Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

text: Timeline of Cluj-Napoca, From top, left to right: Roman Napoca on Tabula Peutingeriana, Ruins of Napoca, City coat of arms (starting 1377), Cluj in 1617 by Joris Hoefnagel, Cluj Bridge Gate in 1860, Central Cluj in 1930, St. Michael's Church and Matthias Corvinus Monument in 2012, Cluj Arena in 2012

The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in Transylvania, Romania.

Cluj-Napoca (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] ( listen), German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkoloʒvaːr] ( listen); Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and Yiddish: קלויזנבורג‎, Kloiznburg), commonly known as Cluj, is located in the Someșul Mic River valley, roughly equidistant from Bucharest (324 kilometres (201 miles)), Budapest (351 km (218 mi)) and Belgrade (322 km (200 mi)).

Throughout its long history, the area around Cluj-Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms, including Roman Empire (as part of province Dacia and later sub-division of Dacia Porolissensis), Gepidia, Avaria, Hungarian Kingdom, Habsburg Monarchy, Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Romania. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

Today, the city continues to be considered the unofficial capital to the historical province of Transylvania and is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous botanical garden and nationally renowned cultural institutions.

In Romania, the city holds the status of municipiu and it is the seat of Cluj County in the north-western part of the country. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it one of the most populous cities in Romania.

2nd century

Napoca in Roman Dacia
Text of Roman milliarium from 108, describing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca, by request of the Emperor Trajan. It indicates the distance of ten thousand feet (P.M.X.) to Potaissa. The complete inscription is: "Imp[erator]/ Caesar Nerva/ Traianus Aug[ustus]/ Germ[anicus] Dacicus/ pontif[ex] maxim[us]/ [sic] pot[estate] XII co[n]s[ul] V/ imp[erator] VI p[ater] p[atriae] fecit/ per coh[ortem] I Fl[aviam] Vlp[iam]/ Hisp[anam] mil[liariam] c[ivium] R[omanorum] eq[uitatam]/ a Potaissa Napo/cam / m[ilia] p[assuum] X".
  • 101 - After gaining support from the Roman Senate, emperor Trajan leads the Roman legions across the Danube into Dacia, starting the First Dacian War.[1]
  • 102 - Hostilities between Roman Empire and Dacian Kingdom cease and the two parties reach a peace agreement.[2]
  • 105 - Trajan starts the second Dacian campaign with aim of expansion and conquest.[1]
  • 105-106 - During the second campaign, the Romans build Castra of Napoca.[3]
  • 106 - 11 August
  • 107
  • 108
    • Napoca is mentioned as a vicus, an ad hoc provincial civilian settlement, which sprang up close to the military castra.[10]
    • The work to the Roman road connecting Napoca to Potaissa finishes[8], increasing significantly the importance of Napoca
    • The town becomes the end of the central spine from which all of the Roman forts in Northwest Dacia can be reached.[11]
  • c.108-124
  • 117
  • 118 - After the battles with Roxolani and the Iazyges where Hadrian himself participates, the provices of Moesia and Dacia are reorganized, Trajan's original province of Dacia being relabelled Dacia Superior.[14]
  • 124
  • 131 - Flavius Italicus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 138 - 11 July: Antoninus Pius becomes emperor at Hadrian's death.
  • 151 - Marcus Macrinius Vindex becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 157 - Tiberius Clodius Quintianus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 161 - 8 March: Marcus Aurelius succeeds Antoninus Pius as Emperor.
  • 161-162 - Volu[---] becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 164 - Lucius Sempronius Ingenuus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 166
    • Pressures building along the Danube frontier force Marcus Aurelius to set up an overarching province, Tres Daciae (Three Dacias), which fuses the three Dacia provinces into one and is commanded by a consular legate.
    • The three provinces, including Dacia Porolissesnsis, still remain as separate entities, each one governed by a praesidial procurator, who then reports to the proconsular governor.
    • Sextus Calpurnius Agricola becomes the first Legatus Augusti pro praetore (consular legate) of the Tres Daciae.
  • 168 - Marcus Claudius Fronto becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 170 - Sextus Cornelius Clemens becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 173 - Lucius Aemilius Carus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 176 - Gaius Arrius Antoninus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 177
    • Marcus Aurelius bestows the title of Augustus on his son, Commodus, giving him the same status as his own and formally starting to share power.
    • Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.178–179 - Marcus Valerius Maximianus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 180
  • c.180 - the city gaines the status of a colonia as Colonia Aurelia Napoca.[17][21]
  • c.180–190 - Gaius Valerius Catulinus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • c.180-192
  • 182 - Lucius Vespronius Candidus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 185
    • Dacian revolt in the provice, Free Dacians living outside the borders also defeated.[24]
    • Commodus' legates devastate a territory some five miles deep along the north of the Castrum Gilău (near Napoca) to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions.[25]
  • c.185 - Gaius Pescennius Niger becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.190 - G. C(...) Hasta becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 191 - Aelius Constans becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 192 - 31 December: Emperor Commodus is assassinated.
  • 193 - 14 April: Septimius Severus' legion, XIV Gemina, proclaims him Emperor.
  • c.193-211: The villa rustica from Apahida (near Napoca) is in use.[26]
  • c.193 - Quintus Aurelius Polus Terentianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 195 - Publius Septimius Geta becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.197 - Pollienus Auspex becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 198 - Caracalla is appointed by his father, Septimius Severus, as joint Augustus and full Emperor.
  • c.198–209 - Publius Aelius Sempronius Lycinus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • c.198–209 - Gaius Publicius Antonius Probus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 200 - Lucius Octavius Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.200 - Marcus Cocceius Genialis becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.

