Budd Rail Diesel Car

Rail Diesel Car (RDC)
Interior of the RDC-1 demonstrator in 1949
In service 1949–present
Manufacturer Budd Company
Constructed 1949–1962
Number built 398
Capacity
  • RDC-1: 90 passengers
  • RDC-2: 70 passengers, baggage section
  • RDC-3: 48 passengers, RPO, baggage section
  • RDC-4: RPO, baggage section
  • RDC-9: 94 passengers
Specifications
Car body construction Stainless Steel
Car length
  • RDC-1/2/3/9: 85 ft (25.91 m)
  • RDC-4: 73 ft 10 in (22.50 m)
Width 10 ft 0 3⁄8 in (3.06 m)
Height 14 ft 7 in (4.45 m)
Wheel diameter 33 in (838 mm)
Wheelbase
  • RDC-1/2/3/9: 68 ft (20.73 m)
  • RDC-4: 56 ft 10 in (17.32 m)
Maximum speed 85 mph (137 km/h)
Weight 113,120 lb (51,310 kg)
Prime mover(s)
Power output
  • RDC-1/2/3/4: 550 hp (410 kW)
  • RDC-9: 300 hp (220 kW)
Transmission Hydraulic torque converter
UIC classification
  • RDC-1/2/3/4: (1A)(A1)
  • RDC-9: (1A)2′
AAR wheel arrangement
  • RDC-1/2/3/4: 1A-A1
  • RDC-9: 1A-2
Braking system(s) Air
Track gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge

The Budd Rail Diesel Car, RDC or Buddliner is a self-propelled diesel multiple unit (DMU) railcar. Between 1949 and 1962, 398 RDCs were built by the Budd Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The cars were primarily adopted for passenger service in rural areas with low traffic density or in short-haul commuter service, and were less expensive to operate in this context than a traditional diesel locomotive-drawn train with coaches. The cars could be used singly or coupled together in train sets and controlled from the cab of the front unit. The RDC was one of the few DMU trains to achieve commercial success in North America. RDC trains were an early example of self-contained diesel multiple unit trains, an arrangement now in common use by railways all over the world.

Background

Budd's Prospector in 1941.

The self-propelled railcar was not a new concept in North American railroading. Beginning in the 1880s railroads experimented with steam-powered railcars on branch lines, where the costs of operating a conventional steam locomotive-hauled set of cars was prohibitive.[1] These cars failed for several reasons: the boiler and engine were too heavy, water and fuel took up too much space, and high maintenance costs eliminated whatever advantage was gained from reducing labor costs.[2] In the 1900s steam railcars gave way to gasoline, led by the McKeen Motor Car Company, which produced 152 between 1905–1917.[3] J. G. Brill sold over 300 "railbuses" in the 1920s. Newcomer Electro-Motive Corporation, working with the Winton Motor Carriage Company, dominated the market at the end of the 1920s but had exited it completely by 1932 as the Great Depression gutted rail traffic.[4]

The Budd Company entered the market in 1932, just as EMC exited. Up to that time Budd was primarily an automotive parts subcontractor, but had pioneered working with stainless steel, including the technique of shot welding to join pieces of stainless steel. This permitted the construction of cars which were both light and strong.[5] Budd partnered with Michelin to construct several rubber-tyred stainless steel rail cars powered by gasoline and Diesel engines.[6] These saw service with the Reading Company, Pennsylvania Railroad, and Texas and Pacific Railway. The cars were underpowered, the tires proved prone to blowouts and derailments, and the cars were unsuccessful.[7]

Budd revived its railcar concept after Diesel engines with a suitable combination of power and weight became available in 1938, although with more conventional steel wheels. In 1941 Budd built the Prospector for the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. This was a two-car diesel multiple unit.[8] Each car had a pair of 192 horsepower (143 kW) diesel engines and was capable of independent operation. The cars were constructed of stainless steel and included a mix of coach and sleeping accommodations. The design was popular with the public but undone by the difficult operating conditions on the D&RGW. It was withdrawn in July 1942, apparently another failure.[9] However, several technical advances during the Second World War encouraged Budd to try again.

