Energy in Nigeria

Nigeria's primary energy consumption was about 108 Mtoe in 2011.[1] Most of the energy comes from traditional biomass and waste, which account for 83% of total primary production. The rest is from fossil fuels (16%) and hydropower (1%).[1]

Nigeria has oil reserves of about 35 billion barrels (5.6×109 m3) and gas reserves of about 5 trillion cubic metres, ranking 10th and 9th in the world, respectively. Global production in 2009 reached 29 billion barrels (4.6×109 m3) of oil and 3 trillion cubic meters of natural gas.[2] Nigeria is a member of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Location

Overview

Energy in Nigeria[3]
Population (million) Primary energy (TWh) Production (TWh) Export (TWh) Electricity (TWh) CO2 emissions (Mt)
2004128.71,1512,6681,50813.447.6
2007148.01,2412,6951,44520.351.4
2008151.31,2932,6381,34319.152.4
2009154.71,2592,6601,41918.641.2
2010158.421,3153,0051,69121.6245.90
2012162.471,3762,9881,60724.4552.85
2012R168.831,5553,1601,62526.2264.56
2013174.001,5542,9731,41524.5261.00
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh . Prim. energy includes energy losses
2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

Petroleum

Oil and gas in Nigeria

Nigeria was 10th top oil producer in 2005.[4] In 2009 Nigeria was not among the top ten crude oil producers, but it was the fifth oil exporter (102 Mt).[5]

Oando is Nigeria’s largest oil company, headquartered in Lagos. Oando is Nigeria's largest non-government owned company in the energy industry. It is listed on the Nigerian and Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

Oil and gas contributors include Nigerian National Petroleum Company NNPC, Chevron Corporation, CNOOC, CNPC, Conoco, Eni, Exxon Mobil Corporation, GEPetrol, Petrobras, Shell, Statoil and Total[6]

Ogoniland

Ogoni people live historically in the Niger Delta in the south eastern region of Nigeria. Ogoniland oil facilities are operated mainly by the Shell Petroleum Development Corporation (Nigeria) in the upstream and the Nigerian National Petroleum Company in the downstream since the 1950s. The Ogoni campaign against Shell Oil is led by the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP). MOSOP is campaigning for the expulsion of Shell from Ogoniland.[7]

According to the UNEP assessment in 8/2011 the oil contamination is widespread in Ogoniland and oil spills continue still even in the old oil field areas. The Ogoni people live with this pollution every day. As Ogoniland has high rainfall, delay in cleaning of the oil spills leads to spread oil contamination in the farmlands. Oil contamination of land areas, sediments and swampland is extensive. The wetlands around Ogoniland are highly degraded and facing disintegration. Fishermen must move to less contaminated areas in search of fish. Current Ogoniland community have lived with chronic oil pollution throughout their lives. Of most immediate concern in 12/2011, community members at Nisisioken Ogale are drinking water contaminated with benzene, a known carcinogen, at levels over 900 times above the WHO guideline.[8][9]

Environmental damage

The Niger delta is one of the most polluted regions in the world. Oil is spilled more each year than in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Nigerian government reports more than 7,000 spills between 1970 and 2000 and 2,000 major spillage sites.[10][11]

Pollution and environmental damage of the oil industry has serious impact on people living in the Niger Delta. The environment laws are poorly enforced. Government agencies responsible for enforcement were ineffective and, in some cases, compromised by conflicts of interest. Communities in the Niger Delta frequently had no access to vital information about the impact of the oil industry on their lives. On 1 May 2010, crude oil from a leaking oil from an offshore platform of ExxonMobil’s Qua Iboe oilfield reached the shores of the Ibeno community, Akwa Ibom state.[12]

Representatives of Anglo-Dutch oil giant Shell are appearing in a Dutch civil court to face accusations of polluting Nigerian villages in 2012.[13] The UNEP report (2011) concludes that pollution of soil by petroleum hydrocarbons in Ogoniland is extensive in land areas, sediments and swampland.[14]

Oil spills

  • Shell announced a 40,000 barrels of crude oil spill in Nigeria in December 2011. Bonga Field produces around 200,000 barrels a day. The spill was among the worst off the coast of Nigeria in 10 years.[15]
  • 280,000 barrels of oil were estimated spilled in 2008 in two leaks in the Bodo region in the Ogoni district in 2008. Bodo is at the epicentre of several pipelines that collect oil from nearly 100 wells. Nearly 80% of people in Bodo were fishermen dependant on clean water.[10]

Human rights

The Niger Delta area is oil-rich. The government has made little to address environmental degradation, endemic state and local government corruption, or political sponsorship of armed groups, which drive and underlie violence and poverty in the region.

