Pertinax

Pertinax
Possible marble bust of Pertinax, Vatican Museums
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Reign 1 January 193 – 28 March 193
Predecessor Commodus
Successor Didius Julianus
Born 1 August 126
Alba Pompeia, Italia
Died 28 March 193(193-03-28) (aged 66)
Rome, Italia
Burial Rome
Wife
Full name
Publius Helvius Pertinax
Regnal name
Imperator Caesar Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus
Dynasty None
Father Helvius Successus

Pertinax (/ˈpɜːrtɪnæks/; Latin: Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus;[note 1] 1 August 126 – 28 March 193) was a Roman military leader and Roman Emperor for the first three months of 193.[note 2] He succeeded Commodus to become the first emperor during the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors.

Born the son of a freed slave, Pertinax became an officer in the army. He fought in the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166, where his success led him to be promoted to higher-ranking positions in both the military and political spheres, leading to him achieving the rank of provincial governor and urban prefect. He was a member of the Roman Senate, serving at the same time as the historian Cassius Dio.

Following the death of Commodus, Pertinax was acclaimed emperor. He attempted to institute several reform measures, although the short length of his time as emperor prevented the success of those attempts. One of those reforms, the restoration of discipline among the Praetorian Guards, led to conflict that eventually culminated in Pertinax's assassination by the Guard. After his death, the Praetorians auctioned off the imperial title, which was won by the wealthy senator Didius Julianus, whose reign would last sixty-six days.

Pertinax would be deified by the successor of Julianus, Septimius Severus. His historical reputation has largely been a positive one, in line with the assessment of Dio.

Early life

His career before becoming emperor is documented in the Historia Augusta and confirmed in many places by existing inscriptions. He was born in Alba Pompeia in Italy,[2] the son of freedman Helvius Successus.[3] Pertinax through the help of patronage was commissioned an officer in a cohort.[4]

In the Parthian war that followed,[5] he was able to distinguish himself, which resulted in a string of promotions, and after postings in Britain (as military tribune of the Legio VI Victrix)[6] and along the Danube, he served as a procurator in Dacia.[7] He suffered a setback as a victim of court intrigues during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, but shortly afterwards he was recalled to assist Claudius Pompeianus in the Marcomannic Wars.[2] In 175. he received the honor of a suffect consulship[8] and until 185, Pertinax was governor of the provinces of Upper and Lower Moesia, Dacia, Syria and finally governor of Britain.[6]

During the 180s, Pertinax took a pivotal role in the Roman Senate until the praetorian prefect Sextus Tigidius Perennis forced him out of public life.[9] He was recalled after three years to Britain, where the Roman army was in a state of mutiny.[10] He tried to quell the unruly soldiers there but one legion attacked his bodyguard, leaving Pertinax for dead.[11] When he was forced to resign in 187, the reason given was that the legions had grown hostile to him because of his harsh rule.[12]

He served as proconsul of Africa from 188–189,[13] and followed this term of service with the urban prefecture of Rome,[14] and a second consulship as ordinarius with the emperor Commodus as his colleague.[11]

Emperor

Roman aureus struck under the rule of Pertinax

When Commodus' behaviour became increasingly erratic throughout the early 190s, a conspiracy led to his assassination on 31 December 192. The plot was carried out by the Praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus, Commodus' mistress Marcia, and his chamberlain Eclectus.[15] After the murder had been carried out, Pertinax, who was serving as urban prefect at this time, was hurried to the Praetorian Camp and proclaimed emperor the following morning.[16] His short reign (86 days) was an uneasy one. He attempted to emulate the restrained practices of Marcus Aurelius, and made an effort to reform the alimenta but he faced antagonism from many quarters.[17]

Ancient writers detail how the Praetorian Guard expected a generous donativum on his ascension, and when they were disappointed, agitated until he produced the money, selling off Commodus' property,[18] including the concubines and youths Commodus kept for his sexual pleasures.[19][20] He reformed the Roman currency dramatically, increasing the silver purity of the denarius from 74% to 87% — the actual silver weight increasing from 2.22 grams to 2.75 grams.[21]