3rd century

Napoca in the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st–4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center)
Ruined buildings with hypocaust from the Roman Napoca
  • c.200-230 - Marcus Veracilius Verus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 204 - Lucius Pomponius Liberalis becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 205 - Mevius Surus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 206 - Claudius Gallus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 208 - Gaius Julius Maximinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 211 - 4 February: Caracalla and his brother Geta reign together after their father's death.
  • c.211-217
    • The road from Napoca to Porolissum is repaired.[27]
    • Lucius Pomponius Liberalis becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 212 - Lucius Marius Perpetuus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 215 - Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 217 - Marcus Claudius Agrippa becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.217 - Ulpius Victor becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 222 - 11 March: Severus Alexander becomes Emperor.
  • c.222 - Iasdius Domitianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 235 - 20 March 235: Maximinus Thrax succeeds to the rule of Roman Empire, after Severus Alexander is assassinated.
  • c.235-238 - Quintus Julius Licinianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.235-238 - Marcus Cuspidius Flaminius Severus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.235-238 - Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 236-238 - Maximinus Thrax campaigns in Dacia against the Carpi.[28]
  • c.238 - Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 242-247 - Carpi are attacking Dacia and Moesia Inferior.[29]
  • 248-250 - Dacia is attacked by the Germanic tribes of the Goths, Taifals and Bastarns together with the Carpi.[30]
  • 253
  • 257 - Gallienus claims the title Dacicus Maximus after repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes.[32]
  • 258 - Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.[30]
  • 258-260 - A percentage of the cohorts from the V Macedonica and XIII Gemina legions are transferred from Dacia to Pannonia.[33]
  • 260 - Monetary circulation[31] and raising of inscribed monuments[34] have a dramatic drop in Dacia.
  • c.260 - Repairs of the castra fortifications are conducted on the northern border of Dacia Porolissensis.[31]
  • 263 - Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.[30]
  • 267 - Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.[30]
  • 269 - Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.[30]
  • 270 - September: Aurelian becomes Roman Emperor.
  • 271-275 - Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and establishes Dacia Aureliana with its capital at Serdica in Lower Moesia.[29][35]
  • c.291
  • 291-300 - Thervingi continue migrating into north-eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians.[39]
  • c.295 - Goths defeat the Carpi, pushing them southward.[40]

