Timeline of intersex history

The following is a timeline of intersex history.

Timeline

Pre-history

  • Sumerian creation myths, 4000 years ago, included the fashioning of a body with atypical sex characteristics.[1]

Antiquity

  • Hippocrates and Galen viewed sex as a spectrum between men and women, with "many shades in between, including hermaphrodites, a perfect balance of male and female".[2]
  • Aristotle viewed hermaphrodites as having "doubled or superfluous genitals".[2]

1st century BCE

  • Diodorus Siculus described the god Hermaphroditus, "born of Hermes and Aphrodite", as having "a physical body which is a combination of that of a man and that of a woman"; he also reported that such children born with such traits were seen as prodigies, able to foretell future events.[3]

43 BCE – 17/18 CE

23 – 79 CE

  • Pliny the Elder described "those who are born of both sexes, whom we call hermaphrodites, at one time androgyni" (andr-, "man," and gyn-, "woman," from the Greek).[5]

c.80 – 160 CE

Medieval period

c.400 CE

  • Augustine wrote in The Literal Meaning of Genesis that humans were created in two sexes, despite "as happens in some births, in the case of what we call androgynes".[2]

c.940 CE

12th century

  • According to the Canon law Decretum Gratiani, "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails" (Hermafroditus an ad testamentum adhiberi possit, qualitas sexus incalescentis ostendit.)[10][11]
  • Peter Cantor a French Roman Catholic theologian when writing about sodomy in the De vitio sodomitico wrote “the church allows the hermaphrodite to use the organ by which s/he is most aroused. But should s/he fail with one organ the use of the other can never be permitted and s/he must remain perpetually celibate to avoid any similarity to the role inversion of sodomy, which is detested by God.” [12]

1157

  • In his "Chronicle, or History of the Two Cities", Otto of Friesing described hermaphrodites as "a mistake of nature", "grouped together with other supposed defects of the body, such as short stature, dark 'Ethiopian' skin, and lameness".[2]

1188

  • Gerald of Wales in Topography of Ireland stated “Also, within our time, a woman was seen attending the court in Connaught, who partook of the nature of both sexes, and was a hermaphrodite."[9]

13th century

  • Canon lawyer Henry of Segusio argued that a "perfect hermaphrodite" where no sex prevailed should choose their legal gender under oath.[13][14]
  • Henry de Bracton's De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae ("On the Laws and Customs of England", c.1235)[15] classified mankind as "male, female, or hermaphrodite",[16] and a "hermaphrodite is classed with male or female according to the predominance of the sexual organs."[17]

17th century

  • English jurist and judge Edward Coke (Lord Coke), wrote in his Institutes of the Lawes of England (1628 – 1644) on laws of succession: "Every heire is either a male, a female, or an hermaphrodite, that is both male and female. And an hermaphrodite (which is also called Androgynus) shall be heire, either as male or female, according to that kind of sexe which doth prevaile."[20][21] The Institutes are widely held to be a foundation of common law.
  • Thomas(ine) Hall (born c. 1603) in the United States, was ruled to have a "dual-nature" gender by colonial Virginia governor John Pott.

18th century

1755 – after 1792

  • Spanish nun Fernanda Fernández was found to have an intersex trait and subsequently reclassified male.

1763/1764 – 1832

1774

  • 17-year-old Rosa Mifsud appeared before a Maltese court after petitioning for a change in sex classification from female.[22][23] Two clinicians performed an examination and found that "the male sex is the dominant one".[23] The petition was appealed and granted.[22]

1792

  • Anglo-Welsh philologist William Jones published an English translation of Al Sirájiyyah: The Mohammedan Law of Inheritance which detailed inheritance rights for hermaphrodites in Islam.[24]

1798 – unknown

19th century

1843

  • Levi Suydam was an intersex person in Connecticut whose capacity to vote in male-only elections was questioned in 1843.[25]

1838 – 1868

1851

  • During the Victorian era, medical authors introduced the terms "true hermaphrodite" for an individual who has both ovarian and testicular tissue, verified under a microscope, "male pseudo-hermaphrodite" for a person with testicular tissue, but either female or ambiguous sexual anatomy, and "female pseudo-hermaphrodite" for a person with ovarian tissue, but either male or ambiguous sexual anatomy.