Design

The war years saw improvements in the lightweight Detroit Diesel engines and, just as importantly, the hydraulic torque converter. Budd, which by then had produced more than 2,500 streamlined cars for various railroads, took a coach design and added a pair of 275 hp (205 kW) 6-cylinder Detroit Diesel Series 110 engines.[10] Each drove an axle through a hydraulic torque converter derived from the M46 Patton tank. Budd broke with the "railbus" designs of the 1920s–1930s and used a standard 85-foot (26 m) passenger car shell.[11] The cars could operate singly, or in multiple.[12] The result was the RDC-1, which made its public debut at Chicago's Union Station on September 19, 1949.[10]

Variants

An ex-Canadian Pacific Railway RDC-4 in 2007

Budd manufactured five basic variants of the RDC:[13]

  • The RDC-1: an 85 ft (25.91 m) all-passenger coach seating 90 passengers. It weighed 118,300 pounds (53,700 kg) empty.
  • The RDC-2: an 85 ft (25.91 m) baggage and passenger coach configuration (combine) seating 70 passengers. The baggage area was 17 ft (5.18 m) long. It weighed 114,200 pounds (51,800 kg) empty.
  • The RDC-3: an 85 ft (25.91 m) variant with a Railway Post Office, a baggage compartment and 48 passenger seats. It weighed 117,900 pounds (53,500 kg) empty.
  • The RDC-4: a 73 ft 10 in (22.50 m) variant with only the Railway Post Office and baggage area. It weighed 109,200 pounds (49,500 kg) empty.
  • The RDC-9: an 85 ft (25.91 m) passenger trailer seating 94, a single 300 horsepower (220 kW) engine and no control cab.

Several railroads used the designation "RDC-5": the Canadian Pacific Railway for RDC-2s converted to full-coach configuration and the Canadian National Railway for RDC-9s it purchased from the Boston and Maine Railroad.[14]

In 1956, Budd introduced a new version of the RDC, with several improvements. The new cars had more powerful versions of the Detroit Diesel 6-110 engines, each of which produced 300 horsepower (220 kW) instead of 275 horsepower (205 kW). They also featured higher capacity air conditioning and more comfortable seating. The appearance changed slightly as well: the side fluting continued around to the front of the car and the front-facing windows were smaller.[15]

Jet engines

In an experiment toward high-speed rail, the New York Central (NYC) fitted a pair of jet engines from a Convair B-36, complete in their twinned nacelle from the bomber's engine installation, atop one of their RDCs and added a shovel nose front (much like a later automotive air dam) to its cab, but extended upwards, covering the entire front end. This RDC, which NYC had numbered M497, set the United States speed record in 1966 when it traveled at just short of 184 mph (296 km/h) between Butler, Indiana, and Stryker, Ohio. It was never intended that jet engines propel regular trains. With the news about high-speed trains overseas, particularly the Japanese Shinkansen bullet trains, American railroads were under pressure to catch up. By strapping a pair of military surplus jet engines onto a Budd car, NYC found an inexpensive way to conduct research into how conventional rail technology behaves at very high speeds.[16]

Derivatives

The Roger Williams at the Danbury Railway Museum in 2006

In 1956, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad ordered a custom-built, six-car train set based on the RDC design named the Roger Williams. It consisted of two single-ended cab units and four intermediate cars to make a complete train. The units were fitted with third-rail shoes, electric traction motors, and associated gear for operation into Grand Central Terminal, though this was short-lived. In the New Haven's later years, the set was broken up, and used with regular New Haven RDCs, and by Amtrak into the 1980s.[17]

In 1961, five cars were built under license in Australia by Commonwealth Engineering for the New South Wales Government Railways. They were built to a loading gauge smaller than North American and were only 77.0 feet (23.5 m) long. One car was built with a buffet/snack bar accommodation in one end and was non-powered.[18] They operated the South Coast Daylight Express between Sydney and Bomaderry. They were converted to locomotive-hauled carriages in 1982 and withdrawn in 1993.[19][20]

In the late 1970s Budd sought to replace the aging RDCs with a new design, the SPV-2000. The body shell was based on an Amfleet coach, not the RDC. Like the RDC it was 85 feet (26 m) long, stainless steel, and powered by twin diesel engines. The design was beset with mechanical problems, and Budd sold only 30 cars.[21]

From 1982 to 1984, Tokyu Car built 45 of a heavily specialized, meter-gauge RDC design for the Taiwan Railway Administration under license from Budd. Designated the DR2800 series, the units are organized into 15 permanently-coupled three-car sets (30 powered driving cars and 15 trailers). Like other RDC trainsets before them, each cab unit only has a cab at one end and two cab units bracket a trailer in a standard set. Unlike other RDC sets, however, the trailer's diesel engine is used exclusively to provide head-end power for the entire three-car set, while the engines in the driver car are used for propulsion. To prevent dependency on the trailer's engine for cooling, the cooling fans of the driver cars are driven hydraulically instead of electrically. This configuration results in each set producing 700 horsepower (520 kW) for a top speed of 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph). All 15 sets are still in service.[22][23]

