Queen Elizabeth Islands

Queen Elizabeth Islands, northern Canada.
  Nunavut
  Northwest Territories
  Quebec
  Greenland

The Queen Elizabeth Islands (French: Îles de la Reine-Élisabeth; formerly Parry Islands or Parry Archipelago) are the northernmost cluster of islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, split between Nunavut and Northwest Territories in Northern Canada. The Queen Elizabeth Islands contain approximately 14% of the global glacier and ice cap area.[1] (excluding the inland and shelf ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica).

Geography

The islands, together 419,061 km2 (161,800 sq mi)[2] in area, were renamed as a group after Elizabeth II on her coronation as Queen of Canada in 1953. The islands cover an area approximating to the shape of a right triangle, bounded by the Nares Strait on the east, Parry Channel on the south and the Arctic Ocean to the north and west. Most are uninhabited although the Natural Resources Canada's Climate Change Geoscience Program Earth Sciences Sector (ESS), has monitors on the islands.[3] In 1969 Panarctic Oils, now part of Suncor began operating exploration oil wells in the Sverdrup and Franklinian basins and planned on establishing its resource base in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. It ceased production in the 1970s. At the 2013 GeoConvention the Arctic Islands region were called Canada's perpetual "last petroleum exploration frontier". Hogg and Enachescu argued that the development and implementation of advanced marine and land seismic technologies in Alaska, Northern Europe and Siberia could be modified for use in the Queen Elizabeth Islands.[4]

First sighted by Europeans in 1616, the Queen Elizabeth Islands were not fully explored and charted until the British Northwest Passage expeditions and later Norwegian exploration of the 19th century.

These islands were known as the Parry Archipelago for over 130 years. They were first named after British Arctic explorer Sir William Parry, who sailed there in 1820, aboard the Hecla. Since the renaming of the archipelago in 1953, the term Parry Islands continued to be used for its southwestern part (less Ellesmere Island and Sverdrup Islands). The regional break down of the archipelago is therefore as follows:

  • Ellesmere Island
  • Sverdrup Islands
  • Parry Islands

Ellesmere Island is the northernmost and by far the largest. The Sverdrup Islands are located west of Ellesmere Island and north of Norwegian Bay. The remaining islands further south and west, but north of the Parry Channel (Lancaster Sound, Viscount Melville Sound and McClure Strait), have been carrying the name Parry Islands, which name until 1953 had also included the Sverdrup Islands and Ellesmere Island. South of Lancaster Sound, Viscount Melville Sound and McClure Strait are the remaining islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Major islands

Many of the islands are among the largest in the world, the largest being Ellesmere Island. Other major islands include Amund Ringnes Island, Axel Heiberg Island, Bathurst Island, Borden Island, Cornwall Island, Cornwallis Island, Devon Island, Eglinton Island, Ellef Ringnes Island, Mackenzie King Island, Melville Island, and Prince Patrick Island.[2]

Smaller islands

Other smaller but notable islands include; Beechey Island (74°43′N 091°51′W / 74.717°N 91.850°W / 74.717; -91.850 (Beechey Island)), which held the graves of Petty Officer John Torrington, Royal Marine Private William Braine, and Able Seaman John Hartnell, three members of Sir John Franklin's crew,[5][6] Hans Island (80°49′41″N 066°27′35″W / 80.82806°N 66.45972°W / 80.82806; -66.45972 (Hans Island)), a small, uninhabited barren knoll measuring 1.3 km2 (0.50 sq mi) whose ownership is disputed by Canada and Denmark,[7] the Cheyne Islands (76°18′22″N 097°31′12″W / 76.30611°N 97.52000°W / 76.30611; -97.52000 (Cheyne Islands)), three small (0.73 km2 (0.28 sq mi) together) islands that are Important Bird Area (#NU049) and a Key Migratory Bird Terrestrial Habitat site (NU site 5)[8] and Skraeling Island (78°54′42″N 075°37′58″W / 78.91167°N 75.63278°W / 78.91167; -75.63278 (Skraeling Island)) an important archaeological site where Inuit (Dorset, Thule) and Norse artifacts have been found.[9] They consist of Silurian and Carboniferous rocks covered with tundra.

