True toad

True toads
Temporal range: 57–0 Ma
Late Paleocene – Recent[1]
Common toad or European toad, Bufo bufo
Territorial call of an Atelopus franciscus male
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Amphibia
Order:Anura
Suborder:Neobatrachia
Family:Bufonidae
Gray, 1825
Genera
Over 35 see text
Native distribution of Bufonidae (in black)
Song of Common toad or European toad, Bufo bufo.

A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the most widespread and well known.

Characteristics

True toads are widespread and are native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica, inhabiting a variety of environments, from arid areas to rainforest. Most lay eggs in paired strings that hatch into tadpoles, although, in the genus Nectophrynoides, the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads.[1]

True toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands contain an alkaloid poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects. Bufotoxin is a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Some, like the cane toad Rhinella marina, are more toxic than others. Some "psychoactive toads", such as the Colorado River toad Bufo alvaris, have been used recreationally for the effects of their bufotoxin.

Male toads possess a Bidder's organ. Under the right conditions, the organ becomes an active ovary and the toad, in effect, becomes female.[2]

Taxonomy

The family Bufonidae contains about 500 species among 38 genera.

Genus Latin name and authorCommon nameSpecies
Adenomus Cope, 1861Dwarf toads
3
Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987Ethiopian toads
2
Amazophrynella Fouquet et al., 2012
7
Amietophrynus Frost et al., 2006
38
Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845
22
Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870Stream toads
29
Atelopus Duméril & Bibron, 1841Stubfoot toads
96
Blythophryne Chandramouli et al., 2016[3]Andaman bush toads
1
Bufo Laurenti, 1768Toads
37
Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973Mawblang toad
1
Capensibufo Grandison, 1980Cape toads
2
Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002
1
Crepidophryne Cope, 1889Cerro Utyum toads
3
Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871Tree toads
10
Didynamipus Andersson, 1903Four-digit toad
1
Duttaphrynus Frost et al., 2006
6
Epidalea Cope, 1864Natterjack toad
1
Frostius Cannatella, 1986Frost's toads
2
Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006
11
Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960Parker's tree toad
1
Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843Indonesia tree toads
2
Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961South American redbelly toads
20
Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960Snouted frogs
20
Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994
1
Nectophryne Buchholz & Peters, 1875African tree toads
2
Nectophrynoides Buchholz & Peters, 1875African live-bearing toads
13
Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987Nimba toads
2
Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895Bush toads
8
Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1976Plump toads
6
Parapelophryne Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003
1
Pedostibes Günther, 1876Asian tree toads
6
Pelophryne Barbour, 1938Flathead toads
9
Pseudepidalea Frost, et al. 2006
16
Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838False toad
1
Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826Beaked toads
72
Sabahphrynus Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007Sabah earless toad
1
Schismaderma Smith, 1849African split-skin toad
1
Truebella Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995
2
Werneria Poche, 1903Smalltongue toads
6
Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939Wolterstorff toads
3
Xanthophryne Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader & Bossuyt, 2009
2

References

  1. 1 2 Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G., eds. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 91–92. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  2. ↑ Brown, Federico D.; Del Pino, Eugenia M.; Krohne, Georg (December 2002). "Bidder's organ in the toad Bufo marinus: Effects of orchidectomy on the morphology and expression of lamina-associated polypeptide 2". Development, Growth & Differentiation. 44 (6): 527–535. doi:10.1046/j.1440-169X.2002.00665.x. ISSN 1440-169X.
  3. ↑ S. R. Chandramouli, Karthikeyan, Vasudevan, S Harikrishnan, Sushil Kumar Dutta, S Jegath Janani, Richa Sharma, Indraneil Das, Ramesh Aggarwal. “A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)” ZooKeys (2016) 555: 57-90, https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.555.6522
  • "Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae". Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  • Stebbins, Robert. Western Reptiles & Amphibians (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.
  • Halliday, Tim R., and Kraig Adler (editors). The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians. Facts on File, New York, 2002.
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