20th century

1906

  • The Cambrian newspaper in Wales published an article on the death in Cardiff of an intersex child who, at post-mortem examination, was determined to be a girl.[28]

1917

1943

  • The first suggestion to replace the term 'hermaphrodite' with 'intersex', in medicine, came from British physician Cawadias in 1943.[30] This was taken up by other physicians in the United Kingdom during the 1960s.[31][32]

1950

1952

1966

  • The botched circumcision of David Reimer was followed by sex reassignment in line with theories on optimal gender and gender identity formation by John Money. The case of David Reimer became known as the "John/Joan case" and it supported early interventions on the bodies of intersex infants.

1968

1979

  • The Family Court of Australia annulled the marriage of an intersex man who had been "born a male and had been reared as a male" and subjected to "normalizing" medical interventions, on the basis that he was an hermaphrodite.[35]

1980

  • Former Polish Olympic track athlete Stanisława Walasiewicz (Stella Walsh) was killed during an armed robbery in a parking lot in Cleveland, Ohio, on 4 December 1980.[36][37] She was found to have intersex traits.[38]

1985

1986

1992

  • The IAAF ceased sex screening for all athletes,[42] but retained the option of assessing the sex of participants.

1993

1996

1997

  • Milton Diamond and Keith Sigmundson published a paper discrediting John Money and his optimal gender model, after tracking down David Reimer.[47][48]

1999

  • In Sentencia SU-337/99 and then Sentencia T-551/99, the Constitutional Court of Colombia restricted medical interventions on intersex children aged over 5 years.[49]

21st century

2001

  • Indian athlete and swimmer Pratima Gaonkar commits suicide after disclosure and public commentary on a failed sex verification test.[50][51][52]

2003

  • Australian Alex MacFarlane believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an 'X' sex marker.[53][54]

2004

2005

2006

  • Publication of the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity included Principle 18 on Protection from Medical Abuses, including "all necessary legislative, administrative and other measures to ensure that no child's body is irreversibly altered by medical procedures in an attempt to impose a gender identity without the full, free and informed consent of the child". Intersex and transgender activist Mauro Cabral was the only intersex signatory to the Principles.
  • The medical Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders was published, changing clinical language from intersex to disorders of sex development.[57]

2009

  • South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya won the 800 meters at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin. After her victory at the 2009 World Championships, it was announced that she had been subjected to sex verification testing, bringing intersex issues to the public eye. On July 6, 2010, the IAAF confirmed that Semenya was cleared to continue competing. The results of the testing were never officially released for privacy reasons and her personal status is unknown.[58]

2010

  • In the Kenyan High Court case of Richard Muasya v. the Hon. Attorney General, Muasya had been convicted of robbery with violence. The case examined whether or not he had suffered discrimination as a result of being born intersex. He was found to have been subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment while in prison. The Court also determined that he had not suffered from lack of identification documents, but was responsible for registering his own birth, following a failure to do so at the time of his birth.[59]

2011

  • Christiane Völling became the first intersex person known to have successfully sued for damages in a case brought for non-consensual surgical intervention.[60]
  • Tony Briffa, believed to be the world's first intersex mayor, was elected in the City of Hobsons Bay in the suburbs of Melbourne, Australia, at the end of November.[61]

2012

  • The Swiss National Advisory Commission Biomedical Ethics published a report on the management of differences of sex development.[62]
  • On November 14, 2012, the Supreme Court of Chile sentenced Maule Health Service for "lack of service" and to pay compensation of 100 million pesos for moral and psychological damages caused to a child, Benjamín, and another 5 million for each of his parents, following surgery without informed consent.[63][64]

