University of London (Worldwide)

University of London
Former names
 University of London External Programmes (1858 to 2007)
University of London External System (2007 to 2010)
University of London International Programmes (2010 to 2018)
Type Public
Established 1858 (1858)
Parent institution
 University of London, University of London Worldwide (formerly International Academy)[1][2]
Chancellor The Princess Royal (as Chancellor of the University of London)
Vice-Chancellor Sir Adrian Smith
Students More than 54,000 in over 180 countries[3]
Location London, England
Pro Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive Dr Mary Stiasny, OBE[4]
Colours
Website london.ac.uk

The University of London[1][2] is a central academic body that manages external study programmes[5] within the University of London collegiate university system. It formerly had the subtitles External Programmes, External System or International Programmes, and the current internal name for the department is the University of London Worldwide.[6] It is the world's oldest[7] distance and flexible learning body, established in year 1858,[7] chartered by Queen Victoria.

Several colleges and institutes of the University of London offer degrees through the programme, including Birkbeck, Goldsmiths, Heythrop College, UCL Institute of Education, King's College London, London School of Economics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway, Royal Veterinary College, School of Oriental and African Studies and University College London.

The System offers courses of study for undergraduate and postgraduate diplomas and degrees to more than 50,000 students around the world.[8] A designated constituent institution of the University of London, called the 'lead college', creates materials to allow students to study at their own pace. Examinations take place at testing centres around the world on specified dates. Hallmarks of the programme are its low cost in comparison to attendance in London, and the possibility of pursuing either full-time or part-time study. As stated in the University of London Statutes,[9] International Programmes students are graded on the same standard as internal students to ensure a uniform credentialing process.[10] A student who completes a course of study under the programme is awarded a University of London degree with a notation specifying which lead college provided the instruction.

As of 2017, there are over 100,000 University of London distance learning alumni across the world, which include 7 Nobel laureates, 6 presidents or prime ministers, current and former leaders of Commonwealth of Nations, government ministers and Members of Parliament, academicians and notable Judges. Currently, the global community of registered students in International Programmes number over 50,000 students in more than 180 countries worldwide.[3]

History

The institution that later became known as University College London was established in 1828, calling itself "London University", although without official recognition of university status. The institution – following the Scottish model in curriculum and teaching – was non-denominational and, given the intense religious rivalries at the time, there was an outcry against the "godless" university. The issue soon boiled down to which institutions had degree-granting powers and which institutions did not.[12] The compromise solution that emerged in 1836 was that the sole authority to conduct the examinations leading to degrees would be given to a new officially recognised entity called the "University of London", which would act as examining body for the University of London colleges, originally University College London and King's College London, and award their students University of London degrees. As Sheldon Rothblatt states, "thus arose in nearly archetypal form the famous English distinction between teaching and examining, here embodied in separate institutions."[12] With the state giving examining powers to a separate entity, the groundwork was laid for the creation of a programme within the new university that would both administer examinations and award qualifications to students taking instruction at another institution or pursuing a course of self-directed study.

People's University and larger role

University of London External System official logo from year 2007 to 2010.

The University of London was the first university to offer distance learning degrees, establishing its External Programme in 1858. The External Programme was chartered by Queen Victoria in 1858, making the University of London the first university to offer distance learning degrees to students.[14][15] Enrollment increased steadily during the late 19th century, and its example was widely copied elsewhere.[16]

In 1858, British weekly literary magazine named All the Year Round,[17] founded and owned by Charles Dickens,[17] coined the term “The People’s University”, as it provided access to higher education to students from less affluent backgrounds.[17]

The External Programme was chartered by Queen Victoria in 1858, making the University of London the first university to offer distance learning degrees to students.[18][19] Several current degree-awarding universities started as colleges presenting candidates for University of London degrees, such as Owens College which later became part of the University of Manchester.[20] In the mid 1860s, came the first opportunities for students to sit the University’s examinations outside the UK, with centers established in Mauritius in 1864 and Gibraltar in 1866.