History

United States

Ex-B&M RDC-1 No. 6211 at the Bedford Depot in 2010
Two All Earth Rail RDCs at St. Albans, Vermont, in 2010

The vast majority of RDCs were owned and operated by railroads in the United States. They could be found on branch lines, short-haul intercity routes, commuter routes, and even long-distance trains. The Western Pacific Railroad used a pair of RDC-2s to operate the Zephyrette, a supplement to the California Zephyr. The two cars ran between Oakland, California and Salt Lake City, Utah, 924 miles (1,487 km), three days a week.[24] Examples of shorter intercity services were the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad's Choctaw Rocket and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Daylight Speedliner. The latter ran between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia and included full dining service.[25] A notable example of the RDC's flexibility occurred on the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines, where a single train would depart Camden, New Jersey and split into multiple trains to serve different destinations on the Atlantic coast.[26]

The largest RDC fleets were in the Northeast United States. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (New Haven) acquired 40 RDCs, which it called "Shoreliners", in 1952–53. By 1955 these accounted for 65% of the New Haven's passenger routes.[27] This achievement was eclipsed by the Boston and Maine Railroad, whose fleet grew to 108 by 1958. The B&M's RDCs operated 90% of the company's passenger routes, including its extensive commuter operations around Boston, Massachusetts.[28]

The results in commuter service outside the B&M were mixed. Budd had not designed the RDC for commuter service and discouraged operators from using it to haul coaches. The Long Island Rail Road and Chicago and North Western Railway, which had extensive networks in Long Island and Chicago, respectively, evaluated the RDC but made few orders.[29][30] Conversely, the Reading Company's 12 RDC-1s lasted on the Philadelphia–Reading and Philadelphia–Bethlehem routes well into the SEPTA era.[31]

For several railroads the RDCs, because of their low overall cost and operational flexibility, were the last passenger trains in operation. Examples include the Duluth, Missabe, and Iron Range Railway,[32] the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway,[33] the Lehigh Valley Railroad,[34] and the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, where RDC service survived until the formation of Amtrak in 1971.[35]

Many RDCs remained in service throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Amtrak acquired 24 (including three from the Roger Williams), mostly for use in Connecticut.[36] The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) acquired the B&M's fleet and continued operating them until 1985.[37] The Alaska Railroad acquired five RDCs, three from SEPTA and two from Amtrak between 1984–1986.[38] These were all sold or out of service by 2009.[39] Portland, Oregon's TriMet acquired two of these for use on its Westside Express Service.[40] Trinity Railway Express acquired thirteen RDCs from Via Rail in 1993 for use on commuter service between Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas.[41] The Denton County Transportation Authority leased several for A-train service pending the arrival of new Stadler GTW 2/6s diesel multiple units.[42]

Despite their advanced age, a market for Budd RDCs has continued. An example was in 2017, when a Vermont company, All Earth Rail, bought twelve 1959 Budd cars from Dallas Area Rapid Transit for $5 million. The cars had previously been owned by Via Rail Canada, which also bid on the lot. All Earth Rail said it planned to run commuter rail service in Vermont, possibly starting with a Burlington to Montpelier route.[43]

Canada

Canadian National RDC-1 No. 1501 at Portage Junction in Winnipeg on May 2nd, 2014.

Both the Canadian National Railway (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) purchased RDCs. The Canadian National purchased 25 cars outright, and acquired many more second-hand from the Boston and Maine Railroad. These cars, which CN called Railiners, were used primarily on secondary passenger routes. CP purchased 53 cars. The first one ran on November 9, 1954, between Detroit and Toronto. It was the first stainless-steel passenger train to operate in Canada. CP used the RDCs, which it called Dayliners, throughout its system. CP also made extensive use of them on commuter trains around Montreal and Toronto. Via Rail inherited many of these cars when it took over CN and CP passenger services in 1978.[44] Via continues to use RDCs on the Sudbury–White River train in Ontario.[45]

Another Canadian purchaser of RDCs was the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, which operated passenger service between North Vancouver and Prince George.[46] RDCs continued to operate on this route until all passenger service ended under BC Rail, PGE's successor, in 2002.[47]

Refurbished RDCs were considered for Blue22, a rail service between Toronto Union Station and Pearson Airport, by 2010. The service, which was transferred to Metrolinx ownership and opened in 2015 as the Union Pearson Express, ultimately used new Nippon Sharyo DMU trains instead.[48]