2013

  • On 1 February, Juan E. Méndez, the UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, issued a statement condemning non-consensual surgical intervention on intersex people.[65][66]
  • Patrick Fénichel, Stéphane Bermon and other clinicians disclosed that four elite female athletes from developing countries were subjected to partial clitoridectomies and gonadectomies (sterilization) after testosterone testing revealed that they had the intersex condition 5-alpha-reductase deficiency.[67][68]
  • In June, Australia passed legislation protecting intersex people from discrimination on grounds of "intersex status".[69]
  • Also in October, the Australian Senate became the first parliamentary body to publish an inquiry into the involuntary or coerced sterilization of intersex people, entitled Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia.[69]
  • Germany passed a law requiring intersex infants who may not be classed as male or female to be assigned as "indeterminate". The move is criticized by civil society organizations and human rights institutions as not based around principles of self-determination.[71]

2014

  • The High Court of Kenya ordered the Kenyan government to issue a birth certificate to a five-year-old child born in 2009 with ambiguous genitalia.[81]
  • The World Health Organization and other UN agencies published a joint statement against coercive sterilization.[82]

2015

  • Malta became the first country to outlaw non-consensual medical interventions to modify sex anatomy, including that of intersex people. In the same law, it also becomes the first jurisdiction to protect intersex and other people from discrimination on grounds of "sex characteristics".[83][84]
  • In July, policies on sex verification in sport excluding women with hyperandrogenism were suspended following the case of Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations, in the Court of Arbitration for Sport.[86]
  • Michaela Raab successfully sued doctors in Nuremberg, Germany who failed to properly advise her. Doctors stated that they "were only acting according to the norms of the time."[87] On 17 December 2015, the Nuremberg State Court ruled that the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Clinic must pay damages and compensation.[88]
  • The Ugandan Registration of Persons Act 2015 allowed for the birth registration of a child born a "hermaphrodite", and for children's change of name and change of sex classification.[91][92] Many adult intersex persons were understood to be stateless due to historical difficulties in obtaining identification documents.[92]

2016

  • In January, the Ministry of Health of Chile ordered the suspension of unnecessary normalization treatments for intersex children, including irreversible surgery, until they reach an age when they can make decisions on their own.[93][94] This was overturned in August 2016.

2017

  • The French Senate published the second parliamentary inquiry into the wellbeing and rights of intersex people.[98] On 17 March 2017, the president of the Republic, François Hollande, described medical interventions to make the bodies of intersex children more typically male or female as increasingly considered to be mutilations.[99]
  • Following a European conference in March, the Vienna Statement was published. It called for an end to human rights violations, and recognition of rights to bodily integrity, physical autonomy and self-determination.[105]
  • In May, Amnesty International published a report condemning "non-emergency, invasive and irreversible medical treatment with harmful effects" on children born with variations of sex characteristics in Germany and Denmark.[106][107]
  • In July, Human Rights Watch and interACT published a report on medically unnecessary surgeries on intersex children in the U.S., “I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me”, based on interviews with intersex persons, families and physicians.[111]
  • In November, Betsy Driver became the first intersex person openly elected to public office in the United States.[112]
  • In December, African intersex activists published a statement setting out local demands.[113]

