Russell Group

Russell Group
Formation 1994
Type Association of United Kingdom-based universities
Headquarters London, United Kingdom
Region served
United Kingdom
Membership
Key people
 Tim Bradshaw
(Chief Executive)
Anton Muscatelli
(Chairman)
Website www.russellgroup.ac.uk

The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in London and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to government and parliament. In 2010, Russell Group members received approximately two-thirds of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom.[1] The group is widely perceived as representing the best universities in the country, although this is disputed.[2]

Russell Group members award 60% of all doctorates gained in the United Kingdom,[3] and over 30% of all students studying in the United Kingdom from outside the EU.[1] In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, 68% of world-leading (4*) research and 68% of research with an outstanding (4*) impact was carried out in Russell Group universities.[4] Of the 21 Russell Group universities that have chosen to enter the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), 10 hold gold awards (48%), 10 silver (48%) and one bronze (5%), compared to proportions across all higher education providers with full awards of 27% gold, 50% silver and 23% bronze.[5]

The Russell Group is so named because the first informal meetings of the Group took place at the Hotel Russell in Russell Square, London.[6]

History

The Russell Group was formed in 1994 by 18 British research universities – Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Imperial College London, Queen Mary, Leeds, Liverpool, London School of Economics, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, Southampton, University College London and Warwick, who originally met at Hotel Russell shortly before meetings of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now Universities UK) in nearby Tavistock Square, close to the University of London buildings and, particularly, Senate House.[6] In 1998 Cardiff University and King's College London joined the group.[7] In March 2001 the Russell Group decided against selecting a preferred option for the future funding of higher education, stating that endowments, a graduate contribution, increased public funding and top-up fees should all remain options.[8] In December 2005 it was announced that the Russell Group would be appointing its first full-time director-general as a result of a planned expansion of its operations, including commissioning and conducting its own policy research.[9] In November 2006 Queen's University Belfast was admitted as the twentieth member of the group.[10] In the same month Wendy Piatt, the then deputy director in the Prime Minister's strategy unit, was announced as the group's new Director General and chief executive.[10]

In March 2012 it was announced that four universities – Durham, Exeter, Queen Mary University of London; and York – would become members of the Russell Group in August of the same year.[6] All of the new members had previously been members of the 1994 Group of British universities.[6]

In January 2013 it was announced that the Russell Group would establish an academic board to advise the English exams watchdog Ofqual on the content of A-Levels.[11]

Organisation

Objectives

The Russell Group states that its objectives are to:

  • lead the research efforts of the United Kingdom;
  • maximise the income of its member institutions;
  • attract the best staff and students to its member institutions;
  • create a regulatory environment in which it can achieve these objectives by reducing government interference; and
  • identify ways to co-operate to exploit the universities' collaborative advantage.[1]

It works towards these objectives by lobbying the UK government and parliament; commissioning reports and research; creating a forum in which its member institutions can discuss issues of common concern; and identify opportunities for them to work together.

Leadership

The Russell Group is led by Chief Executive Dr Tim Bradshaw and chaired by Prof Sir Anton Muscatelli, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Glasgow.

Members

The Russell Group currently has twenty four members,[12] of which twenty are from England, two from Scotland, and one from each of Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the English members, five are from Greater London; three from the Yorkshire and the Humber region; two from each of the North East, North West, West Midlands, South West and South East regions; and one from each of the East Midlands and East regions. Four Russell Group members are constituent colleges of the University of London and a fifth London institution, Imperial College London, was part of the University of London until 2007.

The table below gives the members of the group, along with when they joined, their total number of students, and their income (total and research).