The External System has been instrumental in the formation of British higher education.[21] All English and Welsh universities founded between 1849 and 1949, and many other colleges that subsequently became universities, served what was a form of 'apprenticeship' through offering London degrees by external study for comparatively short periods, before they received then Royal Charters that authorized them to award their own degrees.[21] The External System also played a significant role in establishing many Commonwealth universities under a unique scheme of ‘special relations’.[21]

In 1985-6, there were 24,500 students[22] registered for external degrees in six main subject areas.[22] Law was by far the biggest subject, with 75 percent of all enrollments.[22] In 1985, 358 LLBs were awarded to internal students; in the same year 298 graduated with external LLBs.[22]

Enrolment increased steadily in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and during the Second World War there was a further increase in enrolments from soldiers stationed abroad as well as soldiers imprisoned in German POW camps.[23] Because the Geneva Convention (1929) stipulated that every prisoner of war, in addition to being entitled to adequate food and medical care, had the right to exchange correspondence and receive parcels, many British POWs took advantage of this opportunity and enrolled in the University of London External Programme. The soldiers were sent study materials by mail, and at specified intervals sat for proctored exams in the camps. Almost 11,000 exams were taken at 88 camps between 1940 and 1945.[23] Though the failure rate was high, substantial numbers of soldiers earned degrees while imprisoned.

University of London International Programmes official logo from year 2010 to 2018.

The University of London International Programmes commemorated its 150th anniversary in 2008.[24] A specially commissioned anniversary book was produced to mark the occasion.[25]

Research programmes and degrees

With the advent of inexpensive airmail services after the war, the number of external students taking University of London courses increased dramatically.[23] According to relevant Regulations, until 2000 University of London external students could pursue research leading to the award of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) albeit the completion rate had been rather low.

Current system

The University of London chancellor, The Princess Royal, presiding over the External Programme Presentation Ceremony, 2006

The system offers courses of study for undergraduate and postgraduate diplomas and degrees to more than 50,000 students around the world.[8] A designated constituent institution of the University of London, called the "lead college", creates materials to allow students to study at their own pace. Examinations take place at testing centres around the world on specified dates. Hallmarks of the programme are its low cost in comparison to attendance in London, and the possibility of pursuing either full-time or part-time study. As stated in the University of London Statutes,[9] International Programmes students are graded on the same standard as internal students to ensure a uniform credentialing process.[10] A student who completes a course of study under the program is awarded a University of London degree with a notation specifying which lead college provided the instruction.

Students enrolled in the University of London International Programmes are members of the University of London. International Programmes Students however, have very limited student representation within the University. There are also differences over the status International Programmes Students have with respect to their lead college. Some institutions co-register their International Programmes Students as college members (e.g. SOAS, LSHTM), in addition to their status as University of London member. However, other colleges deny International Programmes Students membership status and privileges when they are present in London (e.g. LSE). Academics at the University of London are responsible for the academic direction of the International Programmes. When the International Programmes was audited in 2005 by the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA), the auditors concluded that 'broad confidence' could be placed in the University's management and the awards made through the External System ('broad confidence' is "the best verdict any institution can be given by the auditors").[26] The 'confidence' was once again reiterated in the QAA's 2011 Institutional Audit, attesting to the quality of the program provision.[27]

Most International Programmes Students are in former territories of the British Empire. There are more than 9,000 students enrolled in the programme in Singapore notably the SIM Global Education,[28] 5,000 in Hong Kong,[29] 3,000 in Trinidad and Tobago,[30] 2,000 in Malaysia,[31] 1,900 in Pakistan,[32] 1,200 in Bangladesh,[33] 800 in Sri Lanka,[34] 1,000 in Canada,[35] between 1,000 and 1,999 in the United States,[36] 300 in Malta,[37] more than 200 in Australia, more than 200 in South Africa, more than 30 in New Zealand and many hundreds in India,[38] among other countries. Furthermore, there are around 1,000 students in Russia participating in this programme.