Pertinax attempted to impose stricter military discipline upon the pampered Praetorians.[22] In early March he narrowly averted one conspiracy by a group to replace him with the consul Quintus Sosius Falco while he was in Ostia inspecting the arrangements for grain shipments.[23] The plot was betrayed; Falco himself was pardoned but several of the officers behind the coup were executed.[24]

On 28 March 193, Pertinax was at his palace when, according to the Historia Augusta, a contingent of some three hundred soldiers of the Praetorian Guard rushed the gates[25] (two hundred according to Cassius Dio).[26] Ancient sources suggest that they had received only half their promised pay.[23] Neither the guards on duty nor the palace officials chose to resist them. Pertinax sent Laetus to meet them, but he chose to side with the insurgents instead and deserted the emperor.[27]

Although advised to flee, he then attempted to reason with them, and was almost successful before being struck down by one of the soldiers.[28] Pertinax must have been aware of the danger he faced by assuming the purple, for he refused to use imperial titles for either his wife or son, thus protecting them from the aftermath of his own assassination.[15]

Aftermath

Bust of Septimius Severus, Glyptothek, Munich

A brief civil war over the succession followed Pertinax's death, won later in the same year by Septimius Severus.[29] After his entry to Rome, Septimius recognized Pertinax as a legitimate emperor, executed the soldiers who killed him, and not only pressured the Senate to deify him and provide him a state funeral,[30] but also adopted his cognomen of Pertinax as part of his name.[31] For some time, he held games on the anniversary of Pertinax's ascension and his birthday.[32]

Historical reputation

Pertinax's historical reputation is largely a positive one, beginning with the assessment of Cassius Dio, a historian and senator who was a colleague of Pertinax. Dio refers to him as "an excellent and upright man"[33] who displayed "not only humaneness and integrity in the imperial administrations, but also the most economical management and the most careful consideration for the public welfare."[19]

Dio's approval is not unqualified, however. He acknowledges that while some would call Pertinax's decision to confront the soldiers that would wind up killing him "noble", others would call it "senseless".[26] He is also critical of Pertinax's judgment when it came to the speed with which he tried to reform the excesses of the reign of Commodus, suggesting that a more tempered approach would have been less likely to result in his murder.[34]

Pertinax is discussed in The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli. When discussing the importance of a prince not being hated, Machiavelli provides Pertinax as an example of how it is as easy for a ruler to be hated for good actions as for bad ones. Though describing him as a good man, Machiavelli considered Pertinax's attempt to reform a soldiery that had become "accustomed to live licentiously" a mistake, as it inspired their hatred of him, which led to his overthrow and death.[35]

Pertinax is described by David Hume in his essay Of the Original Contract as an "excellent prince" possessing an implied modesty when, on the arrival of soldiers who had come to proclaim him emperor, he believed that Commodus had ordered his death.[36]

During the debate over ratification of the United States Constitution, Virginia politician John Dawson, at the state's ratifying convention in 1788, spoke of the "atrocious murder" of Pertinax by the Praetorian Guard as an example of the danger of establishing a standing army.[37][38]

Pertinax was the pseudonym of the French journalist André Géraud (1882–1974).[39]

In Romanitas, a fictional alternate history novel by Sophia McDougall, Pertinax's reign is the point of divergence. In the history as established by the novel, the plot against Pertinax was thwarted, and Pertinax introduced a series of reforms that would consolidate the Roman Empire to such a degree that it would still be a major power in the 21st century.[40]

Notes

  1. ↑ In Classical Latin, Pertinax's name would be inscribed as IMP(erator) CAES(ar) P(ublius) HELV(ius) PERTINAX AVG(ustus).
  2. ↑ Although Commodus was killed on 31 December 192, Pertinax was not acclaimed emperor until 1 January 193.[1]