University[13] Year of joining Total students (2013/14)[14] Total academic staff (2013/14)[15] Student:staff ratio TEF award[16]
University of Birmingham 1994 32,335 2,935 11.0 Gold
University of Bristol 1994 20,170 2,780 7.3 Silver
University of Cambridge 1994 19,580 5,430 3.6 Gold
Cardiff University 1998 30,180 3,295 9.2 Silver
Durham University 2012 17,190 1,590 10.8 Gold
University of Edinburgh 1994 27,625 4,010 6.9 N/A
University of Exeter 2012 19,520 1,785 10.9 Gold
University of Glasgow 1994 27,390 3,000 9.1 N/A
Imperial College London 1994 16,225 4,055 4.0 Gold
King's College London‡ 1998 27,645 4,370 6.3 Silver
University of Leeds 1994 30,975 3,200 9.7 Gold
University of Liverpool 1994 21,345 2,665 8.0 Silver
London School of Economics‡ 1994 10,145 1,610 6.3 Bronze
University of Manchester 1994 37,925 4,720 8.0 Silver
Newcastle University 1994 22,410 2,649 8.5 Gold
University of Nottingham 1994 33,270 3,350 9.9 Gold
University of Oxford 1994 25,905 6,470 4.0 Gold
Queen Mary University of London‡ 2012 15,420 2,189 7.0 Silver
Queen's University Belfast 2006 23,320 1,665 14.0 N/A
University of Sheffield 1994 26,600 2,905 9.2 Silver
University of Southampton 1994 24,040 2,900 8.3 Silver
University College London‡ 1994 28,430 6,195 4.6 Silver
University of Warwick 1994 25,245 2,130 11.9 Silver
University of York 2012 16,680 1,005 16.6 Gold

Notes:

‡ Constituent college of the University of London, awarding its own degrees

Status

Research

In 2015/16, following the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 19 English universities with HEFCE research funding allocations (excluding transitional funding) in excess of £20 million were all members of the Russell Group. The only English Russell Group institution to receive an allocation below £20M was the LSE (£18.6M), which ranked 22nd behind the Universities of Leicester and Lancaster (both on £19M).[17]

In 2010/11, 19 of the 20 UK universities with the highest income from research grants and contracts were members of the Russell Group.[18] In terms of total research funding allocations from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in 2007/8, the top 15 universities were all Russell Group institutions.[19] LSE was 21st, due to its focus on less costly social sciences research. Queen's University Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow and Edinburgh, were not included in this table, as they are not English institutions. The Russell Group institutions received 82% of the total HEFCE research funding allocation.[19]

The research funding figures depend on factors other than the quality of research, in particular there are variations due to institutional size and subject spread (e.g. science, technology and medicine tend to attract more money).

In 2008, 18 of the then 20 members were positioned in the top 20 of Research Fortnight's Research Assessment Exercise 'Power' Table. The other two places were occupied by Durham University and Queen Mary University of London, which were not then Russell Group members but have since joined. The two Russell Group institutions outside the top 20 were QUB (21st) and the LSE (27th), while the other two universities to have since joined were York (22nd) and Exeter (25th).[20] In the equivalent table for the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 24 Russell Group members occupied the top 24 positions, with the University of Lancaster in 25th being the highest-ranked non-Russell Group university.[21]

Rankings

For 2015–16, all 8 UK universities in the ARWU top 100,[22] 17 of the 18 in the QS top 100,[23] and 15 of the 16 in the THE top 100[24] are members of the Russell Group (the other place in both the QS and THE rankings being occupied by the University of St Andrews). On the 2016 national tables, the Russell Group provides 7 of the top 10 in the Complete University Guide, 6 in the Guardian University Guide and 8 in the Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide.

University ARWU (Global)a[22] QS (Global)a[23] THE (Global)a[24] Complete (National)b[25] Guardian (National)b[26] The Times (National)b[27]
University of Birmingham 101–150 84= 141= 15= 19 15
University of Bristol 74 44 76 15= 20 16=
University of Cambridge 3 4 2 1 1 1
Cardiff University 101–150 137 162= 33 58= 35
Durham University 201–300 78 97 6 5 5
University of Edinburgh 32 23= 27= 23 28 24
University of Exeter 151–200 158= 130= 12 14 14
University of Glasgow 151-200 65 80= 24 24 20
Imperial College London 24 8 8 4 7 4
King's College London 56 23= 36 26 58= 28=
University of Leeds 101–150 101 139 13 10 10
University of Liverpool 101–150 173= 177= 36= 57 42
London School of Economics 151–200 35 25= 3 15 11
University of Manchester 34 34 54= 18 34 25
Newcastle University 201–300 161= 175= 22 27 26
University of Nottingham 101–150 84= 147= 17 17 18
University of Oxford 7 6 1 2 2 2
Queen Mary University of London 151–200 127 121 38 83 43
Queen's University Belfast 301–400 202 201–250 36= 52 38
University of Sheffield 101–150 82 104 30 39 21
University of Southampton 101–150 102 126= 20 23 30
University College London 17 7 16 10 11 7=
University of Warwick 101–150 57 91 9 8 9
University of York 301–400 135= 137= 21 12 16=