2018

  • In February, Asian intersex activists published the Statement of Intersex Asia and the Asian Intersex Forum, setting out local demands.[114]
  • In April, Latin American and Caribbean intersex activists published the San José de Costa Rica statement, defining local demands.[115]
  • The German cabinet announces creation of a new sex classification, "diverse", for intersex people only, failing to address concerns about medical interventions, and failing to make this non-binary gender category available to non-intersex people.[116]
  • On August 28, California became the first U.S. state to condemn nonconsensual surgeries on intersex children, in Resolution SCR-110.[117][118]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 DeVun, Leah (June 2018). "Heavenly hermaphrodites: sexual difference at the beginning and end of time". postmedieval. 9 (2): 132–146. doi:10.1057/s41280-018-0080-8. ISSN 2040-5960.
  3. ↑ Diodorus Siculus (1935). Library of History (Book IV). Loeb Classical Library Volumes 303 and 340. C H Oldfather (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27.
  4. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.287–88.
  5. ↑ Pliny, Natural History 7.34: gignuntur et utriusque sexus quos hermaphroditos vocamus, olim androgynos vocatos; Veronique Dasen, "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity," Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16.1 (1997), p. 61.
  6. ↑ Philostratus, VS 489
  7. ↑ Swain, Simon, "Favorinus and Hadrian," in ZPE 79 (1989), 150–158
  8. ↑ Mason, H.J., Favorinus’ Disorder: Reifenstein's Syndrome in Antiquity?, in Janus 66 (1978) 1–13.
  9. 1 2 Shopland, Norena, Forbidden Lives: LGBT Stories from Wales (2017) Seren Books
  10. ↑ Decretum Gratiani, C. 4, q. 2 et 3, c. 3
  11. ↑ "Decretum Gratiani (Kirchenrechtssammlung)". Bayerische StaatsBibliothek (Bavarian State Library). February 5, 2009. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.
  12. ↑ Preves, Sharon E. 2003 Intersex and Identity: The Contested Self Rutgers University Press, New Jersey
  13. ↑ Henrici de Segusio, Cardinalis Hostiensis, Summa aurea, Venice 1574 here at col. 612.
  14. ↑ Rolker, Christof (2014-01-01). "The two laws and the three sexes: ambiguous bodies in canon law and Roman law (12th to 16th centuries)". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung. 100 (1). doi:10.7767/zrgka-2014-0108. ISSN 2304-4896. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  15. ↑ Henry de Bracton. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 March 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Archived 2009-03-24 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ de Bracton, Henry. On the Laws and Customs of England. 2 (Thorne ed.). p. 31. Archived from the original on 2016-10-29.
  17. ↑ de Bracton, Henry. On the Laws and Customs of England. 2 (Thorne ed.). p. 32. Archived from the original on 2016-10-29.
  18. ↑ Bychowski, M. W. (June 2018). "The Isle of Hermaphrodites: Disorienting the place of intersex in the Middle Ages". postmedieval. 9 (2): 161–178. doi:10.1057/s41280-018-0079-1. ISSN 2040-5960.
  19. ↑ Morland, Iain (June 2018). "Afterword: Genitals are history". postmedieval. 9 (2): 209–215. doi:10.1057/s41280-018-0083-5. ISSN 2040-5960.
  20. ↑ E Coke, The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Institutes 8.a. (1st Am. Ed. 1812) (16th European ed. 1812).
  21. ↑ Greenberg, Julie (1999). "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology". Arizona Law Review. 41: 277–278. SSRN 896307.
  22. 1 2 Savona-Ventura, Charles (2015). Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530–1798]. Lulu. p. 115. ISBN 132648222X. Archived from the original on 2017-02-06.
  23. 1 2 Cassar, Paul (11 December 1954). "Change of Sex Sanctioned by a Maltese Law Court in the Eighteenth Century". British Medical Journal. Malta University Press. 2 (4901): 1413. PMC 2080334. PMID 13209141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2017.
  24. ↑ Jones, William (1792). Al Sirájiyyah:: Or, the Mohammedan Law of Inheritance, with a Commentary, By Sirāj al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Sajāwandī.
  25. ↑ Reis, Elizabeth (September 2005). "Impossible Hermaphrodites: Intersex in America, 1620–1960". The Journal of American History: 411–441.
  26. ↑ Barbin, Herculine (1980). Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite. introd. Michel Foucault, trans. Richard McDougall. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-50821-1.
  27. ↑ "'Extraordinary Circumstance' hermaphrodite child". The Welshman. 7 November 1981.
  28. ↑ "Hermaphrodite Child - Curious Phenomenon at Cardiff". The Cambrian. 25 May 1906. p. 2. at the National Library of Wales
  29. ↑ Goldschmidt, R. (1917), "Intersexuality and the endocrine aspect of sex", Endocrinology, 1 (4): 433–456, doi:10.1210/endo-1-4-433.
  30. ↑ Cawadias, A. P. (1943) Hermaphoditus the Human Intersex, London, Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.