Because of Nigeria’s role as a regional power, leading oil exporter, and major contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions, foreign governments – including the United States and the United Kingdom—have been reluctant to publicly criticize Nigeria’s human rights record. In 2010 the UK increased funding to £140 million in aid to Nigeria, including security sector aid, without demanding accountability for Nigerian officials and members of the security forces implicated in corrupt practices and serious human rights abuses.[16]

Gas

Gas in Nigeria is supplied to a variety of industrial users in and around Lagos. The gas originates in the Niger Delta area. It passes to Lagos via the Escravos pipeline. A number of major industrial users utilise this gas in captive power plants such as Guinness's Ogba and Benin breweries.[17]

Uranium mining

Nigeria has uranium deposits, but no details were given since their discovery in 2005.[18][19][20]

Renewable energy

Renewable energy penetration in Nigeria is still in its nascent stage, the only source of renewable energy in the country is hydro-power and biomass; wind and solar energy have only been deployed in minuscule amount. With energy policies and initiatives developing, wind and solar energy generation projects are gradually being planned throughout the country. Developments in solar and wind energy are gradually increasing with the discovering of their high potentials and benefits for Nigeria’s environment and society.

Challenges

Despite huge effort by public and private agencies to promote the adoption of alternative energy sources in Nigeria, renewable energy is still marred with several challenges that hinders the complete penetration especially to power consumers in the rural areas of Nigeria with an abundance of solar (for example)but little or no access to the grid. The major challenge is unarguably the initial cost of set up. The average rural dweller in Nigeria who is a subsistence farmer can not afford the cost of acquiring the components needed to generate an electricity that can power as load as a 500W system. This is largely due to the high cost of deep cycle batteries which is indispensable in an off grid solution.

Another challenge is the lack of adequate skilled labour in the about 200 million population. Installing a renewable energy system is technical and requires the expertise of a trained technician. Some renewable energy companies in Nigeria has identified this problem and have established renewable energy training academies across Nigeria. [21]

Solar energy

Solar thermal energy has been utilized for decades in processes for cooking, food preservation, and agriculture. In 2016, President Buhari inaugurated the country’s first solar power plant in Ibadan.[22] As of December 2017, Nigeria’s federal government has invested $20 million on solar projects throughout the country.[23]

Nigeria’s climate, resources, and economic and societal conditions make solar energy a suitable alternative energy source. The Northern part of Nigeria has the highest potential for solar. The North has an average solar insolation of 2200 kWh/m^2,[24] while the southern part has 1800 kWh/m^2.[24] In addition to adequate power outputs, solar energy would aid the country in reducing carbon emissions from fossil-fueled energy generation. Furthermore, solar power would provide a reliable and stable source of energy in both urban and other locations and could alleviate the resources-conflict associated with oil.

Wind power

Wind turbine generation is another developing energy source in Nigeria. Wind speeds in Nigeria typically range from 2-9.5 m/s.[25] With such low wind speeds investments and interest in wind energy has not been as high as solar power. However, wind power could be advantageous to rural and agricultural areas. Wind power would also be beneficial in Southeast with wind power potentials higher than 4 m/s, and in the North where wind speeds reach up to 6 m/s at a 10 hub height.[24] Initiatives such as Nigeria's National Renewable Energy Plan are beginning to set forth goals in wind turbine implementation.[26] However, with insufficient data and its status as a relatively new technology, development overall has been slow and challenging.[27]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Nigeria: Overview". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  2. ↑ 2011 report on oil and gas companies, Promoting revenue Transparency Transparency International 2011 page reserves 114–115
  3. ↑ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
  4. ↑ Key world energy statistics 2006 page 11
  5. ↑ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Page 11
  6. ↑ 2011 report on oil and gas companies, Promoting revenue Transparency Transparency International 2011
  7. ↑ Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland UNEP Aug 4, 2011 Full report 2011 (9.7 MB pdf) Pages 24-25, 39,
  8. ↑ UNEP Ogoniland Oil Assessment Reveals Extent of Environmental Contamination and Threats to Human Health UNEP Aug 4, 2011
  9. ↑ Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland UNEP Aug 4, 2011 Full report 2011 (9.7 MB pdf)
  10. 1 2 Shell oil spills in the Niger delta: 'Nowhere and no one has escaped' Guardian 3 August 2011
  11. ↑ agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it Guardian 30 May 2010
  12. ↑ Amnesty International Report 2011 page 247
  13. ↑ Nigeria oil spills: Dutch case against Shell begins bbc 11 October 2012
  14. ↑ Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland UNEP 2011
  15. ↑ [Nigeria on alert as Shell announces worst oil spill in a decade] Guardian 22.12.2011
  16. ↑ Human Rights Watch World Report 2011 Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. pages 148
  17. ↑ Guinness, Ogba Combined Heat & Power Plant
  18. ↑ Energy revolution Greenpeace, page 14
  19. ↑ http://www.wise-uranium.org/upafr.html
  20. ↑ https://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/documents/RawMaterials/RTC-Namibia-2009/Nigeria-URANIUM%20DEVELOPMENT.pdf
  21. ↑ "Solar energy training in Nigeria". www.wavetra.com. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
  22. ↑ "Buhari inaugurates Nigeria's first solar power plant in UI". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  23. ↑ "FG, states, others invest $20bn in new 20 solar projects - Vanguard News". Vanguard News. 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  24. 1 2 3 "Renewable Energy Potential – RECP". www.africa-eu-renewables.org. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  25. ↑ "On wind speed pattern and energy potential in Nigeria". Energy Policy. 39 (5): 2501–2506. 2011-05-01. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.02.016. ISSN 0301-4215.
  26. ↑ "IEA - Nigeria". www.iea.org. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  27. ↑ "Wind Power Potentials in Cameroon and Nigeria: Lessons from South Africa".
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