4th century

  • 295-320s - After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called Gothia), dividing some of the land with the Taifals[41], and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population.[39]

5th century

Gepid Thesaurus from Apahida

6th century

  • c.501-568
    • More Gepid power centers appear in Transylvania.[29]
    • New settlements appear along the Someş, Mureş, and Târnava rivers, reflecting a period of tranquillity in Gepidia.[54]
    • A "circle" of Gepid settlements develops around Napoca.[55]
    • Gepids start to adopt Arian Christianity through their connection with the Goths.[56]
    • Farming is the primary activity, but looms, combs, and other items are produced in local workshops.[54]
    • Gepidia is trading with faraway regions such as Crimea, Mazovia or Scandinavia.[57]
  • 568 - The Avar invasion ends the independent Gepidia.[58]
  • c.568 - Carpathian Basin is incorporated in the Avar Khaganate established by khagan Bayan I.
  • c.599-600 - Gepids under assimilation but settlements still exist within Avaria.[59][60]

7th century

Avars, Slavs and Bulgars in the areas around Transylvania
  • c.600-800 - Avars bring with them and allow Slavs to settle inside Transylvania.

8th century

  • c. 700-800 - Center and northern Transylvania under Moravian influence.[29]
  • 791–795 - Plunder of the Avar state by the Franks of Charlemagne.[61]
  • 794 - Avars, in small numbers, and mixed with Slavs, still inhabit parts of Transylvania.[61]
  • 796 - Avar Khaganate suffers a crippling blow by the Franks.[61]

9th century

  • c.796-803 - Bulgars under Khan Krum unite with Franks to crush the Avar Khaganate.[61]
  • c.803
  • c.850-900

10th century

The Hungarian Conquest in the Illuminated Chronicle
The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle

11th century

12th century

  • 1199 - Legforus becomes Voivode of Transylvania.

13th century

Mongol invasion of the Hungarian Kingdom depicted in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum

14th century

Seal of Cluj granted in 1377 by King Louis I of Hungary, with the inscription S[igilium] CIVIVM de CLVS WAR

15th century

Interior of St. Michael's Church

16th century

17th century

1617 engraving of Kolozsvár/Klausenburg by Joris Hoefnagel & son

18th century

19th century

The Kolozsvár/Klausenburg Bridge Gate in 1860
Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, c. 1900

20th century

Inauguration of the Matthias Corvinus Monument in 1902
Romanian troops (Regiment 16 Dorobanți "Fălticeni") marching in Cluj, 1918
U Cluj football team on 27 October 1923
Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral in 1940