Programmes and degrees

University of London currently offers 31 undergraduate degrees and 38 postgraduate degrees and also several diplomas. All degrees are created, monitored and examined by the colleges of the University of London.

Name changes

In November 2007, the University of London External Programme became known as the University of London External System.[39] In August 2010, the name was once again changed to University of London International Programmes in response to feedback that the programme needed a clear, simpler and more inclusive name that described what the University of London offered to almost 50,000 students in 180 countries.[40]

As from February 2018, University of London International Programmes changed its name to just University of London.[1] The logo has been also changed to University of London, instead having its own logo.[1]

Participating colleges and institutes of the University of London

Senate House Entrance, University of London

One of the lead colleges, Imperial College London, left the University in July 2007. The School of Oriental and African Studies has become the lead college for the external degrees previously led by Imperial, while Imperial offers its own Global MBA, the University of London now offers Global MBA led by Queen Mary University of London,[41][42] which is accredited by Chartered Management Institute and Chartered Institute of Management Accountants.

Independent teaching institutions

In Europe, North America, the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia many students participating in University of London International Programmes seek out tuition at one of the more than 150 private or non-profit institutions[43] that prepare students for University of London examinations.[44] Such institutions may be audited and, if found to meet quality standards, may become "recognised" by the University for the support offered.

Starting August 2010, the External System programmes were renamed University of London International Programmes. The central academic body of the university, collaborating with the colleges of the University of London, is renamed University of London International Academy, term mainly used internally.[45]

In parallel to this change, the teaching institutions are now categorized into Registered and Affiliate centers (collectively known as recognised centres). Students can either decide to study entirely by themselves, or to enjoy the administrative and academic support of the institutions that are recognised by the University of London for the International Programmes. Registered Centres have demonstrated commitment to developing high standards in respect of teaching, support to students and administrative processes. Affiliate Centres have demonstrated a sustained commitment to developing excellence in respect of quality of teaching, support to students and administrative processes. Affiliate Centre status is the highest level of recognition awarded by the University of London. Recognition applies to specific programmes on named campuses.[46] New College of the Humanities, a private college founded in London in 2011, though not affiliated with the University of London, also plans to register its students for degrees through the programme.[47]

Influence

International Programmes Administrative Building, Stewart House, University of London

The University of London external system has played an important role in the development of higher education institutions in Britain. Many leading research universities in England started out as "university colleges" that prepared students for external degrees of the University of London. Some technical colleges in England and Scotland also awarded University of London degrees and certificates prior to becoming polytechnics and then universities. Examples include the University of Nottingham, the University of Leicester and the University of Exeter in England, Cardiff University and Bangor University prior to joining the University of Wales and becoming independent and Robert Gordon University in Scotland.

This was a common way of establishing new universities in Britain and around the British Empire during the first half of the twentieth century. Many universities in the Commonwealth began as extension institutions or a provider of the programme. Notable examples include Ceylon University College in Ceylon, University College Ibadan (now the University of Ibadan) in Nigeria, the former University of East Africa's three constituent institutions and the University of the West Indies in the Caribbean.

Online MOOCs

In 2012, University of London International Programmes became the first British higher education institution to join Coursera online platform, to offer MOOCs and specializations.[48] By 2016, total enrollment crossed 1 million individuals.[49]. In 2018 the University of London, Goldsmiths, University of London, and Coursera announced they were collaborating to offer the first undergraduate degree on the Coursera platform. BSc Computer Science will start teaching in April 2019.

Notable alumni

The degree graduates from the International Programmes are member of the University of London International Programmes Alumni Association and formal alumni of the University of London.

Louise Creighton
Hertha Ayrton
Sophie Bryant
First few women to graduate as external degree candidate students after being permitted to sit ‘special examinations’ at the University of London.

