Tom Ridge

Tom Ridge
1st United States Secretary of Homeland Security
In office
January 24, 2003 – February 1, 2005
President George W. Bush
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by Michael Chertoff
1st United States Homeland Security Advisor
In office
September 20, 2001 – January 24, 2003
President George W. Bush
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by John A. Gordon
43rd Governor of Pennsylvania
In office
January 17, 1995 – October 5, 2001
Lieutenant Mark Schweiker
Preceded by Bob Casey Sr.
Succeeded by Mark Schweiker
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 21st district
In office
January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1995
Preceded by Donald Bailey
Succeeded by Phil English
Personal details
Born Thomas Joseph Ridge
(1945-08-26) August 26, 1945
Munhall, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Michele Ridge
Children 2
Education Harvard University (BA)
Dickinson School of Law (JD)
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch  United States Army
Rank Staff sergeant
Unit Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Infantry Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division
Battles/wars Vietnam War
Awards Bronze Star (with valor)
Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm

Thomas Joseph Ridge (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician and author who served as the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security from 2001 to 2003, and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2003 to 2005. Prior to this, Ridge was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and the 43rd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Ridge was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania and raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania. After graduating from Harvard University with honors, Ridge served in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War where he was awarded the Bronze Star. He then returned to Pennsylvania and completed his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the Dickinson School of Law, graduating in 1972, and entered private practice.

As assistant district attorney in Erie, Ridge ran for Congress in his district, where he served six terms. He then ran for governor in 1994, despite being little-known outside of northwest Pennsylvania. He won the election, and was reelected in 1998 with the most votes for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania (where Democrats outnumber Republicans by almost 500,000) in more than half a century.[1] As Governor of Pennsylvania, Ridge is credited for statewide advances in economic development, education, health care and the environment.

Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush named Ridge the first director of the newly created Office of Homeland Security. In January 2003, the Office of Homeland Security became an official Cabinet-level Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and Ridge became the first Secretary of Homeland Security. He served in these roles for Bush's first term as president, then retired and returned to the private sector.

Since re-entering the private sector, Ridge has served on the boards of The Home Depot, The Hershey Company and Exelon Corporation and as a senior advisor to Deloitte & Touche, and TechRadium. Ridge is also the founder and CEO of Ridge Global, LLC, a Washington, D.C.-based security consulting firm. Ridge spent time campaigning with Senator John McCain during his 2008 bid for the presidency and was believed by some to have been on the short list of potential running mates.[2][3]

Early life and education

Ridge was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania in Pittsburgh's Steel Valley, the eldest of three children. His parents were Laura (née Sudimack) and Thomas Regis Ridge, who was a traveling salesman and Navy veteran. Ridge's maternal grandparents were Carpatho-Rusyn immigrants[4] from the former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), and his paternal great-grandparents emigrated from Great Britain.[5] Ridge was raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania. He was educated at St. Andrews Elementary School and Cathedral Preparatory School and did well both academically and in sports. He earned a scholarship to Harvard College, where he paid his way through with construction work, played intramural baseball and football,[5] and graduated with honors in 1967. In 1968, after his first year at the Dickinson School of Law, he was drafted into the United States Army.

Military service

In November 1969, Ridge arrived as a sergeant in South Vietnam where he would serve for six months as a staff sergeant with Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry, 11th Infantry Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division (Americal Division)[6] during the Vietnam War.

In May 1970, a ruptured appendix cut short his tour of duty in Vietnam and he was sent home; his service also aggravated a childhood ear infection which caused him afterwards to have a hearing aid in his left ear.

For his service in Vietnam, Ridge received the Bronze Star with "V" Device, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with palm, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Palm, Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Badge. He was later offered a commission as an officer but turned it down.

After returning to Pennsylvania, he completed his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the Dickinson School of Law, graduating in 1972, and entered private practice.

Public service in Pennsylvania

Congressman Ridge during the 104th Congress
Ridge with President Ronald Reagan in 1988
Ridge with President George H. W. Bush and United States Senator John McCain in 1990

Ridge became assistant district attorney in Erie County, Pennsylvania in 1980 and prosecuted 86 cases in two years. In 1982 he won a seat in Congress from northwestern Pennsylvania by the margin of only 729 votes,[7] and was re-elected six times. Ridge was notable as the first enlisted Vietnam combat veteran elected to the U.S. House. Ridge never lost an election for public office.

