an essay for Breitbart News about alleged liberal bias in high school textbooks that led to an appearance on the Fox Business Network. At a subsequent speaking engagement at Benedictine University's "Youth Empowerment Day," Kirk met Bill Montgomery, a retiree more than 50 years his senior, who was then a Tea Party-backed legislative candidate. Montgomery encouraged Kirk to get engaged in political activism full-time. He subsequently founded Turning Point USA. At the 2012 Republican National Convention, Kirk met Foster Friess, a prominent Republican donor, and persuaded him to finance the organization.[8]

According to Kirk, he dreamed of attending the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, but his application was rejected.[24] According to The New Yorker, Kirk said "the slot he considered his went to 'a far less-qualified candidate of a different gender and a different persuasion" whose test scores he claimed he knew. Kirk later said he was being sarcastic when he made the comment.[42] Kirk took general education classes at Harper College, a local community college, and founded Turning Point USA.[63]

Kirk addressed the 2016 Republican National Convention. In an interview with Wired magazine during the convention, Kirk said that while he "was not the world's biggest Donald Trump fan," he would vote for him, and that Trump's candidacy made Turning Point's mission more difficult.[65] The Dallas Morning News described Kirk as leading the "millennial assault" for Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.[66]

Kirk co-wrote Time For a Turning Point: Setting a Course Toward Free Markets and Limited Government for Future Generations, published by Simon & Schuster in 2016.[67] On December 22, 2017, President Trump tweeted to thank Kirk for praising the Trump administration's accomplishments.[68] In 2018, the conservative website Newsmax ranked Kirk as the seventh-most influential Republican under 30 years of age.[69]

Kirk authored the 2018 book Campus Battlefield: How Conservatives Can WIN the Battle on Campus and Why It Matters. In a review for the conservative Weekly Standard, Adam Rubenstein described the book as a "hot mess", "nothing more a marketing pitch for TPUSA" and said the "thin" book was "stuffed with reprintings of his tweets and quotes from others."[70]