21st century

See also

Part of a series on the
History of Romania
Romania portal

References

  1. 1 2 Oltean 2007, p. 54.
  2. ↑ Oltean 2007, p. 56.
  3. 1 2 MacKendrick 2000, p. 218.
  4. ↑ Georgescu 1991, p. 5.
  5. ↑ Bennett 2005, p. 166.
  6. ↑ Lukács 2005, p. 15.
  7. ↑ Bennett 2005, p. 169.
  8. 1 2 3 Wanner 2010, p. 85.
  9. ↑ Bennett 2005, p. 105.
  10. ↑ Wanner 2010, p. 108.
  11. ↑ Wanner 2010, p. 86.
  12. ↑ Wanner 2010, p. 109.
  13. 1 2 3 Wanner 2010, p. 110.
  14. 1 2 Oltean 2007, p. 55.
  15. ↑ Bennett 1997, p. 170.
  16. ↑ CIL, III,14465.
  17. 1 2 MacKendrick 2000, p. 127.
  18. ↑ Köpeczi 2001, p. 68.
  19. ↑ Oltean 2007, p. 58.
  20. ↑ Lukács 2005, p. 16.
  21. ↑ CIL, III,963=7726.
  22. ↑ Wanner 2010, p. 280.
  23. ↑ Wanner 2010, p. 278.
  24. ↑ Köpeczi 2001, p. 89.
  25. ↑ MacKendrick 2000, p. 135.
  26. ↑ MacKendrick 2000, p. 112.
  27. ↑ Fodorean 2006, p. 70.
  28. ↑ Southern & Dixon 1996, p. 11.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 550.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Treptow 1996, p. 34.
  31. 1 2 3 Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 78.
  32. ↑ Mócsy 1974, p. 205.
  33. ↑ Mócsy 1974, p. 209.
  34. ↑ Köpeczi 2001, p. 119.
  35. ↑ Watson 2004, p. 156.
  36. ↑ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 57.
  37. 1 2 Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 58.
  38. ↑ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 59.
  39. 1 2 Burns 1991, pp. 110–111.
  40. ↑ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 56.
  41. ↑ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, pp. 56-59.
  42. ↑ Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 82.
  43. ↑ Wanner 2010, pp. 27-28.
  44. ↑ Thompson 1999, p. 28.
  45. ↑ Bóna 1994, p. 75.
  46. ↑ Bărbulescu 2005, pp. 190-191.
  47. 1 2 Bóna 1994, p. 77.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Todd 2009, p. 223.
  49. 1 2 Gündisch 1998, p. 23.
  50. ↑ Todd 2003, p. 223.
  51. ↑ Heather 2012, p. 223.
  52. ↑ Bóna 1994, p. 80.
  53. ↑ Bărbulescu 2005, p. 191.
  54. 1 2 Bóna 1994, pp. 86, 89.
  55. ↑ Lukács 2005, p. 20.
  56. ↑ Curta 2005, pp. 87, 205.
  57. ↑ Curta 2001, pp. 195, 201.
  58. ↑ Curta 2006, p. 63.
  59. ↑ Curta 2006, p. 62.
  60. ↑ Todd 2003, p. 221.
  61. 1 2 3 4 AvarDateline 2012.
  62. 1 2 Anonymus c. 1200, ch.24.
  63. 1 2 Bak 2010, p. 59.
  64. ↑ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.26.
  65. ↑ Bak 2010, p. 63.
  66. ↑ Sălăgean 2006, p. 141.
  67. ↑ Pop 1996, p. 146.
  68. ↑ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.27.
  69. ↑ Bak 2010, p. 65.
  70. 1 2 3 Lukács 2005, p. 30.
  71. ↑ Lukács 2005, pp. 25-26.
  72. ↑ Macartney 2008, p. 118.
  73. ↑ Pop 1996, p. 142.
  74. 1 2 Lukács 2005, p. 29.
  75. ↑ Köpeczi 2001, p. 310.
  76. ↑ Lukács 2005, p. 28.
  77. 1 2 Köpeczi 2001, p. 311.
  78. ↑ Bóna 1994, p. 163.
  79. ↑ Benkő 1994, p. 364.
  80. ↑ Keul 2009, p. 27.
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lukács 2005, p. 58.
  82. ↑ Markó 2006, p. 416.
  83. ↑ Curta 2006, p. 355.
  84. ↑ Lazarovici 1997, p. 32.
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 Britannica 1910, p. 891.
  86. ↑ clujnet 2004.
  87. 1 2 Lukács 2005, p. 33.
  88. 1 2 3 4 szabadsag 2003.
  89. 1 2 Lazarovici 1997, p. 204.
  90. 1 2 ghidvideoturistic 2013.
  91. ↑ Lazarovici 1997, p. 38.
  92. ↑ BeitHatfutsot 2013.
  93. ↑ Lukács 2005, p. 49.
  94. ↑ Csontosi 1882, p. 135.
  95. ↑ Brubaker 2006, p. 90.
  96. 1 2 3 4 Levack 2013, p. II.
  97. ↑ HandbuchÖsterreich 1856, p. 59.
  98. ↑ Csontosi 1882, p. 138.
  99. ↑ Davidson 2014, p. 401.
  100. ↑ Flóra 2012.
  101. 1 2 Ripley 1879.
  102. ↑ Brubaker 2006, p. 92.
  103. ↑ Magocsi 2002.
  104. 1 2 3 4 Brubaker 2006, p. 93.
  105. ↑ Chambers 1901.
  106. ↑ Brubaker 2006, p. 134.
  107. ↑ Brubaker 2006, p. 97.
  108. 1 2 3 Seltzer 1952, p. 421.
  109. ↑ Brubaker 2006, p. 100.
  110. ↑ OsloCatholicDiocese 2007.
  111. ↑ Brubaker 2006, p. 142.
  112. ↑ YIVO 2010.
  113. 1 2 3 Brubaker 2006, p. 105.
  114. ↑ UN 1976.
  115. ↑ Carey 2004, p. 264.
  116. ↑ ETHZ 2018.