Australia

Preserved Australian National RDC no. CB1 at the National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide in April 2014
The design principles of the highly successful Bluebird railcars, which the South Australian Railways built in 1954–59, followed those of the Budd RDC concept

In 1951 the Budd Company exported three RDC-1s to Australia, which Budd engineer Joseph F. Grosser accompanied. Designated the CB class, they ran on the standard gauge Commonwealth Railways lines in the sparsely populated north of South Australia not served by the South Australian Railways.[49] They operated between Port Pirie, Woomera, Tarcoola, Marree and Whyalla.[50]

In July 1975, when the Commonwealth Railways were succeeded by the Australian National Railways Commission (ANR, later branded as "Australian National" or AN), they were withdrawn from service and stored. In 1986, however, they were reinstated on the Iron Triangle Limited service from Adelaide to Whyalla and the Silver City Limited service from Broken Hill.[51][50] The services continued until 31 December 1990, when all South Australian regional passenger services ceased.[52]

CB3 having been damaged in 1988 and not repaired, the other two were withdrawn in December 1990 and placed in store at Port Pirie.[50][53] Six years later CB1 was donated to the National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide; CB2 and CB3 were included in the sale of Australian National to Australian Southern Railroad in 1997 and were then sold to Bluebird Engineering in 1999.[50] CB 2 was then sold to an American named John Zentmyer who began to refurbishment it in the early 2000's. In 2008 it was on sold and transported back to its original home base of Port Augusta (SA). It was cleaned up and displayed at the 2017 Trans-Australian Railway Centenary celebrations at the Port Augusta Railway Station.

The five derivative 1100 class railcars built under licence in Australia in 1961 for the New South Wales Government Railways were also RDC-1 models,[50] modified to suit the restrictions of the New South Wales loading gauge.[18]

Brazil

One of the Pioneer III-derived metre gauge RDCs in excursion service at Morretes in 2014

RFFSA (Brazilian Federal Railways) purchased four RDC-1s and two RDC-2s in 1958. These were 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge but otherwise standard configuration. RFFSA ordered 23 more cars in 1962–1963. Four of these were 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge RDC-1s. The other 19 were 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge and varied considerably from the standard RDC-1 design. The car body was based on the Pioneer III coach. Internal seating was 48 with a small buffet area or 56 in an all-coach configuration.[54] Several RDCs remain active on the Serra Verde Express tourist train.[55]

Cuba

In the 1950s both major railway companies in Cuba purchased RDCs. Consolidated Railways of Cuba (Ferrocarriles Consolidados de Cuba) ordered 11 RDC-1s and 5 RDC-2s in 1950. These operated either singly or in multiple units of up to three cars. The Western Railways of Cuba (Ferrocarriles Occidentales de Cuba) ordered four RDC-1s and six RDC-3s in 1956–57. The cars remained in use after the Cuban Revolution with the Ferrocarriles de Cuba and operated into the 1980s.[56]

Saudi Arabia

The Arabian American Oil Company constructed a standard gauge railway in cooperation with the Saudi government. The company ordered three RDC-2s in 1951, supplemented by a fourth in 1958. The cars operated on various routes originating in Dammam. All were converted to unpowered trailers by 1965.[57]

Original owners

Budd constructed 398 RDCs between 1949 and 1962. The table below does not include the six cars which comprised the Roger Williams, nor derivative designs built under license.[58]