References

  1. ↑ Pococke (1853), p. 158.
  2. 1 2 Dio, 74:3
  3. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 1:1
  4. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 1:6
  5. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 2:1
  6. 1 2 Birley (2005), p. 173.
  7. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 2:4
  8. ↑ Meckler (1997).
  9. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 3:3
  10. ↑ Dio, 74:4
  11. 1 2 Birley (2005), p. 174.
  12. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 3:10
  13. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 4:1
  14. ↑ Victor, 18:2
  15. 1 2 Bowman (2005), p. 1.
  16. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 4:5
  17. ↑ Gibbon (1788), chapter 4.
  18. ↑ Bowman (2005), p. 2.
  19. 1 2 Dio, 74:5
  20. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 7:8
  21. ↑ Kenneth W. Harl (1999). "Roman Currency of the Principate". Tulane University. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  22. ↑ Zosimus, 1:8
  23. 1 2 Dio, 74:8
  24. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 10:4
  25. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 11:1
  26. 1 2 Dio, 74:9
  27. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 11:7
  28. ↑ Dio, 74:10
  29. ↑ Dio, 74:17:4
  30. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 15:1
  31. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 15:2
  32. ↑ Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 15:5
  33. ↑ Dio, 74:1
  34. ↑ Dio, 74:10. "He failed to comprehend, though a man of wide practical experience, that one cannot with safety reform everything at once, and that the restoration of a state, in particular, requires both time and wisdom."
  35. ↑ Machiavelli – The Prince, Ch. XIX. Pertinax, Marcus Aurelius and Severus Alexander are described as "men of modest life, lovers of justice, enemies to cruelty, humane, and benignant". However, Machiavelli considers that Roman soldiers, "being accustomed to live licentiously under Commodus, could not endure the honest life to which Pertinax wished to reduce them".
  36. ↑ Hume – Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, II.XII.41
  37. ↑ Graham, John Remington (2009). Free, Sovereign, and Independent States: The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution. United States: Pelican Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 9781589805897.
  38. ↑ Richard, Carl J. (1994). The Founders and the Classics: Greece, Rome, and the American Enlightenment. United States: Harvard University Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-674-31426-3.
  39. ↑ "The Press: Pertinax Goes Home". Time. 15 October 1945. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 26 March 2018. (subscription required)
  40. ↑ McDougall, Sophia. "A Short History of the Roman Empire". Romanitas. Retrieved 26 March 2018.

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

  • Meckler, Michael (1997). "Pertinax (193 A.D)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  • Bowman, Alan K. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337. Cambridge University Press.
  • Birley, Anthony (2005). The Roman government of Britain. Oxford University Press.
  • Gibbon, Edward (1788). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
  • Pococke, Edward (1853). The History of the Roman Empire from the Time of Vespasian to the Extinction of the Western Empire. By T. Arnold, ... E. Pococke, Etc.
  • Pertinax at Livius.Org
  •  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Publius Helvius Pertinax". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Pertinax at roman-emperors.org
Political offices
Preceded by
Ulpius Marcellus		 Roman governors of Britain
c. 185 – 187		 Succeeded by
Unknown, then Decimus Clodius Albinus
Preceded by
Lucius Calpurnius Piso,
and Publius Salvius Julianus
as ordinary consuls		 Suffect consul of the Roman Empire
175
with Didius Julianus		 Succeeded by
Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio,
and Marcus Flavius Aper II
as ordinary consuls
Preceded by
Commodus VI,
and Marcus Petronius Sura Septimianus
as ordinary consuls		 Consul of the Roman Empire
192
with Commodus VII		 Succeeded by
Quintus Pompeius Sosius Falco,
and Gaius Julius Erucius Clarus Vibianus
as ordinary consuls
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Commodus		 Roman Emperor
193		 Succeeded by
Didius Julianus
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