Haplogroup R-M124

Haplogroup R2a
Possible time of origin 14,700 [95% CI 13,200 <-> 16,100] years before present[1]
Coalescence age 11,900 [95% CI 10,500 <-> 13,400] years before present[1]
Possible place of origin South Asia or Central Asia
Ancestor R-M479
Descendants R-M124*, R-L295, R-L263, R-L1069
Defining mutations M124, P249, P267, L266 [2][3]

Haplogroup R2a, or haplogroup R-M124, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic markers M124, P249, P267, L266, and is mainly found in South Asia as well as in Central Asia, Caucasus, Southwest Asia, and the Arab countries with low frequencies.

Term history

Haplogoup R2a is also known as haplogroup R-M124.[2] The first reference to the newly defined haplogroup, "R-M124", was on the 25th of August 2010.[4]

Before the publication of the 2005 Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree, Haplogroup R-M124 was known as Haplogroup P1 and formerly thought to be a sister clade of Haplogroup R rather than derived from it.[5]

Haplogroup R2 most often observed in Asia, especially on the Indian sub-continent and Central Asia.[5] It is also reported at notable frequencies in Caucasus.

Origins

According to Sengupta et al. (2006),

uncertainty neutralizes previous conclusions that the intrusion of HGs R1a1 and R2 [Now R-M124] from the northwest in Dravidian-speaking southern tribes is attributable to a single recent event. Rather, these HGs contain considerable demographic complexity, as implied by their high haplotype diversity. Specifically, they could have actually arrived in southern India from a southwestern Asian source region multiple times, with some episodes considerably earlier than others.

Subclades

Haplogroup R-M124 

 

 Paragroup R-M124*

 
 

 Haplogroup R-L295

 
 

 Haplogroup R-L263

 
 

 Haplogroup R-L1069

 
 

Paragroup R-M124*

Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers. They are typically represented by an asterisk (*) placed after the main haplogroup.

Y-chromosomes which are positive to the M124, P249, P267, and L266 SNPs and negative to the L295, L263, and L1069 SNPs, are categorized as belonging to Paragroup R-M124*. It is found in Iraq, so far.

Haplogroup R-L295

Haplogroup R-L295 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker L295. It is found in South Asia, Anatolia, Arabian Peninsula, Europe, & Central Asia so far.

Haplogroup R-L263

Haplogroup R-L263 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker L263. It is found in Greek Asia Minor & Armenia so far.[6]

Haplogroup R-L1069

Haplogroup R-L1069 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker L1069. It is found in Kuwait so far.[6]

Distribution

R-M124 is most often observed in Asia, especially on the Indian sub-continent and in Central Asia[5] It is also reported at notable frequencies in Caucasus.

South Asia

Frequency of R-M124 in Social and Linguistic Subgroups of Indian Populations
(Source: Sengupta et al. 2006)
Tibeto-Burman Austro-Asiatic Dravidian Indo-European
Tribe 5.75%10.94%5.00%-
Lower Caste --13.79%10.00%
Middle Caste --3.53%18.75%
Upper Caste --10.17%16.28%

Haplogroup R-M124, along with haplogroups H, L, R1a1, and J2, forms the majority of the South Asian male population. The frequency is around 10-15% in India and Sri Lanka and 7-8% in Pakistan. Its spread within South Asia is very extensive, ranging from Baluchistan in the west to Bengal in the east; Hunza in the north to Sri Lanka in the south.

North Indian Muslims have a frequency of 11% (Sunni) and 9% (Shia), while Dawoodi Bohra Muslim in the western state of Gujarat have a frequency of 16% and Mappla Muslims of South India have a frequency of 5%.[7] The R-M124 haplogroup is also found in 14% of the Burusho people who speak the language isolate called Burushaski.[8]

Central Asia

In Central Asia, Tajikistan shows Haplogroup R-M124 at 6%, while the other '-stan' states vary around 2%. Bartangis of Tajikistan have a high frequency of R-M124 at about 17%, Ishkashimi at 8%, Khojant at 9% and Dushanbe at 6%.

Specifically, Haplogroup R-M124 has been found in approximately 7.5% (4/53) of recent Iranian emigrants living in Samarkand,[9] 7.1% (7/99) of Pamiris,[9] 6.8% (3/44) of Karakalpaks,[9] 5.1% (4/78) of Tajiks,[9] 5% (2/40) of Dungans in Kyrgyzstan,[9] 3.3% (1/30) of Turkmens,[9] 2.2% (8/366) of Uzbeks,[9] and 1.9% (1/54) of Kazakhs.[9]

West Asia

The haplogroup R-M124 frequency of 6.1% (6/114) was found among overall Kurds[10] while in one study which was done with 25 samples of Kurmanji Kurds from Georgia, R-M124 has been observed at 44% (11/25)[11]

In Caucasus high frequency was observed in Armenians from Sason at 18% (18/104)[12] while it was observed at %1 in Armenians from Van. R2 has been found in Chechens at 16%.[13] R-M124 has been found in approximately 8% (2/24) of a sample of Ossetians from Alagir.[14].

In the Caucasus, around 16% of Mountain Jews, 8% of Balkarians,[15] 6% of Kalmyks,[16] 3% of Azerbaijanis,[13] 2.6% of Kumyks,[17] 2.4% of Avars,[17] 2% of Armenians,[13] and 1% to 6% of Georgians[13][15][18] belong to the R-M124 haplogroup. Approximately 1% of Turks[19] and 1% to 3% of Iranians[20] also belong to this haplogroup.