Railroad Model Quantity Road Numbers
Arabian American Oil Company RDC-2 4 8000–8003
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway RDC-1 2 DC-191, DC-192
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad RDC-1 12 1908–1911, 6510–6517
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad RDC-2 4 1960–1961, 6550–6551
Boston and Maine Railroad RDC-1 57 6100–6156
Boston and Maine Railroad RDC-2 15 6200–6214
Boston and Maine Railroad RDC-3 7 6300–6306
Boston and Maine Railroad RDC-9 30 6900–6929
Budd (prototype/demonstrator) RDC-1 1 2960
Canadian National Railways RDC-1 9 D-200–D-201, D-102–D-108
Canadian National Railways RDC-2 5 D-201–D-203, D-205, D-250
Canadian National Railways RDC-3 5 D-100–D-101, D-302, D-351–D-352
Canadian National Railways RDC-4 6 D-150–D-151, D-401–D-402, D-451–D-452
Canadian Pacific Railway RDC-1 23 9050–9072
Canadian Pacific Railway RDC-2 22 9100–9115, 9194–9199
Canadian Pacific Railway RDC-3 5 9020–9024
Canadian Pacific Railway RDC-4 3 9200, 9250–9251
Central Railroad of New Jersey RDC-1 7 551–557
Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad RDC-1 1 RDC1
Chicago and North Western Railway RDC-1 2 9933–9934
Chicago and North Western Railway RDC-2 1 9935
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad RDC-3 5 9002–9004, 9015–9016
Commonwealth Railways (Australia) RDC-1 3 CB1–CB3
Consolidated Railways of Cuba RDC-1 11
Consolidated Railways of Cuba RDC-2 5
Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway RDC-3 1 1
Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway RDC-1 1 500
Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway RDC-3 1 D301
Grand Trunk Western Railroad RDC-2 1 D204
Grand Trunk Western Railroad RDC-3 1 D303
Great Northern Railway RDC-3 1 2350
Lehigh Valley Railroad RDC-1 1 40
Lehigh Valley Railroad RDC-2 1 41
Long Island Rail Road RDC-1 1 3101
Long Island Rail Road RDC-2 1 3121
Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway RDC-4 2 32–33
Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad RDC-3 1 20
New York Central Railroad RDC-1 16 M-451–M-465
New York Central Railroad RDC-2 1 M-480
New York Central Railroad RDC-3 3 M-497–M-499
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad RDC-1 29 20–48
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad RDC-2 2 120–121
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad RDC-3 6 125–130
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad RDC-4 3 135–137
New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway RDC-1 4 M-1–M-4
Northern Pacific Railway RDC-2 1 B30
Northern Pacific Railway RDC-3 2 B40–B41
Pacific Great Eastern Railway RDC-1 3 BC10–BC12
Pacific Great Eastern Railway RDC-3 4 BC30–BC33
Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines RDC-1 12 M-402–M-413
Reading Company RDC-1 12 9151–9162
RFFSA (Brazil) RDC-1 8 ED11–ED14, M504–M505, M552–M553[note 1]
RFFSA (Brazil) RDC-1 19 M600–M610, M700–M707[note 2]
RFFSA (Brazil) RDC-2 2 ED51–ED52[note 1]
Southern Pacific Railroad RDC-1 1 10
Western Pacific Railroad RDC-2 2 375–376
Western Railroad of Cuba RDC-1 4 901–904
Western Railroad of Cuba RDC-3 6 951–956

Preservation

Numerous RDCs have been preserved on tourist lines and in museums. Holders include:

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge.
  2. ↑ 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge. Varied from the standard RDC-1 design; see #Brazil for details.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 12
  2. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 19
  3. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 24–25
  4. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 32–33
  5. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 36
  6. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 37
  7. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 39–41
  8. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 44
  9. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 46–47
  10. 1 2 Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 50
  11. ↑ Crouse 1990, p. 19
  12. ↑ Middleton 2000, p. 144
  13. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 86–97
  14. ↑ Crouse 1990, p. 186
  15. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 89
  16. ↑ Staufer 1981, p. 494
  17. ↑ Lynch 2005, p. 147
  18. 1 2 Neve 1990, pp. 208; 212-213
  19. ↑ Neve 1990, p. 218
  20. ↑ Cooke 1984
  21. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 107–111
  22. ↑ Zhaoxu 2014, pp. 124–131
  23. ↑ Schultz 2018, pp. 35–36
  24. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 236
  25. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 123
  26. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 206–209
  27. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 187–190
  28. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 127
  29. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 158–159
  30. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 170–171
  31. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 213–215
  32. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 163–164
  33. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 165
  34. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 168–169
  35. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 226–227
  36. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 118
  37. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 176–180
  38. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 116
  39. ↑ "Appendix 10: Locomotive Emission Reduction" (PDF). Alaska Railroad. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  40. ↑ Rose, Joseph (October 29, 2009). "TriMet's new (used) WES trains inside and out". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Train Facts". Trinity Railway Express. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  42. ↑ Sampson, Rich. "Take the A-Train" (PDF). Community Transportation Association. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  43. ↑ Picard, Ken (August 2, 2017). "David Blittersdorf bets on Vermont Commuter Rail". Seven Days. Da Capo Publishing, Inc. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
  44. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 139–151
  45. ↑ "Passenger cars - Rail Diesel Car-2". Via Rail. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  46. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 135–138
  47. ↑ Angus, Fred F. (November–December 2002). "Fifty Years of the Rail Diesel Car in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Rail (491): 205.
  48. ↑ "Backgrounder 2 – Union Pearson Airlink Group's Blue22 Service" (PDF). Transport Canada. November 13, 2003. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  49. ↑ Dunn 2006, pp. 215–217
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 Drymalik, Chris (October 14, 2015). "Commonwealth Railways CB class Budd Railcars". Chris's Commonwealth Railways Information. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  51. ↑ "Western Report" Railway Digest February 1987 page 53
  52. ↑ Drymalik, Chris (October 14, 2015). "Abbreviations and Glossary of Terms: Iron Triangle Limited". Chris's Commonwealth Railways Information. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  53. ↑ "Western Report" Railway Digest February 1987 page 52
  54. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 244–246
  55. ↑ Setti 2008, p. 161
  56. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 240–243
  57. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, p. 247
  58. ↑ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 251–270
  59. ↑ Brown 2012, p. 149
  60. ↑ "Rail Diesel Car 6211". Bedford Depot. August 14, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  61. ↑ "B&O No. 1961". B&O Railroad Museum. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  62. ↑ Buckwalter, Jenn (January 8, 2015). "Railroad society's 1950s-era train car to be restored". Centre County Gazette. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  63. ↑ Schwieterman 2001, p. 197
  64. ↑ "Conway Scenic Railroad" (PDF). Visit New Hampshire. 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  65. ↑ "NH RDC 32 at Danbury Railway Museum". Danbury Railway Museum. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  66. ↑ "Equipment Listing". Hobo Railroad. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  67. ↑ Anderson, Chuck (July 28, 2011). "Free of debt and stored rail cars, railroad sees clear tracks ahead". The Observer. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  68. ↑ "Roster of Equipment: Chicago & North Western 9933". Illinois Railway Museum. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  69. ↑ Laepple, Wayne (May 5, 2016). "RDC trips scheduled on Reading & Northern". Trains. Retrieved May 6, 2016. (subscription required)
  70. ↑ "Budd Railcar CB 1". National Railway Museum. November 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  71. ↑ Laepple, Wayne (May 5, 2014). "North Carolina museum acquires Alco switcher, RDC". Trains. Retrieved April 6, 2015. (subscription required)
  72. ↑ Leopard 2005, p. 108
  73. ↑ "The Train". Orford Express. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  74. ↑ Oakley 2012, p. 27
  75. ↑ Hartley, Scott A. (June 1, 2015). "New Haven RDC makes first run on Naugatuck Railroad". Trains. Retrieved June 2, 2015. (subscription required)
  76. ↑ "Saving RDC-1 VIA 6133". Rapido Trains. May 3, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  77. ↑ Pytak, Stephen J. (September 14, 2014). "Pottsville, railroad to begin rail excursions from city". Republican & Herald. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  78. ↑ "WCRA Collection". West Coast Railway Association. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

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  • Schwieterman, Joseph P. (2001). When the Railroad Leaves Town: American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment, Eastern United States. Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press. ISBN 978-0-943549-97-2.
  • Setti, João Bosco (2008). Brazilian Railroads. Rio de Janeiro: Memória do Trem. ISBN 978-85-86094-0-95.
  • Simon, Elbert; Warner, David C. (2011). Amtrak by the numbers: a comprehensive passenger car and motive power roster, 1971-2011. Kansas City, Missouri: White River Productions. ISBN 978-1-932804-12-6.
  • Staufer, Alvin (1981). New York Central's Later Power, 1910-1968. Medina, Ohio: A. F. Staufer. OCLC 8493163.
  • Zhaoxu, Su (2014). "DR2800 Diesel Zu-Chiang Express Train". Taiwan Railroad Administration Equipment Encyclopedia (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). ISBN 978-98-65903-4-04.

Further reading

  • MacFarlane, Ian (September 1998). "Railcar Recollections". Bulletin. Australian Railway Historical Society. 49 (731): 323–340.
  • Saalig, Edward (2008). The Amazing Journey of Santa Fe's RDC Cars. Fullerton, California: Pacific Railroad Society. ISBN 978-0-9710769-4-5.
Passenger rail cars and locomotives of SEPTA Regional Rail and its predecessors
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
6364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989900010203040506070809101112131415161718
Pioneer III (Silverliner I)
Silverliner II
Silverliner III
Silverliner IV
Silverliner V
PRR MP54
Blueliner
EMD AEM-7
ABB ALP-44
ACS-64
Budd RDC
EMD FP7
GE U34CH
Comet I
Comet II
Comet III
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