Population

With a population of less than 400, the islands are nearly uninhabited. There are only three permanently inhabited places in the islands. The two municipalities are the hamlets of Resolute (population 229 as of the 2006 census[10]), on Cornwallis Island, and Grise Fiord (population 141 as of the 2006 census),[11] on Ellesmere Island. Alert with a population of 5 as of the 2006 census[12] is an Environment Canada weather station, a Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) atmosphere monitoring laboratory on Ellesmere Island, has several temporary inhabitants due to the co-located CFS Alert. Eureka, a small research base on Ellesmere Island, has a population of zero but at least 8 staff on a continuous rotational basis.

  Abandoned   Permanent Settlement   Seasonally Occupied

NameImageTypeIslandPopulationEstablishedCoordinatesNotes
Alert
Weather Station, Military StationEllesmere51950[Note 1]

82°30′N 62°20′W / 82.500°N 62.333°W / 82.500; -62.333 (Alert)
Alexandra FiordScience Research StationEllesmere01953

78°54′N 75°59′W / 78.900°N 75.983°W / 78.900; -75.983 (Alexandra Fiord)
Camp HazenWarden StationEllesmere01957

81°49′N 62°19′W / 81.817°N 62.317°W / 81.817; -62.317 (Camp Hazen)
Craig HarbourRoyal Canadian Mounted Police DetachmentEllesmere0

76°12′N 81°01′W / 76.200°N 81.017°W / 76.200; -81.017 (Craig Harbour)
Dundas HarbourDevon0

74°31′N 82°23′W / 74.517°N 82.383°W / 74.517; -82.383 (Dundas Harbour)
  • established in 1924 to create a government presence to curb foreign whaling and other activity in the area[14]
Eureka
Research StationEllesmere01947

79°59′N 82°23′W / 79.983°N 82.383°W / 79.983; -82.383 (Dundas Harbour)
  • Was founded in 1947 as part of a requirement to set up a network of Arctic weather stations
Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
Research StationDevon01999

75°25′N 89°49′W / 75.417°N 89.817°W / 75.417; -89.817 (Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station)
  • The structures were built in 2000
Fort Conger
Research StationEllesmere01883

81°43′N 64°43′W / 81.717°N 64.717°W / 81.717; -64.717 (Fort Conger)
  • Established in 1881 but abandoned several decades later
Grise Fiord
HamletEllesmere129195376°25′N 82°53′W / 76.417°N 82.883°W / 76.417; -82.883 (Grise Fiord)
  • Grise Fiord is the northernmost civilian settlement in Canada
Isachsen
Weather Station, Research StationEllef Ringnes0194878°46′N 103°29′W / 78.767°N 103.483°W / 78.767; -103.483 (Isachsen)
McGill Arctic Research StationResearch StationAxel Heiberg0195979°20′N 91°58′W / 79.333°N 91.967°W / 79.333; -91.967 (McGill Arctic Research Station)
  • Owned by McGill University
Mould BayWeather Station, AirportPrince Patrick0194876°14′N 119°19′W / 76.233°N 119.317°W / 76.233; -119.317 (Mould Bay)
Resolute
HamletCornwallis2291947

74°41′N 94°49′W / 74.683°N 94.817°W / 74.683; -94.817 (Resolute)
  • Most populous settlement in the Queen Elizabeth Islands
  • The community is second most northernmost community in Canada, only behind Grise Fiord

Formerly manned stations were Mould Bay on Prince Patrick Island, Isachsen on Ellef Ringnes Island, and Fort Conger on Ellesmere Island.

Abandoned settlements are Dundas Harbour on Devon Island and Craig Harbour on Ellesmere Island.

Administration

Until 1999, the Queen Elizabeth Islands were part of the Baffin Region of the Northwest Territories.

With the creation of Nunavut in 1999 all islands and fractions of islands of the archipelago east of the 110th meridian west became part of Qikiqtaaluk Region of the new territory, which was the major portion of the archipelago. The rest remained with the now-reduced Northwest Territories. Borden Island, Mackenzie King Island and Melville Island were divided between the two territories.

Prince Patrick Island, Eglinton Island and Emerald Island are the only notable islands that are now completely part of the Northwest Territories.