Notes:
a Global ranking; latest available year (2018/2019)
b National ranking; latest available year (2018/2019)

Selectivity

All but two of the universities in the Russell Group are part of the Sutton Trust's group of 30 highly selective universities, the Sutton Trust 30 (the absent members being Queen Mary University of London and Queen's University Belfast).[28] The Sutton 13 group of the 13 most highly selective universities only includes one non-Russell Group member, the University of St Andrews.[29] St Andrews was also the only non-Russell Group University in the top 10 by average UCAS tariff score of new undergraduate students in 2015–16, placing fifth with an average score of 525 (and an offer rate of 52.2%).[30] Half of the Russell Group made offers to more than three quarter of their undergraduate applicants in 2015.[31]

University Average Entry Tariffa[32] Offer Rate (%)b[31]
University of Birmingham 164 81.2
University of Bristol 184 71.3
University of Cambridge 226 31.2
Cardiff University 154 79.0
Durham University 197 74.2
University of Edinburgh 180 50.4
University of Exeter 176 89.7
University of Glasgow 200 71.3
Imperial College London 219 43.6
King's College London 172 69.7
University of Leeds 166 73.5
University of Liverpool 147 87.6
London School of Economics 200 38.4
University of Manchester 169 70.1
Newcastle University 161 87.9
University of Nottingham 165 82.2
University of Oxford 217 23.0
Queen Mary University of London 148 81.6
Queen's University Belfast 152 86.0
University of Sheffield 156 84.0
University of Southampton 160 78.5
University College London 191 62.9
University of Warwick 181 82.1
University of York 159 83.8

Notes:
a The average UCAS tariff achieved by new students entering the university in 2017. This is based on qualifications achieved, for example A-levels: A* = 56, A = 48, B = 40 UCAS points; AS level: A = 20, B = 16, C = 12. [33]
b The average offer rate for 18-year old June deadline applicants in 2017.

Finances

The Russell Group accounted for 49.1% of the income of the higher education sector in the UK in 2013–14, having risen from 44.7% of the total in 2001–02. Over the same period the total income of Russell Group universities rose by 69.9% in real terms, compared to a sector average of 54.4%.[34] Russell Group universities are also seen as "particularly creditworthy" due to their membership of the group, allowing them to borrow money at low interest rates.[35]

The total annual income for Russell Group members for 2016–17 was £16.67 billion of which £4.38 billion was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £15.90 billion. The table below is a record of each Russell Group member's financial data for the 2016–17 financial year.