In 1994, despite being little-known outside of northwest Pennsylvania, Ridge ran for Governor. He won the election as a pro-choice Republican. He was reelected in 1998 with 57 percent of the vote in a four-way race. His share of the vote in that election was the highest for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania (where Democrats outnumber Republicans by almost 500,000) in more than half a century.[1] Ridge served as governor until his resignation to become the Director of Homeland Security in 2001.

One of Ridge's more controversial actions as governor was his nomination of Peter J. Jannetta to be the State Secretary of Health. Jannetta had previously been accused of committing perjury, with the State's Superior Court stating, "We have little difficulty in concluding that Dr. Jannetta's testimony at deposition was different than, or inconsistent with, the testimony at trial". Jannetta was not, however, ever convicted of perjury.[8] Jannetta served as Health Secretary for six months.[9]

During his time as governor, Ridge promoted "law and order" policies, supporting a three-strikes law and a faster death penalty process. A death penalty supporter,[10] Ridge signed more than 224 execution warrants[11] – five times the number signed over a 25-year period by the two previous governors – but only three voluntary executions were carried out. On social issues, he opposed gay marriage but is pro-choice on abortion issues.

Over Ridge's tenure, the Commonwealth's budget grew by two to three percent per fiscal year and combined tax reductions totaled over $2 billion. Ridge created and grew a "Rainy Day" Fund balance to over $1 billion to be utilized during an economic downturn or recession.

Ridge pushed for legislation permitting competition among electric utilities and enhanced federal and state support for the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). He separated the Commonwealth's environmental regulatory and conservation programs into two new agencies; the Department of Environmental Protection and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.

Ridge proposed the creation of public charter schools in Pennsylvania and in establishing alternate schools for disruptive students. He launched new academic standards that established academic expectations for what students were expected to know in different grades. He proposed a school choice demonstration program.

Ridge oversaw a number of e-government projects including renewing drivers' licenses and vehicle registrations to viewing historical documents and library catalogs. The Commonwealth's portal won several national awards. One of the nation's first electronic grant systems was put into place at the Pennsylvania Department of Education. He created the Link-to-Learn initiative to increase the effective use of technology in public schools and universities.

In 2001, he was named runner up "Politician of the Year" by PoliticsPA.[12]

In a 2002 PoliticsPA Feature story designating politicians with yearbook superlatives, he was named the "Most Popular."[13]

2000 Presidential election

Ridge greeting President George W. Bush in 2001

Ridge was a potential running mate for Bob Dole in 1996, and served as a close advisor to GOP presidential nominee George W. Bush, a close friend from their simultaneous tenures as governors, during the 2000 presidential campaign. In return, Bush named Ridge to his short list for possible running mates, along with New York Governor George Pataki, Michigan Governor John Engler, Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating, former Missouri Senator John Danforth, and former American Red Cross President Elizabeth Dole.[14]

Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security within the White House, and named Ridge to head it. The charge to the nation's new director of homeland security was to develop and coordinate a comprehensive national strategy to strengthen the United States against terrorist threats or attacks. Ridge formally resigned as Pennsylvania's governor on October 5, 2001.

In January 2003 and after the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the Office of Homeland Security split into a Cabinet-level Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and the White House Homeland Security Advisory Council. Ridge left the White House and became the first Secretary of Homeland Security. The department's mission "is to (A) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; (B) reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and (C) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States" (From H.R. 5005-8 the Homeland Security Act of 2002). The newly created Department was the most comprehensive reorganization of the Federal government since the National Security Act of 1947.