  31. ↑ Armstrong, C. N. (1964) "Intersexuality in Man", IN ARMSTRONG, C. N. & MARSHALL, A. J. (Eds.) Intersexuality in Vertebrates Including Man, London, New York, Academic Press Ltd.
  32. ↑ Dewhurst, S. J. & Gordon, R. R. (1969) The Intersexual Disorders, London, Baillière Tindall & Cassell.
  33. ↑ Dohle, Max; Ettema, Dick (2012). "Foekje Dillema". Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  34. ↑ "A Lab is Set to Test the Gender of Some Female Athletes". New York Times. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017.
  35. ↑ In the marriage of C and D (falsely called C), FLC 90-636 (1979).
  36. ↑ "Olympic track star Stella Walsh dies". Wilmington Morning Star. December 6, 1980. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Stella Walsh Slain; Olympic Track Star" New York Times (December 6, 1980): 20.
  38. ↑ Who was Stella Walsh?: The story of the intersex Olympian Archived 2017-07-28 at the Wayback Machine., Matt Tullis in SB Nation, 27 June 2013.
  39. ↑ Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia; Briffa, Anthony (22 January 2003). "Discrimination against People affected by Intersex Conditions: Submission to NSW Government" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
  40. 1 2 Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice (June 2016), We Are Real: The Growing Movement Advancing the Human Rights of Intersex People (PDF)
  41. ↑ Martínez-Patiño, Maria José (December 2005). "Personal Account: A woman Tried and Tested". The Lancet. 366: 366–538. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67841-5. PMID 16360746.
  42. ↑ Simpson JL, Ljungqvist A, de la Chapelle A, et al. (November 1993). "Gender verification in competitive sports". Sports Medicine. 16 (5): 305–15. doi:10.2165/00007256-199316050-00002. PMID 8272686.
  43. ↑ Chase, Cheryl (July–August 1993). "Letters from readers" (PDF). The Sciences: 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-28.
  44. ↑ Holmes, Morgan (17 October 2015). "When Max Beck and Morgan Holmes went to Boston". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
  45. ↑ Beck, Max. "Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
  46. 1 2 Driver, Betsy (14 October 2015). "The origins of Intersex Awareness Day". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
  47. ↑ "Sexual Identity, Monozygotic Twins Reared in Discordant Sex Roles and a BBC Follow-Up". Milton Diamond, Ph.D. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  48. ↑ Diamond, Milton; Sigmundson, H. Keith (October 1997). "Management of intersexuality. Guidelines for dealing with persons with ambiguous genitalia". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 151 (10): 1046–50. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170470080015. PMID 9343018. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  49. ↑ Curtis, Skyler (2010–2011). "Reproductive Organs and Differences of Sex Development: The Constitutional Issues Created by the Surgical Treatment of Intersex Children". McGeorge Law Review. 42: 863. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  50. ↑ Koshie, Nihal (September 9, 2018). "The rising star who ended her life much before Dutee Chand challenged the rules". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  51. ↑ Prabhudesai, Sandesh (October 11, 2001). "Mystery of Pratima's suicide". Goa News. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  52. ↑ Nagvenkar, Mayabhushan (July 21, 2012). "Goa's Pinki Pramanik". Newslaundry. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  53. ↑ "X marks the spot for intersex Alex" Archived 2013-11-11 at WebCite, West Australian, via bodieslikeours.org. 11 January 2003
  54. ↑ Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". Science as Culture. 17 (3): 341–344. doi:10.1080/09505430802280784. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  55. ↑ "Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town" (PDF). 11 January 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2015.
  56. ↑ Human Rights Commission of the City and County of San Francisco; de María Arana, Marcus (2005). A Human Rights Investigation Into The Medical "Normalization" Of Intersex People. San Francisco. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28.
  57. ↑ Hughes, I A; Houk, C; Ahmed, S F; Lee, P A; LWPES1/ESPE2 Consensus Group (June 2005). "Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 91 (7): 554–563. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.098319. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 2082839. PMID 16624884.
  58. ↑ Motshegwa, Lesogo; Gerald Imray (2010-07-06). "World champ Semenya cleared to return to track". Yahoo!. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
  59. ↑ International Commission of Jurists (2010). "Richard Muasya v. the Hon. Attorney General, High Court of Kenya (2 December 2010)". International Commission of Jurists.