Nobel laureates

At least seven Nobel Prizes have been awarded to alumni of the University of London distance learning students in external mode:

Presidents, Prime Ministers, politicians

Military, Civil servants and diplomats

Judges and lawyers

Business

Scientists and academics

Actors and Actress

Religion

Others

Notable Faculty

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Thank you for embracing our new name". University of London. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  2. 1 2 "University of London Worldwide Rebrand 2018" (PDF). University of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Our History". Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  4. ↑ "University of London International Programmes - Senior Leadership Team". University of London. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  5. ↑ "The Structure of the University of London". University of London. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  6. ↑ "Worldwide Rebrand 2018" (PDF). University of London. 5 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Distance learning: the students who combine education and employment". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  8. 1 2 "About Us", University of London International Programmes Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/about_us/index.shtml
  9. 1 2 University of London Statutes, 14 December 2005 http://www.london.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/about/governance/statutes.pdf Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. 1 2 University of London Parity Standards, Document http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/about_us/related_docs/parity_standards.pdf
  11. ↑ "Imperial echoes". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  12. 1 2 Rothblatt, Sheldon (1 January 1988). Müller, Detlef K.; Ringer, Fritz; Simon, Brian; Bryant, Margaret; Roach, John; Harte, Negley; Smith, Barbara; Symonds, Richard, eds. "Supply and Demand: The "Two Histories" of English Education". History of Education Quarterly. 28 (4): 627–644. doi:10.2307/368852. JSTOR 368852.
  13. ↑ "Imperial echoes". University of London International Programmes. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  14. ↑ ""History", University of London External Programme Website". Londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  15. ↑ ""Key Facts", University of London External Programme Website". Londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  16. ↑ Tatum Anderson (16 May 2007). "History lessons at the people's university". Guardianabroad.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 "History of University of London". Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  18. 1 2 3 4 ""History", University of London External Programme Website". Londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  19. ↑ ""Key Facts", University of London External Programme Website". Londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  20. ↑ Harte, Negley (1986) The University of London 1836–1986, p.106
  21. 1 2 3 Universities for a New World: Making a Global Network in International Higher Education, 1913-2013. SAGE Publications India, 2013. ISBN 9788132117780.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Thompson, F. M. L. University of London and the World of Learning, 1836-1986. Bloomsbury Publishing, 1990. ISBN 9780826438270.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Tatum Anderson (16 May 2007). "History lessons at the people's university". Guardianabroad.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  24. ↑ "150th Anniversary – microsite". Londonexternal.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  25. ↑ "150th Anniversary – microsite". Londonexternal.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  26. ↑ University of London Press Release, "Vote of confidence in delivering world-wide education for the University of London", 10 April 2006 http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/news_events/archive/docs/ext_prog_press_06.pdf Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ University of London International Programs, Institutional Audit", May 2011 http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/ReviewsAndReports/Documents/University%20of%20London%20International%20Programmes/University-of-London-International-Programmes-annex-IA-11.pdf Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ↑ "Study in Singapore for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sg/
  29. ↑ "Study in Hong Kong for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/hk/
  30. ↑ "Study in Trinidad and Tobago for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/trinidad/
  31. ↑ "Study in Malaysia for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/mly/
  32. ↑ "Study in Pakistan for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/pak/ Archived 18 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ "Study in Bangladesh for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/bn/
  34. ↑ "Study in Sri Lanka for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sri/
  35. ↑ "Study in Canada for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/canada/
  36. ↑ "Study in the United States for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/usa/