The Department of Homeland Security consolidates 22 agencies and 180,000 employees, unifying once-fragmented Federal functions in a single agency dedicated to protecting America from terrorism. Ridge worked with the employees from combined agencies to strengthen borders, provide for intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection, improve the use of science and technology to counter weapons of mass destruction, and to create a comprehensive response and recovery division.[15][16][17][18][19]

In January 2004, Ridge was named among others in a lawsuit filed by a Syrian-born Canadian Maher Arar who said he was tortured in Syria after being deported by American authorities.[20]

On November 30, 2004, Ridge submitted his resignation to the President, saying, "After more than 22 consecutive years of public service, it is time to give personal and family matters a higher priority."[21]

In his book The Test of Our Times: America Under Siege...and How We Can Be Safe Again, Ridge says his resignation was due to an effort by senior Bush administration officials to raise the nation's terror alert level in the days before the 2004 presidential vote.[22][23]

Work in the private sector

Ridge is the founder and CEO of Ridge Global, an advisory firm in Washington, D.C.[24]

Ridge served on a state-appointed incident review panel which investigated the Virginia Tech massacre of April 2007.[25]

RIDGE-LANE Limited Partners

Ridge is a co-founder, along with investment banker R. Brad Lane,[26] of RIDGE-LANE Limited and RIDGE-LANE Capital, a merchant-bank that sponsors urban development projects, public–private partnerships (P3) and economic development programs, as well as corporate development services for private technology companies.[27]

Ridge Policy Group

In 2010, Ridge's two former Chiefs of Staff, Mark Campbell and Mark Holman, opened a lobbying firm after Ridge lent the firm his name. The full-service government affairs firm has offices in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C.[28][29]

In July 2010, companies seeking to use hydraulic fracturing to extract natural gas from the Marcellus Shale formation engaged Ridge and Ridge Policy Group at $75,000 a month to help them gain support.[30]

Home Depot

In February 2005, Tom Ridge was named to the board of Home Depot.[31] Ridge's compensation was expected to be about $100,000 per annum for this position.[32] Since April 2005, Ridge served on the board of Savi Technology,[33] the primary technology provider for the wireless cargo-monitoring network for the United States Department of Defense.[34]

Exelon Corporation

In April, 2005, Ridge's appointment to the board of the Illinois/Pennsylvania/New Jersey electric utility was announced, with starting director compensation of $35,000 annual retainer plus a $1,500 meeting fee or per diem fee. Directors were also granted $60,000 in deferred stock units each year at that time.[35]

In 2010, it was reported that Ridge had appeared on MSNBC Hardball With Chris Matthews promoting nuclear energy as part of a "green agenda [to] ... create jobs, create exports," without any revelation by him or the cable channel of his Exelon position. In the report, his cumulative Exelon-derived compensation was put at $530,659; and it was said that, as of March 2009, he held an estimated $248,299 in Exelon stock, according to SEC filings. Exelon was described as "the nation's largest nuclear power company."[36][37]

Deloitte LLP

In November 2006, Tom Ridge was announced as a senior advisor for Deloitte & Touche USA LLP.[38]

The Hershey Company

In November 2007, Ridge was named to serve on The Hershey Company's Executive Board. The Hershey Trust, the primary shareholder of Hershey, asked for a change in board composition after several years of poor stock performance. The board named Ridge to the board for his knowledge of economics.[39]

TechRadium Inc

Announced in January 2008, Tom Ridge will serve as a senior advisor to TechRadium, Inc., a Texas-based security technology company that provides its patented alert and notification system, IRIS (Immediate Response Information System), to a wide range of users including municipalities, public schools and universities, utilities, and military programs.[40]

PURE Bioscience

In September 2009, PURE Bioscience, creator of a patented antimicrobial, announced Ridge would serve on its advisory board along with former Wisconsin governor Tommy Thompson.[41]

Political activity

2008 Presidential election

Tom Ridge served as a senior aide to Republican Presidential candidate Senator John McCain of Arizona,[42] and was considered by some as a possible running mate for McCain.[2][3]

Ridge at McCain Palin rally
Tom Ridge at rally for John McCain

Possible 2010 Senate candidacy

According to Fox News, many Republicans hoped Ridge would run for the United States Senate against the newly turned Democrat Arlen Specter, who stated he would seek re-election in 2010 in the Democratic primary. Already seeking the Republican nomination was former Representative Pat Toomey, who narrowly lost to Specter in the Republican primary in 2004. Some Republicans thought Ridge would have a better chance against Specter than would Toomey.[43] A Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll conducted between April 30, 2009 and May 3, 2009 placed Ridge within three points of Specter in a hypothetical matchup between the two men.[44]