  60. ↑ International Commission of Jurists. "In re Völling, Regional Court Cologne, Germany (6 February 2008)". Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  61. ↑ Canning, Paul (10 December 2011), "Australia town believed to have elected world's first intersex mayor", World News Australia, archived from the original on 4 January 2012
  62. ↑ National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics, Switzerland (November 2012). On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality".Opinion No. 20/2012 (PDF). 2012. Berne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-23.
  63. ↑ "Condenan al H. de Talca por error al determinar sexo de bebé". diario.latercera.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  64. ↑ García, Gabriela. "Identidad forzada". www.paula.cl (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2017-02-15.
  65. ↑ "Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture" (PDF). Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-24.
  66. ↑ Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law; Washington College of Law; American University (2014). Torture in Healthcare Settings: Reflections on the Special Rapporteur on Torture's 2013 Thematic Report. Washington, DC: Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14.
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  68. ↑ Fénichel, Patrick; Paris, Françoise; Philibert, Pascal; Hiéronimus, Sylvie; Gaspari, Laura; Kurzenne, Jean-Yves; Chevallier, Patrick; Bermon, Stéphane; Chevalier, Nicolas; Sultan, Charles (June 2013). "Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (6): –1055–E1059. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3893. ISSN 0021-972X. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  69. 1 2 Senate of Australia; Community Affairs References Committee (2013). Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia. Canberra. ISBN 978-1-74229-917-4. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23.
  70. ↑ "Resolution 1952/2013, Provision version, Children's right to physical integrity". Council of Europe. 1 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015.
  71. ↑ Viloria, Hida (November 6, 2013). "Op-ed: Germany's Third-Gender Law Fails on Equality". The Advocate. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017.
  72. ↑ 3rd International Intersex Forum concluded Archived 2013-12-04 at the Wayback Machine., ILGA-Europe (Creative Commons statement), 2 December 2013
  73. ↑ Global intersex community affirms shared goals Archived 2013-12-06 at the Wayback Machine., Star Observer, December 4, 2013
  74. ↑ Public Statement by the Third International Intersex Forum Archived 2013-12-27 at the Wayback Machine., Advocates for Informed Choice, 12 December 2013
  75. ↑ Public statement by the third international intersex forum Archived 2013-12-26 at the Wayback Machine., Organisation Intersex International Australia, 2 December 2013
  76. ↑ Öffentliche Erklärung des Dritten Internationalen Intersex Forum Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine., (in German) Intersex Austria, 8 December 2013
  77. ↑ IntersexUK consensus paper.3rd International IntersexForum concluded... Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine., Intersex UK on Twitter, 3 December 2013
  78. ↑ (in Dutch) Derde Internationale Intersekse Forum Archived 2013-12-20 at the Wayback Machine., Nederlandse Netwerk Intersekse/DSD (NNID), 3 December 2013
  79. ↑ Public Statement by the Third International Intersex Forum Archived 2013-12-26 at the Wayback Machine., IVIM/OII-Germany, 1 December 2013 (in German)
  80. ↑ (Chinese) 2013 第三屆世界陰陽人論壇宣言 Archived 2013-12-26 at the Wayback Machine., Oii-Chinese, December 2013
  81. ↑ Migiro, Katy. "Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  82. ↑ World Health Organization; OHCHR; UN Women; UNAIDS; UNDP; UNFPA; UNICEF (2014). Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement (PDF). ISBN 978 92 4 150732 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-09.
  83. ↑ Reuters (1 April 2015). "Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta's Benchmark LGBTI Law". The New York Times.
  84. ↑ "Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors". Star Observer. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015.
  85. ↑ Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper, archived from the original on 2016-01-06
  86. ↑ Court of Arbitration for Sport (July 2015). CAS 2014/A/3759 Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) (PDF). Court of Arbitration for Sport. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-04.
  87. ↑ The Local (February 27, 2015). "Intersex person sues clinic for unnecessary op". Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  88. ↑ Zwischengeschlecht (December 17, 2015). "Nuremberg Hermaphrodite Lawsuit: Michaela "Micha" Raab Wins Damages and Compensation for Intersex Genital Mutilations!". Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
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