Sources

Primary sources

  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla (c. 1200). Gesta Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Hungarians] (in Medieval Latin).
  • Bak, János M; Rady, Martyn C; Veszprémy, László, eds. (2010). Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians. Central European Medieval Texts. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (in Latin). Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Secondary sources

  • Bennett, Julian (2005). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Roman Imperial Biographies. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-36056-9. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  • Brubaker, Rogers; Feischmidt, Margit; Fox, Jon; Grancea, Liana (2006). Brubaker, Rogers, ed. Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12834-4. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Burns, Thomas S. (1991). A History of the Ostrogoths. Midland Book. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20600-8. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-42888-0. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  • Curta, Florin (2005). East Central & Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Studies in the Early Middle Ages. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11498-6. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (illustrated ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  • Fodorean, Florin (2006). Drumurile din Dacia Romană [The Roads of Roman Dacia]. Publicaţiile Institutului de Studii Clasice (in Romanian and summary in English). Cluj-Napoca: Napoca Star. ISBN 978-973-647-372-2. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  • Georgescu, Vlad (1991). Călinescu, Matei, ed. The Romanians: A History. Romanian Literature and Thought in Translation Series (1st US ed.). Columbus, Ohio, USA: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0814205112. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  • Gündisch, Konrad (1998). Siebenbürgen und die Siebenbürger Sachsen [Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons]. Studienbuchreihe der Stiftung Ostdeutscher Kulturrat (in German) (2 ed.). Langen Müller. ISBN 978-3-7844-2685-3. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Heather, Peter (2012). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Studienbuchreihe der Stiftung Ostdeutscher Kulturrat (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-989226-6. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Keul, István (2009). Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526-1691). Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions: History, Culture, Religion, Ideas (illustrated ed.). Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17652-2. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Lazarovici, Gheorghe (1997). Cluj-Napoca: inima Transilvaniei [Cluj-Napoca: the heart of Transylvania] (in Romanian and summary in English). Cluj-Napoca: Studia. ISBN 978-973-97555-0-4. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Lukács, József (2005). Povestea "oraşului-comoară": scurtă istorie a Clujului şi a monumentelor sale [The story of the "treasure-city": a short history of Cluj and its monuments] (in Romanian). Levente Várdai. Cluj-Napoca: Apostrof. ISBN 978-973-9279-74-1. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  • Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (2008). The Magyars in the Ninth Century (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08070-5. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (2000). The Dacian Stones Speak. Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies (illustrated, reprint ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4939-2. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  • Mócsy, András (1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-7714-1. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Oltean, Ioana Adina (2007). Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization. Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-94583-4. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  • "Peace Action, Training and Research Institute of Romania (PATRIR)". ethz.ch: Center for Security Studies, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century: The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State. Bibliotheca rerum Transsilvaniae. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Cultural Foundation, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 978-973-577-037-2. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Southern, Patricia; Dixon, Karen R. (1996). The Late Roman Army. The archaeology of the Roman Empire series. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-7047-5. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Thompson, E. A. (1999). The Huns. The Peoples of Europe. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-21443-4. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Todd, Malcolm (2009). The Early Germans. Peoples of Europe. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-3756-0. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Treptow, Kurt W. (1996). Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan, eds. A History of Romania. East European Monographs (3, illustrated ed.). Iași: Romanian Cultural Foundation, Center for Romanian Studies. ISBN 978-0-88033-345-0. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Wanner, Robert (2010). Forts, fields and towns: Communities in Northwest Transylvania from the first century BC to the fifth century AD (Thesis). Leicester: University of Leicester. hdl:2381/8335. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2018-09-11. Lay summary.
  • Watson, Alaric (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Roman Imperial Biographies. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Wolfram, Herwig; Dunlap, Thomas J. (1990). History of the Goths. European History/Medieval Studies/Classical Studies. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06983-1. Retrieved 2018-09-13.