Some Toomey supporters criticized the idea of a Ridge candidacy because, although Ridge was still registered to vote in Pennsylvania, he was actually living in Chevy Chase, Maryland.[45] On May 7, 2009, Ridge announced that he would not be a candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2010.[46]

2012 Presidential election

Ridge originally endorsed former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman for president, in September 2011.[47] Mitt Romney announced an endorsement from Ridge on March 14, 2012.[48]

Supreme Court brief

In 2013, Ridge was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case.[49]

Support for the People's Mujahedin of Iran

Ridge spoke at a conference in support of the removal of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK, also PMOI, MKO) from the United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.[50] The group was listed on the State Department list from 1997 until September 2012. They were placed on the list for killing six Americans in Iran during the 1970s and attempting to attack the Iranian mission to the United Nations in 1992.[51][52] Ridge, along with other former government officials and politicians Ed Rendell, R. James Woolsey, Porter Goss, Louis Freeh, Michael Mukasey, James L. Jones, Rudy Giuliani, and Howard Dean, were criticized for their involvement with the group. Some were subpoenaed during an inquiry about who was paying the prominent individuals' speaking fees.[53] Ridge and others wrote an article for the conservative publication National Review stating their position that the group should not be classified as a terrorist organization, raising the point that, at the time, only the United States and Iran still listed it as a terrorist group.[54]

2015 Blue Ribbon Commission

Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense (Ridge 2nd from left)

In 2015, Ridge served as co-chair of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a commission that recommended changes to U.S. policy regarding biodefense.[55] In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33-step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Tom Ridge headed the organization with former Senator Joe Lieberman, and the Study Panel assembled in Washington D.C. for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense, proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the vice president authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues.

2016 Presidential election

In 2016, Ridge endorsed Jeb Bush and subsequently John Kasich after Bush's withdrawal from the 2016 Republican presidential primaries. Ridge stated he would not endorse Donald Trump, following Trump becoming the presumptive nominee, or Hillary Clinton in the general election.[56]

Memoir

Tom Ridge's book The Test of Our Times was published in September 2009.[57] Written with Larry Bloom, it concerns Ridge's time as the head of the Department of Homeland Security. He explains the challenges and decision making processes of the newly formed department, and gives his own views as to the future of the security of the United States of America. The book further discusses

the infighting he saw that frustrated his attempts to build a smooth-running department. Among the headlines promoted by publisher Thomas Dunne Books: Ridge was never invited to sit in on National Security Council meetings; was 'blindsided' by the FBI in morning Oval Office meetings because the agency withheld critical information from him; found his urgings to block Michael Brown from being named head of the emergency agency blamed for the Hurricane Katrina disaster ignored; and was pushed to raise the security alert on the eve of President Bush's re-election, something he saw as politically motivated and worth resigning over.[23]

Ridge wrote in his memoir that then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and then-Attorney General John Ashcroft pressured him to raise the terror alert level, running up to the 2004 elections, because of a pre-election message critical of President Bush from Osama Bin Laden.[22]

Recognition

Ridge with Kirstjen Nielsen, John Kelly, and Michael Chertoff in 2018

Personal life

Tom's wife, Michele Ridge, is the former executive director of the Erie County Library System. They have been married since 1979 and have two children: Lesley and Tommy.[59]

Ridge was hospitalized in critical condition in Texas after a cardiac event November 16, 2017.[60]

Gubernatorial electoral history

1994 Pennsylvania Gubernatorial Election[61]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Tom Ridge 1,627,976 45.40
Democratic Mark Singel 1,430,099 39.89
Constitution Peg Luksik 460,269 12.84
1998 Pennsylvania Gubernatorial Election[62]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Tom Ridge (incumbent) 1,736,844 57.42
Democratic Ivan Itkin 938,745 31.03
Constitution Peg Luksik 315,761 10.44
Libertarian Ken V. Krawchuk 33,591 1.10