  37. ↑ "Study in Malta for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/mt/ Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  38. ↑ "Study in India for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/ind/ Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  39. ↑ "University of London External System – News & Events » News archive". londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  40. ↑ "University of London International Programmes – External System renamed – FAQs". londonexternal.ac.uk. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  41. ↑ "University of London and QMUL launch new Global MBA". Queen Mary University of London. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  42. ↑ "University Of London – Global MBA". University of London. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  43. ↑ Our global reputation | University of London International Programmes. Londoninternational.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  44. ↑ "University of London International Programmes Directory of Institutions, Website". Londoninternational.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  45. ↑ Archived 23 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  46. ↑ Information for students | University of London International Programmes Archived 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Londoninternational.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  47. ↑ Rai, Binda. "New College of the Humanities" Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine., University of London press release, 6 June 2011.
  48. ↑ "University of London - First English university to launch on Coursera". University of London. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  49. ↑ "Hitting the million mark with MOOC enrolments". University of London. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  50. ↑ "Ronald Coase. "Nobel Prize Autobiography", 1991". Nobelprize.org. 29 December 1910. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  51. ↑ Needham, Joseph (1 January 1962). "Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., F.R.S. (1861–1947)". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 17 (2): 117–162. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1962.0014. JSTOR 531218.
  52. ↑ "London Connection, Issue 8, November 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  53. ↑ Anders Hallengren (11 September 2001). "Nelson Mandela and the Rainbow of Culture". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A unique network – former students and alumni, University of London External System http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/150/history/students_alumni.shtml Archived 16 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ↑ "Dr Rolph Payet - graduated 2006". University of London International Programmes. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  56. ↑ "Seychelles Nobel prize winner receives honorary doctorate". Seychelles News Agency. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  57. ↑ "Nobel Laureate awarded honorary degree by HRH The Princess Royal" (PDF). University of London International Programmes. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  58. ↑ Biography of Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, Website http://www.info.gov.za/gol/gcis_profile.jsp?id=509 Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  59. ↑ Christine Kenyon Jones, The People's University: 150 years of the University of London and its External students (University of London External System, 2008) pages 148-149 ISBN 0-9557689-1-8
  60. ↑ "Lord Frederick William Mulley - graduated 1946". University of London. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  61. 1 2 3 "Notable Alumni – University of London International Programmes". Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  62. ↑ "2015 Famous alumni". British Council.
  63. ↑ "2017 Alumni Awards 2017 – get ready to apply or nominate!". British Council.
  64. ↑ Sarah Richardson (24 October 2006). "A Masters plan for ambitious women". Evening Standard. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  65. ↑ London Connection Alumni Newsletter, Autumn 2005 http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/alumni/newsletter/autumn_05.pdf Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  66. ↑ "My degrees 'owned entirely' by LSE, SOAS: Varun Gandhi". The Indian Express. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  67. ↑ Ajadi, Timothy Olugbenga (2010). "Prospects and Challenges of Open University in Nigeria" (PDF). European Journal of Social Sciences. European Journals Inc. 12 (3): 362. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  68. ↑ London Connection Alumni Newsletter, Spring 2007 http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/alumni/newsletter/spring_07.pdf Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  69. ↑ Stanley E. Abeynayake (5 May 2003). "Remembering Dr. G. P. Malalasekera – an outstanding Lankan". Daily News. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  70. ↑ Bourne, Judith (2016). Helena Normanton and the Opening of the Bar to Women. Waterside Press, 2016. ISBN 9781909976320.