University Government Funding Body Grants (£m) Teaching Income (£m) Teaching Income as % of Total Income Research Income (£m) Research Income as % of Total Income Total Income (£m) Operating Surplus (£m) Surplus as % of Total Income Endowment Value (£m) Total Net Assets (£m)
University of Birmingham[36] 88.9 243.6 39.4% 155.4 25.1% 617.9 53.3 8.63% 112.6 1,227.6
University of Bristol[37] 78.7 305.1 48.0% 124.0 19.5% 635.6 38.3 6.03% 70.2 890.8
University of Cambridge‡[38] 178 264 15.4% 458 26.7% 1,714 72 4.20% 1,728 4,298
Cardiff University[39] 58.4 254 50.4% 101.2 20.1% 503.8 —8.8 —1.75% 33.1 722.9
Durham University[40] 39.4 181.7 50.3% 53.4 14.8% 361.0 33.3 9.22% 72.0 401.5
University of Edinburgh[41] 191.8 278.5 30.7% 265.3 29.3% 905.8 58.3 6.44% 392.1 2,009.7
University of Exeter[42] 40.0 219.2 55.0% 70.2 17.6% 398.9 9.6 2.41% 37.2 496.8
University of Glasgow[43] 160.4 174.7 28.8% 179.8 29.6% 607.5 41.6 6.85% 188.4 791.2
Imperial College London[44] 143.1 265.1 27.0% 348.2 35.4% 983.2 89.3 9.08% 141.7 1,462.8
King's College London[45] 123.0 300.0 38.6% 192.6 24.7% 778.2 14.0 1.80% 213.5 926.2
University of Leeds[46] 82.4 323.0 48.4% 131.1 19.6% 667.2 11.2 1.68% 72.7 748.8
University of Liverpool[47] 77.2 255.2 48.9% 94.5 18.1% 521.8 45.1 8.64% 166.5 651.4
London School of Economics[48] 26.3 199.3 57.4% 31.5 9.1% 347.4 35.5 10.22% 132.7 510.0
University of Manchester[49] 133.9 432.3 43.4% 262.1 26.3% 996.6 30.8 3.09% 222.2 1,576.8
Newcastle University[50] 69.1 216.8 46.1% 107.6 22.9% 470.7 13.6 2.89% 75.2 429.1
University of Nottingham[51] 90.1 309.3 48.5% 123.7 19.4% 637.6 25.6 4.02% 55.1 405.5
University of Oxford‡[52] 194.6 295.3 21.9% 559.0 41.5% 1,345.4 15.4 1.14% 828.7 3,165.2
Queen Mary University of London[53] 68.2 207.7 48.4% 107.6 22.9% 428.8 13.6 2.89% 34.3 472.0
Queen's University Belfast[54] 99.6 98.1 29.1% 79.6 23.6% 337.6 12.5 3.70% 65.4 409.3
University of Sheffield[55] 83.8 281.7 45.8% 155.9 25.4% 614.7 —10.7 —1.74% 42.2 837.5
University of Southampton[56] 76.0 246.3 42.2% 136.3 23.3% 584.0 46.2 7.91% 12.9 499.3
University College London[57] 194.6 460.6 35.3% 458.4 35.1% 1,304.7 73.0 5.60% 111.4 1,187.4
University of Warwick[58] 58.4 287.5 49.9% 120.3 20.9% 576.2 38.6 6.70% 4.8 174.3
University of York[59] 40.9 166.1 50.1% 66.0 19.9% 331.4 13.1 3.95% 7.7 339.8

Notes:
‡ exclusive of colleges

Aldwych Group

In response to the Russell Group's support for tuition fees (and other issues), in 1994 the students' unions of the member universities formed the Aldwych Group[60] as a parallel organisation to represent what they perceive to be the common interests of their students. It was established by Martin Lewis (who was general secretary of LSE Students' Union in 1994/5) as a watchdog in response to the creation of the Russell Group.[61][62][63] It now appears to be moribund, with the website not having been updated to reflect the 2012 changes in membership of the Russell Group and containing no news items or press releases.[64][65]

The Aldwych Group was so called because it was established at a meeting at the London School of Economics and Political Science, which is located on Aldwych.

Aside from the unions of the Russell Group universities (above), the Aldwych Group was also observed by two other bodies:

Criticisms

'Elite' status questioned

In a statement to the Higher Education Policy Institute, David Watson of the University of Oxford suggested that the Russell Group’s claim to represent 24 'leading universities' was "a real stretch". In the context of the Russell Group's reputation in the sector, he continued: "particularly dangerous, I think, is the bottom half of the Russell Group…The problem with the Russell Group is that it represents neither the sector as a whole [nor], in many cases, the best of the sector.” Performance in research intensity showed that there were dozens of other UK universities “above the bottom Russellers”.[66]