References

  1. 1 2 "Pennsylvania's Tom Ridge Appointed to Bush Cabinet". Online NewsHour. September 20, 2001. Retrieved May 22, 2005.
  2. 1 2 "McCain Campaigns with Ridge as VP Speculation Intensifies". The Trail. The Washington Post. August 11, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  3. 1 2 Wedd, Justin (August 20, 2008). "Veep predictions". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  4. ↑ "A FEW FAMOUS CARPATHO-RUSSIANS". Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  5. 1 2 Palattella, Ed; Scott Wescott (January 21, 2003). "Growing Up: Ridge's journey begins". Erie Times-News. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
  6. ↑ History of the 23rd Infantry Division, Militaryvetshop.com; retrieved July 12, 2013.
  7. ↑ Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (1987). The Almanac of American Politics 1988. National Journal. p. 1054.
  8. ↑ Levy v Jannetta, CCP Allegheny County, GD 81-7689; appeal -J. A370017/92 Levy v Jannetta et al., No. 00150 Pittsburgh, 1992. Settled, 1995."
  9. ↑ "Grand Jury: Under Pro-Abort GOP Governor, Pennsylvania Stopped Annual Inspections of Abortion Clinics", CNS News, April 16, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Tom Ridge on the Issues". On the Issues. 2000. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  11. ↑ "Execution Warrants Issued by Governor (1985 to Present)" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. August 19, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  12. ↑ "Sy Snyder's Politician of the Year 2001". PoliticsPA. The Publius Group. 2001. Archived from the original on August 3, 2002.
  13. ↑ "Keystone State Yearbook Committee". PoliticsPA. The Publius Group. 2001. Archived from the original on August 3, 2002.
  14. ↑ Starr, Alexandra (July–August 1999). "Running Mates: Who will be on the ticket in 2000?". Washington Monthly. 31 (7). Archived from the original on March 5, 2000. Retrieved September 22, 2005.
  15. ↑ Profile of Tom Ridge, bbc.co.uk, November 9, 2004.
  16. ↑ Security Chief Ridge: 'The Task is Enormous', NPR.org, October 8, 2001.
  17. ↑ Newsmaker: Tom Ridge, Online NewsHour, May 9, 2002.
  18. ↑ Person of the Week: Tom Ridge. Now for the hard part: After a week in which the Senate gave him a cabinet-level position, the Homeland Security chief is preparing to take on the toughest job in Washington, Time.com, November 22, 2002.
  19. ↑ Ridge's journey to the national stage Archived 2004-01-01 at the Wayback Machine., goerie.com; updated January 21, 2003.
  20. ↑ "Canadian sues US over deportation". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. January 23, 2004. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  21. ↑ Anti-terror supremo is latest to quit Bush team, timesonline.co.uk, December 1, 2004.
  22. 1 2 "Ridge: I fought raising security level before '04 vote". Political Ticker. CNN. August 20, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  23. 1 2 Bedard, Paul. "Tom Ridge on National Security After 9/11", U.S. News & World Report, August 19, 2009.
  24. ↑ Walsh, Katherine (October 29, 2007). "Five Things Tom Ridge Has Learned About Risk". CIO magazine. CXO Media. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  25. ↑ "Va. Tech gunman was 'well-prepared' to continue shooting spree". USA Today. May 21, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  26. ↑ "R. Brad Lane". RIDGE-LANE Limited Partners. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  27. ↑ "RIDGE-LANE Limited Partners". ridge-lane.com. RIDGE-LANE Limited Partners. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
  28. ↑ Olson, Laura (June 3, 2015). "PA Gov. Tom Wolf administration hires new D.C. lobbying firm". The Morning Call.
  29. ↑ "Former Gov. Ridge lending name, clout to new Harrisburg-D.C. lobbying firm". philly.com. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  30. ↑ Associated Press (July 30, 2010). "Ex-Homeland Security boss joins gas drilling group". Google News. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Company News; Home Depot Names Tom Ridge a Director". The New York Times. February 25, 2005. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  32. ↑ Jordan, Meredith (October 10, 2003). "Board work can be rewarding". Atlanta Business Chronicle. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  33. ↑ "Tom Ridge Joins Savi Technology Board of Directors". RFID Update. April 8, 2005. Archived from the original on October 3, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  34. ↑ "Savi Fact Sheet". Corporate website. Savi Technology. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  35. ↑ Meyer, Gregory (April 27, 2005). "Ex-Homeland Sec. joins Exelon board". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