  71. ↑ "Judge Christopher Weeramantry - graduated 1949". University of London. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  72. ↑ "Nigeria - University of London International Programmes". University of London. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  73. ↑ Zertal, Idith (11 July 2005). Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44662-4.
  74. ↑ Website Commemorating the Life of Edward Williams http://www.courts.qld.gov.au/library/exhibition/williams/uni_london.htm Archived 29 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ↑ Maryland & the Federal Government|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/39fed/02usd/former/html/msa12038.html%7C
  76. ↑ "Sir Joseph Hotung - Honorary Fellows and Honorary Graduates of SOAS, University of London". SOAS, University of London. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  77. ↑ "Sir Joseph HOTUNG, Doctor of Letters honoris causa - The University of Hong Kong". The University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  78. ↑ Tredell, N (2012). C.P. Snow: The Dynamics of Hope. Springer. ISBN 9781137271877. |accessdate=29 March 2018
  79. ↑ "The Papers of Asa Briggs". Janus. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  80. ↑ Lacey, Hester. "The Inventory: Anthony Grayling", The Financial Times, 10 June 2011.
  81. ↑ Case, Bettye Anne; Leggett, Anne M. (2005). Complexities: Women in Mathematics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691114620.
  82. ↑ "Du Val biography". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  83. ↑ University of St Andrews Administration webpage http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sd/piper1.html Archived 24 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  84. ↑ "B. L. Burtt: Plant taxonomist". The Independent obituary. 12 June 2008.
  85. ↑ "Famed Nigerian writer Achebe joins faculty at Brown University". The Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  86. ↑ Israel Kirzner's Curriculum Vitae http://www.econ.nyu.edu/dept/vitae/kirzner.htm
  87. ↑ Kelvin Lancaster Obituary, Columbia University, 1999 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/economics/faculty/memoriam/memoriam_klancaster.html
  88. ↑ Andrew Pierce (5 January 2009). "Alan Walters, Margaret Thatcher's economic adviser, dies". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  89. ↑ Wise, M. J. (1966). "Obituary: Professor Sir Dudley Stamp". The Geographical Journal. 132 (4): 591–594. doi:10.2307/1792623. JSTOR 1792625.
  90. 1 2 3 "The People's University 1858–2008 – Anniversary Book – 150th Anniversary – University of London External System". Londonexternal.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  91. ↑ "Obituary: Professor Glyn Davies". The Daily Telegraph. 24 January 2003. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  92. ↑ Ross Cranston (1997). Making Commercial Law: Essays in Honour of Roy Goode. p. xiv. ISBN 0-19-826081-4.
  93. ↑ "Papers and correspondence of Sir Harold Jeffreys". Janus. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  94. ↑ "Salford Diocesan Clergy". Churches On-Line. Archived from the original on 18 April 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  95. ↑ Biography of Josiah Stamp, Website http://economia.unipv.it/harrod/edition/editionstuff/rfh.528.htm
  96. ↑ Wole Ogundele, "Rereading Beier", African Quarterly on the Arts, vol. 2, no. 3, (date?) http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/glendora%20review/vol2no4/graa002004012.pdf
  97. ↑
  98. ↑ "Jim Crace – Literature".
  99. ↑ "The First New Graduates – 150th Anniversary – University of London External System". Londonexternal.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  100. ↑ "Nigel de Gruchy: The teachers' leader who spoke in sound bites", The Independent, 28 March 2002
  101. ↑ Biography of David Forbes Martyn, Website http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150379b.htm
  102. ↑ "Loubo testimonial for the University". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  103. ↑ Biography of H. G. Wells, Website http://www.slais.ubc.ca/courses/libr500/03-04-wt1/assignments/www/D_Berry/Wellsbio.htm Archived 10 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  104. ↑ Ruddick, Nicholas (2001). The Time Machine (Broadview Literary Texts). Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-305-0.
  105. ↑ DAWODU.COM, http://www.dawodu.com
  106. ↑ "How T. S. Eliot's time as a university lecturer shaped his writing". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

Further reading

  • Kenyon Jones, Christine (2008). The People's University: 150 years of the University of London and its External students. London: University of London External System. ISBN 978-0-9557689-1-0.
  • Thompson, F. M. L., ed. (1990). The University of London and the world of learning, 1836–1986. London: Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-1-85285-032-6.
  • Wiseman, Alexander W.; Wolhuter, C. C. (2013). Development of Higher Education in Africa: Prospects and Challenges. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9781781906996.
  • Mazrui, Ali AlʼAmin (1978). Political Values and the Educated Class in Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520032927.
  • McKibbin, Ross (1998). Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198206729.

See also

Coordinates: 51°31′16″N 0°07′39″W / 51.5211°N 0.1275°W / 51.5211; -0.1275

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.