Ralph Abercromby

Sir Ralph Abercromby
Sir Ralph Abercromby, by John Hoppner
Born	(1734-10-07)7 October 1734 Menstrie, Clackmannanshire, Scotland
Died	28 March 1801(1801-03-28) (aged 66) Alexandria, Egypt
Buried	Fort Saint Elmo, Valletta, Malta (35°54′10″N 14°31′12″E / 35.902722°N 14.519889°E / 35.902722; 14.519889Coordinates: 35°54′10″N 14°31′12″E / 35.902722°N 14.519889°E / 35.902722; 14.519889)
Allegiance	Great Britain
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1756–1801
Rank	Lieutenant-General
Battles/wars	Seven Years' War West German Campaign French Revolutionary Wars Flanders Campaign Invasion of Trinidad Invasion of Puerto Rico Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland Irish Rebellion of 1798 French campaign in Egypt and Syria Invasion of Egypt  (DOW)
Awards	KCB
Relations	Brother: Alexander Abercromby, Lord Abercromby and General Sir Robert Abercromby
Other work	Member of Parliament Governor of Trinidad Lord Lieutenant of Clackmannanshire

Sir Ralph Abercromby KB (sometimes spelt Abercrombie) (7 October 1734 – 28 March 1801) was a Scottish soldier and politician. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-general in the British Army, was noted for his services during the Napoleonic Wars, and served as Commander-in-Chief, Ireland.

He twice served as MP for Clackmannanshire, and he was appointed Governor of Trinidad.

Early life

He was the eldest son of George Abercromby of Tullibody, Clackmannanshire, and a brother of the advocate Alexander Abercromby, Lord Abercromby and General Sir Robert Abercromby. He was born at Menstrie Castle, Clackmannanshire.^[1] His mother was the daughter of Mr. Dundas of Manor in Stirlingshire.

Ralph Abercromby's education, begun by a private tutor, was continued at the school of Mr. Moir at Alloa, then considered one of the best in Scotland despite its Jacobite leanings. After passing some time there, Ralph was sent to Rugby, where he remained till he was eighteen, then becoming a student at the University of Edinburgh. In Edinburgh, he studied moral and natural philosophy and civil law and was regarded by his professors as sound rather than brilliant.^[2] He was sent to Leipzig University in 1754 to study civil law with a view to career as an advocate.^[3]

Abercromby was a Freemason. He was a member of Canongate Kilwinning Lodge No 2, Edinburgh, Scotland.^[4]

Career

On returning from the continent, Abercromby expressed a strong preference for the military profession, and a cornet's commission was accordingly obtained for him (March 1756) in the 3rd Dragoon Guards. He served with his regiment in the Seven Years' War, and thus, the opportunity afforded him of studying the methods of Frederick the Great, who moulded his military character and formed his tactical ideas.^[5]

He rose through the intermediate grades to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the regiment (1773) and brevet colonel in 1780, and in 1781, he became colonel of the newly raised King's Irish infantry. When that regiment was disbanded in 1783, he retired upon half pay.^[5] He also entered Parliament as MP for Clackmannanshire (1774–1780).^[6]

He was a strong supporter of the American cause in the American Revolutionary War, and remained in Ireland to avoid having to fight against the colonists.^[7]

When France declared war against Great Britain in 1793, he resumed his duties. He was appointed command of a brigade under the Duke of York for service in the Netherlands, where he commanded the advanced guard in the action at Le Cateau. During the 1794 withdrawal to Holland, he commanded the allied forces in the action at Boxtel and was wounded directing operations at Fort St Andries on the Waal. In 1795, he was appointed a Knight of the Bath for his services.^[5]

That same year, he was appointed to succeed Sir Charles Grey as commander-in-chief of the British forces in the West Indies. In 1796, Grenada was suddenly attacked and taken by a detachment of the army under his orders. Afterwards, Abercromby secured possession of the settlements of Demerara and Essequibo in South America, the islands of Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Trinidad.^[5] A major assault on the port of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in April 1797 ended in disaster after fierce fighting where both sides suffered heavy losses.

A medallion showing the capture of Trinidad and Tobago by the British in 1797.

Sir Ralph Abercromby, Commander of the British forces that captured Trinidad and Tobago.