  36. ↑ Sebastian Jones, "The Media-Lobbying Complex", The Nation, February 11, 2010 (March 1, 2010 edition of magazine)
  37. ↑ Radio interview with SJones, fair.org, February 19, 2010.
  38. ↑ "Ridge joins Deloitte". Federal Computer Week. Media, Inc. November 2, 2006. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  39. ↑ "Big changes at Hershey". Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  40. ↑ "Tom Ridge to Advise TechRadium On 'IRIS' Technology". Security InfoWatch. PRNewswire. January 9, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  41. ↑ "PURE Bioscience Forms Advisory Panel Tom Ridge, Tommy G. Thompson Among Inaugural Members". Finance.yahoo.com. September 1, 2009.
  42. ↑ "Ridge A Leading Candidate For McCain VP Role?". The Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  43. ↑ "Poll: Arlen Specter would top Pat Toomey, Tom Ridge in general election". Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  44. ↑ "Poll says Specter holds 20-point edge over Toomey: A run by former Gov. Ridge would boost GOP's chances". post-gazette.com. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 4, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
  45. ↑ Micek, John L. (May 7, 2009). "Whither Tom Ridge?". The Morning Call. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Ridge Says He Won't Seek Specter's Senate Seat". WFMZ-TV. May 7, 2009. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
  47. ↑ Carey, Amanda (September 16, 2011). "Tom Ridge endorses Jon Huntsman". The Daily Caller. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  48. ↑ Foley, Elise (March 14, 2012). "Tom Ridge Endorses Mitt Romney". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  49. ↑ The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay Marriage Brief. The Daily Beast (February 28, 2013). Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  50. ↑ "Governor Tom Ridge call on Obama to protect Iranian dissidents in Iraq". mojahedi.org. November 21, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  51. ↑ CNN Wire Staff. "Iranian exile group removed from U.S. terror list". CNN. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Delisting of the Mujahedin-e Khalq" (Press release). U.S. Department of State. September 28, 2012. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012.
  53. ↑ Shane, Scott (March 13, 2012). "U.S. Supporters of Iranian Group M.E.K. Face Scrutiny". Retrieved July 1, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  54. ↑ Mukasey, Michael B; Ridge, Tom; Giuliani, Rudolph W; Townsend, Frances Fragos (January 1, 2011). "MEK is Not a Terrorist Group". National Review. Archived from the original on January 11, 2011.
  55. ↑ "Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense". www.biodefensestudy.org. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  56. ↑ Struck, Jules (May 17, 2016). "Ridge Refuses to Support Trump". PoliticsPA. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  57. ↑ Ridge, Tom; Bloom, Larry (2009). The Test of Our Times. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-53487-5. Archived from the original on 2009-10-12. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  58. ↑ "Mercyhurst dedicates new intel school named after Gov. Tom Ridge". Mercyhurst University. April 11, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  59. ↑ BBC News (November 9, 2004). "Profile: Tom Ridge". BBC News.
  60. ↑ "Ex-Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge hospitalized". Fox News. Associated Press. November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  61. ↑ "US Election Atlas: 1994". Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  62. ↑ "US Election Atlas: 1998". Retrieved July 1, 2017.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Donald Bailey		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 21st congressional district
1983–1995		 Succeeded by
Phil English
Party political offices
Preceded by
Barbara Hafer		 Republican nominee for Governor of Pennsylvania
1994, 1998		 Succeeded by
Michael Fisher
Preceded by
Jim Gilmore		 Chair of the Republican Governors Association
2001		 Succeeded by
John G. Rowland
Political offices
Preceded by
Robert Casey		 Governor of Pennsylvania
1995–2001		 Succeeded by
Mark Schweiker
New office United States Homeland Security Advisor
2001–2003		 Succeeded by
John Gordon
United States Secretary of Homeland Security
2003–2005		 Succeeded by
Michael Chertoff
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