A Durham University academic, Vikki Boliver, published a report in 2015 claiming that the prestigious position of the Russell Group was not based on evidence, but rather successful marketing. Only the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were significantly more elite than the majority of "old" universities when a grouping analysis was performed using data on academic selectivity, research activity, teaching quality, socio-economic exclusivity and economic resources. The other 22 members of the Russell Group sit in a second tier of universities along with 18 other "old" universities (University of Aberdeen, University of Bath*, University of Keele, University of Dundee, University of East Anglia*, Goldsmiths*, Heriot-Watt University, University of Kent, Lancaster University*, University of Leicester*, Loughborough University*, University of Reading*, Royal Holloway*, University of St Andrews*, SOAS*, University of Strathclyde, University of Surrey* and University of Sussex*), mostly comprising former members of the defunct 1994 Group (shown by asterisks). Another 13 "old" universities and 52 "new" universities made up a third tier, with a fourth tier of 19 "new" universities. Within each tier, the differences between the institutions were less significant than the differences between the tiers.[67] This reflected an earlier result from 2010 that, when the "Golden Triangle" universities (defined in the study as Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, LSE, and UCL) were omitted, the remaining (then) members of the Russell Group were outperformed by the (then) members of the 1994 Group.[68]

Ant Bagshaw from the Wonkhe think-tank has criticised the use of Russell Group membership as a proxy for selectivity in official Department for Education reports and statistics, as better measures of selectivity are available from UCAS data. He states that the idea that "Russell Group membership is synonymous with 'best'" is "persistent, but unverified". He also notes that this may lead to less scrutiny of the performance of non-Russell Group selective universities with respect to widening participation and improving access.[69]

Protectionism

The Institute of Economic Affairs has argued that the Russell Group acts out of protectionist interests. It is claimed that this will "restrict competition, discourage innovation and encourage inefficiency, thereby depriving students of lower prices and/or greater choice".[70]