Abercromby returned to Europe and, in reward for his services, was appointed colonel of the 2nd (Royal North British) Regiment of Dragoons. He was also made Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight, Governor of Fort George and Fort Augustus in the Scottish Highlands, and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-general. He again entered Parliament as member for Clackmannanshire from 1796 to 1798. From 1797 to 1798, he was Commander-in-Chief of the forces in Ireland.^[5]

To quote the biographic entry in the 1888 Encyclopædia Britannica,

"There he laboured to maintain the discipline of the army, to suppress the rising rebellion, and to protect the people from military oppression, with the care worthy of a great general and an enlightened and beneficent statesman. When he was appointed to the command in Ireland, an invasion of that country by the French was confidently anticipated by the British government. He used his utmost efforts to restore the discipline of an army that was utterly disorganized; and, as a first step, he anxiously endeavoured to protect the people by re-establishing the supremacy of the civil power, and not allowing the military to be called out, except when it was indispensably necessary for the enforcement of the law and the maintenance of order.^[5]

Finding that he received no adequate support from the head of the Irish government, and that all his efforts were opposed and thwarted by those who presided in the councils of Ireland, he resigned the command. His departure from Ireland was deeply lamented by the reflecting portion of the people, and was speedily followed by those disastrous results which he had anticipated, and which he so ardently desired and had so wisely endeavoured to prevent."^[5]

After holding for a short period the office of commander-in-chief in Scotland, Sir Ralph, when the enterprise against the Dutch Batavian Republic was resolved upon in 1799, was again called to command under the Duke of York. The Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799 ended in disaster, but friend and foe alike confessed that the most decisive victory could not have more conspicuously proved the talents of this distinguished officer.^[5]

In 1801, he was sent with an army to recover Egypt from France. His experience in the Netherlands and the West Indies particularly fitted him for this new command, as was proved when he carried his army in health, in spirits, and with the requisite supplies to the destined scene of action despite great difficulties. The debarkation of the troops at Abukir, in the face of strenuous opposition, is justly ranked among the most daring and brilliant exploits of the British army.^[5]

Death

Death of Gen Sir Ralph Abercrombie by Sir Robert Ker Porter. Abercromby is in the centre and labeled "20."

Abercromby is buried in St. John's Bastion within Fort Saint Elmo, Valletta, Malta. It is also known as Abercrombie's Bastion in his honour.

In 1800 he commanded the expedition to the Mediterranean, and after some brilliant operations defeated the French in the Battle of Alexandria, March 21, 1801. During the action he was struck by a musket-ball in the thigh; but not until the battle was won and he saw the enemy retreating did he show any sign of pain. He was borne from the field in a hammock, cheered by the blessings of the soldiers as he passed, and conveyed on board the flag-ship HMS Foudroyant which was moored in the harbour. The ball could not be extracted; mortification ensued, and seven days later, on March 28, 1801, he died.^[8]

His old friend and commander, the Duke of York, paid tribute to Abercromby's memory in general orders: "His steady observance of discipline, his ever-watchful attention to the health and wants of his troops, the persevering and unconquerable spirit which marked his military career, the splendour of his actions in the field and the heroism of his death, are worthy the imitation of all who desire, like him, a life of heroism and a death of glory."^[5] He was buried on St. John's Bastion within Fort Saint Elmo in Valletta, Malta. The British military renamed it Abercrombie's Bastion in his honour.^[9] The adjacent curtain wall linking this bastion to the fortifications of Valletta, originally called Santa Ubaldesca Curtain, was also renamed Abercrombie's Curtain.^[10]

By a vote of the House of Commons, a monument was erected in his honour in St Paul's Cathedral in Abercromby Square, Liverpool. His widow was created Baroness Abercromby of Tullibody and Aboukir Bay,^[1] and a pension of £2,000 a year was settled on her and her two successors in the title.^[5]

Family

On 17 November 1767, Abercromby married Mary Anne, daughter of John Menzies and Ann, daughter of Patrick Campbell.^[11][12] They had seven children. Of four sons, all four entered Parliament, and two saw military service.

• Hon. Anne Abercromby^[11] (died 1844)
• Hon. Mary Abercromby^[11] (died 1825)
• Hon. Catherine Abercromby^[11] (died 1841), married Thomas Buchanan (d.1842) Superintendent of Marines at Bombay.^[13]
• George Abercromby, 2nd Baron Abercromby^[14] (1770–1843)
• General Hon. Sir John Abercromby^[11] (1772–1817)
• James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline^[11] (1776–1858)
• Lt.-Col. Hon. Alexander Abercromby^[11] (1784–1853)

Popular culture

A public house in central Manchester, the 'Sir Ralph Abercromby', is named after him. There is also a 'General Abercrombie' pub with his portrait by John Hoppner as the sign off of the Blackfriars Bridge Road in London.^[15]

Three ships have been named HMS Abercrombie after the general but using the variant spelling of his name.^[16]

Abercrombie Street in Port of Spain, Trinidad honours his name.

Abercromby Primary School in Tullibody is named after him.

Further reading

• Some public monuments of Valletta 1800-1955

Notes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ralph Abercromby.

• Chambers, Robert & Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). Abercromby, Sir Ralph. A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. 1. Glasgow: Blackie and son. pp. 4–13.
•  Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Abercrombie, Sir Ralph". Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company.