In Iran R-M124 follows a similar distribution as R1a1 with higher percentages in the southeastern Iran. It has been found at Frequencies of 9.1% at Isfahan, 6.9% at Hormozgan and 4.2% in Mazandaran. [21]

Arab World

Frequency of Haplogroup R-M124 in the Arab World from DNA studies
Count Sample Size R-M124 Frequency %
UAE[22] 82173.69%
Qatar[23] 1721.39%
Kuwait[24] 11530.65%
Yemen[23] 11040.96%
Jordan[25] 21461.37%
Lebanon[26] 29350.21%
Palestine[27] 1492.04%
Egypt[28] 11470.68%

In the R2-M124-WTY and R-Arabia Y-DNA Projects,[6][29] Haplogroup R-M124 has appeared in the following Arab countries: Kuwait (3 clusters), United Arab Emirates (1 cluster), Syrian Arab Republic (1 cluster), and Tunisia (1 cluster).

Thus, Haplogroup R-M124 has been observed among Arabs at low frequencies in 11 countries/territories (Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Palestine, Qatar, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen) of the 22 Arab countries/territories so far. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia so far has one family identified to have Haplogroup R2A (R-M124) of its paternal genome or Y-Chromosome updated 05 January; 2018.

Haplogroup R-M124 is a subgroup of Haplogroup R-M479 (M479):

  • R-M479 (M479)
    • R-M124 (M124, P249, P267, L266)
      • R-L295 (L295)
      • R-L263 (L263)
      • R-L1069 (L1069)

Prediction with haplotypes

Haplotype can be used to predict haplogroup. The chances of any person part of this haplogroup is the highest if DYS391=10, DYS392=10 and DYS426=12.

See also

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R

Notes

  1. 1 2 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.05 at 30 July 2017
  2. 1 2 ISOGG (2010), "Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2010."
  3. ↑ FTDNA's Draft phylogeny tree, "FTDNA's Draft phylogeny tree Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine.."
  4. ↑ Myres et al. (2010), "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe - 2010."
  5. 1 2 3 Manoukian, Jean-Grégoire (2006), "A Synthesis of Haplogroup R2 - 2006."
  6. 1 2 3 R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project, "R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project."
  7. ↑ Muthukrishnan Eaaswarkhanth; Ikramul Haque; Zeinab Ravesh; Irene Gallego Romero; Poorlin Ramakodi Meganathan; Bhawna Dubey; Faizan Ahmed Khan; Gyaneshwer Chaubey; Toomas Kivisild; Chris Tyler-Smith; Lalji Singh; Kumarasamy Thangaraj. "Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations".
  8. ↑ Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q. "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan".
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R.Spencer Wells et al, The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity, PNAS August 28, 2001, vol. 98 no. 18, pp.10244-10249.
  10. ↑ "Kurdish Genetics: Abstracts and Summaries".
  11. ↑ "."
  12. ↑ "."
  13. 1 2 3 4 Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M (Mar 2003). "Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome". Human Genetics. 112 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4. PMID 12596050.
    Manoukian (2006)
  14. ↑ I. Nasidze, D. Quinque, I. Dupanloup et al., "Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians," Annals of Human Genetics (2004) 68, 588–599
  15. 1 2 Vincenza Battaglia, Simona Fornarino, Nadia Al-Zahery et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008), 1 – 11
  16. ↑ Ivan Nasidze, Dominique Quinque, Isabelle Dupanloup, Richard Cordaux, Lyudmila Kokshunova, and Mark Stoneking, "Genetic Evidence for the Mongolian Ancestry of Kalmyks," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126:000–000 (2005).
  17. 1 2 Yunusbaev et al. (2006): 2/76 = 2.6% R-M124 Kumyks, 1/42 = 2.4% R-M124 Avars
  18. ↑ Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (Nov 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective" (PDF). Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-11-25.
  19. ↑ Cinnioğlu et al. (2003), "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia Archived 2006-06-19 at the Wayback Machine.."
  20. ↑ Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078.
  21. ↑ "."
  22. ↑ Alshamali et al. (2009), "Local Population Structure in Arabian Peninsula Revealed by Y-STR Diversity."
  23. 1 2 Cadenas et al. (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman."
  24. ↑ Mohammad et al. (2009), "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait."
  25. ↑ Flores et al. (2005), "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan."
  26. ↑ Zalloua et al. (2008), "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events."
  27. ↑ Myres et al. (2010), "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe."
  28. ↑ Luis et al. (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine.."
  29. ↑ R-Arabia Y-DNA Project, "R-Arabia Y-DNA Project."

References

  • Manoukian, Jean-Grégoire (2006). "A Synthesis of Haplogroup R2" (PDF) (published 2006-12-01). .
  • Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA (Feb 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
  • Zerjal T, Pandya A, Thangaraj K, Ling EY, Kearley J, Bertoneri S, Paracchini S, Singh L, Tyler-Smith C (Mar 2007). "Y-chromosomal insights into the genetic impact of the caste system in India". Human Genetics. 121 (1): 137–44. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0282-2. PMC 2590678. PMID 17075717.
  • Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AJ, Tiwari PK, Bamezai RN (Jan 2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816.
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