Tertiary sources

  • "Avar Dateline". Turkic World/History. turkicworld.org: Turkic World/History. 2012. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  • Bărbulescu, Mihai (2005). Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas, eds. The History of Tranylvania: (Until 1541). Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 978-973-7784-04-9. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Benkő, Elek (1994). "Kolozsmonostor". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc. Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-963-056-722-0. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • "Biserica Romano-Catolica Sf.Mihail - Cluj-Napoca" [St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church - Cluj-Napoca] (in Romanian). ghidvideoturistic.ro: Ghid Video Turistic. PhantomMedia. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  • Bóna, István (1994). Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit, eds. History of Transylvania. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-056-703-9. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Carey, Henry F., ed. (2004). Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0592-4. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1910). "Kolozsvár". Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. 15-16 (11th ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. OL 7083162M. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Romania". katolsk.no: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). 2007-03-19. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  • "Cluj". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. yivoencyclopedia.org: Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. 2010. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  • Davidson, Alan (2014). "Hungary". In Jaine, Tom. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  • "Demographic Yearbook 1975" (27th ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office. 1976: 253–279. OCLC 5157865. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  • "Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich" [Court and State Handbook of the Austrian Empire]. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich (in German). 1856 (5). Vienna: Kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1856. OCLC 894955555. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • "Kolozsvár neve" [The name of Kolozsvár] (in Hungarian). szabadsag.ro: Szabadság. 2003-08-04. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  • Köpeczi, Béla; Mócsy, András; Makkai, László, eds. (2001). History of Transylvania: From the beginnings to 1606. Social Science Monographs. 1. Hungarian Research Institute of Canada. ISBN 978-088-033-479-2. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  • Levack, Brian P., ed. (2013). Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-164884-7. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Magocsi, Paul Robert (2002). Historical Atlas of Central Europe. Heritage Collection (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8486-6. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  • Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai: Szent Istvántól napjainkig - Életrajzi Lexikon [The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Budapest: Helikon Kiadó Kft. ISBN 978-963-208-970-6. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest) (1882). "Magyaroszagi regi nyomtatvanyok 1473-1711" [Kolozsvar (Hungarian printing 1473-1711)]. In Csontosi, János. Kalauz az Orsz. Magy. Iparművészeti Muzeum részéről rendezett könyvkiállitáshoz [Guide to the Museum of Applied Arts] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Athenaeum. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu55628052. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • "O istorie inedită a Clujului – Cetatea coloniștilor sași" [A unique history of Cluj - The fortress of the Saxon settlers] (in Romanian). clujnet.com: ReMARK ltd. 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan, eds. (2009). Istoria ilustrată a României [The Illustrated History of Romania] (in Romanian). Bucharest, Chișinău, Cluj-Napoca: Litera Internaţional. ISBN 978-973-675-584-2. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  • Sălăgean, Tudor (2006). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan. History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 133–207. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  • Seltzer, Leon E., ed. (1952). "Cluj". Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 421. OL 6112221M. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  • "The Jewish Community of Cluj-Napoca". dbs.bh.org.il: The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.