Tuition fees

The Russell Group has been prominent in recent years in the debate over the introduction of tuition fees, a measure which it has strongly supported – much to the dismay of the universities' students' unions. Indeed, members of the Group argued that even the fees proposed by the controversial Higher Education Bill would not be sufficient to cover the rising cost of undergraduate teaching, and successfully argued for the right to charge variable fees at much higher rates, so-called top-up fees.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "The Russell Group Homepage". Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  2. ↑ Paul Blackmore (29 March 2016). "Universities vie for the metric that cannot be measured: prestige". The Guardian. “The Russell Group has successfully stage-managed the position that it is seen as comprising the best universities. Some are and some aren’t, but by and large this is nonsense.
    “However, parents increasingly say they want their child to go to one.”
    Pre-92 head
  3. ↑ Russell Group Profile. Russell Group. 10 October 2015. p. 5.
  4. ↑ "Research Excellence Framework". Russell Group. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  5. ↑ Eleanor Busby (6 June 2018). "Elite universities improve teaching scores after requesting to be judged again in government rankings". The Independent.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Four universities join elite Russell Group". BBC News. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  7. ↑ "Do you want to be in my gang?". Times Higher Education. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  8. ↑ "Russell Group keeps funding options open". Times Higher Education. 23 March 2001. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  9. ↑ "Russell Group seeks leader to oversee its expanded role". Times Higher Education. 9 December 2005. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  10. 1 2 "Queen's gets key to Russell club door". Times Higher Education. 9 November 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  11. ↑ "Russell Group to advise on A-level content in post-16 shake-up". Times Higher Education. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  12. ↑ "Russell Group extends membership to four more universities". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  13. ↑ "Russell Group: Our Universities". Russellgroup.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  14. ↑ "2013/14 Students by HE provider, level, mode and domicile". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Archived from the original (XLSX) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  15. ↑ "2013/14 Staff by HE provider" (XLSX). Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  16. ↑ "TEF Outcomes". Office for Students. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  17. ↑ Paul Jump (26 March 2015). "Winners and losers in Hefce funding allocations". Times Higher Education.
  18. ↑ "University financial health check 2014-5" (PDF). Times Higher Education. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  19. 1 2 "Hefce funding allocations 2007–08: All institutions". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  20. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  21. ↑ "University Research Excellence Framework 2014 – the full rankings". The Guardian. 17 December 2014.
  22. 1 2 "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2018 – United Kingdom". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  23. 1 2 "QS World University Rankings 2018". Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  24. 1 2 "THE World University Rankings 2018". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  25. ↑ "Top UK University League Tables and Rankings 2019". Complete University Guide. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  26. ↑ "University league table 2019 – the complete list". The Guardian. London. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  27. ↑ "The Times Good University Guide 2018". The Good University Guide. London. Retrieved 24 September 2017. (subscription required)
  28. ↑ "Degrees of Success: University Chances by Individual School" (PDF). The Sutton Trust.
  29. ↑ Earnings by Degrees (PDF) (Report). Sutton Trust. 18 December 2014. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  30. ↑ "University League Table 2018". Complete University Guide. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  31. 1 2 "2017 entry UCAS Undergraduate reports by sex, area background, and ethnic group". UCAS. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  32. ↑ "Complete University Guide 2019 – Entry Standards". Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  33. ↑ "New Tariff tables". UCAS. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  34. ↑ Chris Havergal (9 December 2015). "Russell Group 'pulls further away' in funding race". Times Higher Education.
  35. ↑ John Morgan (11 February 2016). "Russell Group membership a 'badge of quality' for bond investors". Times Higher Education.
  36. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Birmingham. p. 42. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  37. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Bristol. p. 42. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  38. ↑ "Reports and Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  39. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). Cardiff University. p. 14. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  40. ↑ "Financial Statements 2016–2017" (PDF). Durham University. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  41. ↑ "The University of Edinburgh Reports & Financial Statements for the year to July 2017" (PDF). University of Edinburgh. 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  42. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Exeter. p. 29. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  43. ↑ "Reports and Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Glasgow. 31 July 2017. p. 5. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  44. ↑ "Annual Report and Accounts 2016–17" (PDF). Imperial College London.
  45. ↑ "Financial Statements for the year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). King's College London. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  46. ↑ "Annual report and accounts 2016–17". University of Leeds. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  47. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Liverpool. p. 20. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  48. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). London School of Economics. p. 30. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  49. ↑ "Financial statements for the year ended 31 July 2017". University of Manchester. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  50. ↑ "Integrated Annual Report 2016–17" (PDF). Newcastle University. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  51. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Nottingham. p. 34. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  52. ↑ "Financial Statements 2016/17" (PDF). University of Oxford. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  53. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). Queen Mary, University of London. p. 28. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  54. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). Queen's University Belfast. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  55. ↑ "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Sheffield. p. 54. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  56. ↑ "Southampton Financial Statement 2017" (PDF). University of Southampton. p. 27.
  57. ↑ "Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2017" (PDF). UCL. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  58. ↑ "Statement of accounts for the year ended 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Warwick. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  59. ↑ "Annual Report and Financial Statements" (PDF). University of York. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  60. ↑ "Aldwych Group homepage". Aldwychgroup.org. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  61. ↑ Student group threatens to boycott national survey, Guardian, 20 January 2006
  62. ↑ Universities slam Willetts' 'cut-price' degrees scheme, Independent, 13 May 2011
  63. ↑ "What about tax incentives for parents paying university fees?". The Guardian. London. 8 May 2001.
  64. ↑ "The Aldwych Group". Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  65. ↑ Aemun Reza (20 June 2014). "What's happened to the Aldwych Group?". Felix.
  66. ↑ Morgan, John (3 April 2014). "Sir David Watson: Russell Group is not all it's cracked up to be". Times Higher Education. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  67. ↑ Chris Havergal (19 November 2015). "Most Russell Group universities 'little different to other pre-92s'". Times Higher Education.
  68. ↑ Zoë Corbyn (25 March 2010). "Data disprove case for distributing research funds on historical basis". Times Higher Education. The analysis, due to be published on 25 March, uses citation data to show that when the five "golden-triangle" institutions – the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Imperial College London, University College London and the London School of Economics – are removed from the Russell Group of large research-intensive universities, the 1994 Group of smaller research-led universities outperforms it.
  69. ↑ Ant Bagshaw (14 July 2017). "It's time to stop conflating the Russell Group with the 'best'". Wonkhe. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  70. ↑ Institute of Economic Affairs: James Stanfield
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