In 2018, Kirk praised Kanye West for getting involved in politics and advocating for President Trump. Later that year when Taylor Swift endorsed a Democrat in the Tennessee Senate race, Kirk condemned her endorsement and told her to "stay away from politics."[71]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Mele, Christopher (November 28, 2016), "Professor Watchlist Is Seen as Threat to Academic Freedom", The New York Times
  2. ↑ "Columbia professor targeted on 'watchlist' published by conservative group - Columbia Daily Spectator". columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  3. ↑ Flood, Brian (July 26, 2018). "Turning Point USA gathering of young conservatives doesn't get fair coverage from 'corrosive' media, founder says". Fox News. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  4. 1 2 "New conservative 'watch list' targets professors for advancing 'leftist propaganda'". Washington Post. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  5. ↑ Vasquez, Michael (May 7, 2017). "Inside a Stealth Plan for Political Influence". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mayer, Jane (December 21, 2017). "Allegations of Racial Bias and Illegal Campaign Activity at a Conservative Nonprofit That Seeks to Transform College Campuses". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  7. ↑ "This Boy Wonder Is Building the Conservative MoveOn.org in an Illinois Garage". Bloomberg News. May 7, 2015.
  8. 1 2 Nelson, Rebecca (March 25, 2015). "The 21-Year-Old Becoming a Major Player in Conservative Politics". The Atlantic Monthly.
  9. ↑ "Advisory Council - Turning Point USA". tpusa.com. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  10. ↑ "About Turning Point USA". Turning Point USA. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  11. ↑ "Chapters". Turning Point USA. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Herndon, Astead W. "At Conservative Women's Conference, a Safe Space for Trumpism". Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Young Latino Leadership Summit". Turning Point USA.
  14. ↑ "A New Generation Of Freedom Fighters". www.americas1stfreedom.org.
  15. ↑ "FreedomWorks Participates in Turning Point, USA's "Winter in West Palm Beach" | FreedomWorks". www.freedomworks.org. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  16. ↑ "This Boy Wonder Is Building the Conservative MoveOn.org in an Illinois Garage". Bloomberg.com. May 7, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Turning Point: Is the Youth Vote Really All That Liberal?". CBN.com (beta). Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  18. ↑ http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2015/800/835/2015-800835023-0c9e9986-9.pdf
  19. ↑ Mariotti, Steve (March 17, 2017). "How Millennials Mastered The Art Of Political Movement". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  20. ↑ "Bernard Schoenburg: Rauner's foundation gave $100,000 to group developing conservative activists - The State Journal-Register". sj-r.com. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  21. ↑ Mayer, Jane (December 21, 2017). "Allegations of Racial Bias and Illegal Campaign Activity at a Conservative Nonprofit That Seeks to Transform College Campuses" – via www.newyorker.com.
  22. ↑ LaCapria, Kim (November 22, 2016). "'Professor Watchlist' Monitors 'Anti-American,' 'Leftist' Educators". Snopes.com.
  23. ↑ Sidahmed, Mazin (December 2, 2016). "Professor Watchlist website elicits both fear and ridicule in US universities". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Trump's Man on Campus". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  25. ↑ Schuman, Rebecca (November 23, 2016), Oh Good, a "Professor Watch List", Slate, retrieved November 28, 2016
  26. ↑ Flaherty, Colleen (November 22, 2016), Being Watched, Inside Higher Ed, retrieved November 28, 2016
  27. ↑ Musto, Pete. "Conservative US Website Targets Professors". VOA. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  28. ↑ "The New Blacklist". Pasadena Weekly. January 5, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  29. ↑ McClennan, Sofia A. (December 4, 2016). "Academic witch hunts are back: The new McCarthyism, a sign of the stupidity of the post-truth era". Salon. Salon. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  30. ↑ "Conservative Website Targets NAU Professors Over Student Complaints". Fronteras Desk. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  31. ↑ "A Report From the Frontlines of the Free Speech Wars | Opinion | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  32. ↑ "Conservative students at Drake challenge denial as an organization". Des Moines Register. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  33. ↑ Baker, Tamela. Herald-Mail Media, May 12, 2016. "Hagerstown Community College settles suit over political club". Accessed August 13, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Boiling Point Over Turning Point". The Santa Clara. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  35. ↑ University, Santa Clara. "Information on Turning Point USA - Vice Provost for Student Life - Santa Clara University". www.scu.edu. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  36. ↑ http://wartburgtrumpet.com/turning-point-usa-student-organization-denied/
  37. ↑ ""Turning Point USA" voted against at Wartburg College". KWWL. December 7, 2017. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  38. ↑ Burns, Darby (January 24, 2018). "Turning Point denied". The Rensselaer Polytechnic.
  39. 1 2 Vasquez, Michael (May 7, 2017). "Inside a Stealth Plan for Political Influence". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  40. ↑ Snurr, Carrie (April 16, 2017). "Conservative nonprofit linked to Unity Party has chapters at more than 1,000 universities". The Diamondback. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  41. ↑ Vogel, Pam (March 17, 2017). "The Conservative Dark-Money Groups Infiltrating Campus Politics". mediamatters. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  42. 1 2 Mayer, Jane (December 21, 2017). "A Conservative Nonprofit That Seeks to Transform College Campuses Faces Allegations of Racial Bias and Illegal Campaign Activity". The New Yorker.
  43. ↑ "Grand Valley State agrees to settle lawsuit over free speech". Detroit Free Press. Associated Press. March 2, 2017.
  44. ↑ "GVSU reaches settlement with student group alleging it restricted free speech". MLive.com. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  45. ↑ "Group spreads fake quote from Pelosi about working hours". @politifact. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  46. ↑ "University rejects Gay Lives Matter poster promoting guest speaker • The DePaulia". The DePaulia. May 22, 2017. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017.
  47. ↑ "Nebraska lecturer reassigned after student confrontation | KSL.com". Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  48. ↑ "Conservative group dons diapers to protest safe spaces at Kent State". The Daily Dot. October 19, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  49. ↑ "A Bunch of Conservative Students Dressed Up as Babies to Protest Safe Spaces – The Ticker - Blogs - The Chronicle of Higher Education". www.chronicle.com. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  50. ↑ Gall, Addie. "Kent State chapter of Turning Point to disband". KentWired.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  51. ↑ Poff, Jeremiah (December 22, 2017). "Pro-life students accuse Tomi Lahren of dodging questions about abortion". Washington Examiner. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Conservative Campus Org Turning Point USA 'Rife' With Racism, Probably Illegal Campaign Activity". The Daily Beast. December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  53. ↑ Feinberg, Ashley (April 25, 2018). "Turning Point USA Keeps Accidentally Hiring Racists". HuffPost. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  54. ↑ Schuman, Rebecca (November 23, 2016). "Oh Good, a "Professor Watch List"". Slate.
  55. ↑ "$2,000 in student fees going toward Milo Yiannopoulos visit to CU Boulder". Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  56. ↑ CUIndependent (January 26, 2017). "Turning Point USA defends decision to invite Milo Yiannopoulos to CU Boulder". CU Independent. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  57. ↑ "Boiling Point Over Turning Point". The Santa Clara. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  58. ↑ Philip Wegmann (June 13, 2018). "Young America's Foundation warns Charlie Kirk could cause 'long-term damage'". Washington Examiner. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  59. ↑ Michael Vasquez (June 15, 2018). "Leaked Memo From Conservative Group Cautions Students to Stay Away From Turning Point USA". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  60. ↑ Kimberly Begg (May 25, 2018). "YAF Memo: Advising Our Students About TPUSA". Young America's Foundation. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  61. ↑ Vasquez, Michael (June 15, 2018). "Leaked Memo From Conservative Group Cautions Students to Stay Away From Turning Point USA". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  62. ↑ Kirk, Charlie, and Hamachek, Brent (2016). Time for a Turning Point: Setting a Course Toward Free Markets and Limited Government for Future Generations. Simon and Schuster. p. 4.
  63. 1 2 "Perfect storm launches 19-year-old Wheeling native into political punditry". Daily Herald. April 29, 2013.
  64. ↑ "A high school student's message for Washington". Fox News. June 1, 2012.
  65. ↑ "At the Republican Convention, Millennials Search for Signs of the Future". Wired. July 20, 2016.
  66. ↑ "How two Dallas young guns helped deliver the White House to Trump". Dallas Morning News. November 11, 2016.
  67. ↑ "Time for A Turning Point". Simon & Schuster.
  68. ↑ "Trump praises conservative group one day after report alleging racial bias". The Hill. December 22, 2017.
  69. ↑ "Newsmax's 30 Most Influential Republicans Under 30".
  70. ↑ "Charlie Kirk's Campus Battlefield Is a Hot Mess". The Weekly Standard. 2018-10-10. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  71. ↑ Wilstein, Matt (2018-10-08). "Fox Guests Want Taylor Swift to Shut Up, but Love Kanye's MAGA Embrace". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
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