Below the level of the territory, there is the municipal level of administration. On that level, there are only two municipalities, Resolute and Grise Fiord, with an aggregate area of 450 km2 (170 sq mi) (0.11 percent of the area of the Queen Elizabeth Islands), but with most of the population of the archipelago (370 out of 375). The remaining 99.89 percent are unincorporated area, with a census 2006 population of five, all in Alert.

Overview of the islands

According to the Atlas of Canada there are 34 larger and 2,092 smaller islands in the archipelago.[2] With the exception of Ellesmere Island, they fall into two groups, the Sverdrup Islands and the Parry Islands:

Islandsub-
group		TerritoryPeakHeight
m		Height
ft		Area
km²		Area
sq mi		Rank
Canada		Rank
World		Coordinates
Alexander[15]ParryNUaverage elevation 60–180 200–590 484 18766 75°52′N 102°37′W / 75.867°N 102.617°W / 75.867; -102.617 (Alexander Island)
Amund Ringnes[16]SverdrupNUridge 265 869 5,255 2,0292511177°53′N 095°30′W / 77.883°N 95.500°W / 77.883; -95.500 (Amund Ringnes Island)
Axel Heiberg[17]SverdrupNUOutlook Peak 2,210 7,250 43,178 16,67173279°26′N 090°46′W / 79.433°N 90.767°W / 79.433; -90.767 (Axel Heiberg Island)
Baillie-Hamilton Island[18]ParryNU  200 660 290 11091 75°53′N 094°35′W / 75.883°N 94.583°W / 75.883; -94.583 (Baillie-Hamilton Island)
Bathurst[19]ParryNUStokes Mountain 412 1,352 16,042 6,194135475°46′N 099°47′W / 75.767°N 99.783°W / 75.767; -99.783 (Bathurst Island)
Borden[20]ParryNU/NT  150 490 2,794 1,0793017078°33′N 111°10′W / 78.550°N 111.167°W / 78.550; -111.167 (Borden Island)
Brock[21]ParryNT  67 220 764 2955838377°51′N 114°27′W / 77.850°N 114.450°W / 77.850; -114.450 (Brock Island)
Buckingham Island[22]ParryNUMount Windsor 150 490 137 53137 77°12′N 091°00′W / 77.200°N 91.000°W / 77.200; -91.000 (Buckingham Island)
Byam Martin[23]ParryNU  153 502 1,150 4404229475°12′N 104°17′W / 75.200°N 104.283°W / 75.200; -104.283 (Byam Martin Island)
Cameron[24]ParryNUMount Wilmot   1,059 4094631277°48′N 101°51′W / 77.800°N 101.850°W / 77.800; -101.850 (Cameron Island)
Coburg Island[25]ParryNU  800 2,600 411 15983 75°57′N 079°18′W / 75.950°N 79.300°W / 75.950; -79.300 (Coburg Island)
Cornwall[26]SverdrupNUMcLeod Peak 400 1,300 2,358 9103118477°37′N 094°52′W / 77.617°N 94.867°W / 77.617; -94.867 (Cornwall Island)
Cornwallis[27]ParryNU  343 1,125 6,995 2,701219675°05′N 095°00′W / 75.083°N 95.000°W / 75.083; -95.000 (Cornwallis Island)
Devon[28]ParryNUDevon Ice Cap 1,920 6,300 55,247 21,33162775°08′N 087°51′W / 75.133°N 87.850°W / 75.133; -87.850 (Devon Island)
Eglinton[29]ParryNT  200 660 1,541 5953624975°46′N 118°27′W / 75.767°N 118.450°W / 75.767; -118.450 (Eglinton Island)
Ellef Ringnes[30]SverdrupNUIsachsen Dome 260 850 11,295 4,361166978°37′N 101°56′W / 78.617°N 101.933°W / 78.617; -101.933 (Ellef Ringnes Island)
Ellesmere[31]NUBarbeau Peak 2,616 8,583 196,236 75,76731080°10′N 079°05′W / 80.167°N 79.083°W / 80.167; -79.083 (Ellesmere Island)
Emerald Isle[32]ParryNT  150 490 549 2126346676°48′N 114°07′W / 76.800°N 114.117°W / 76.800; -114.117 (Emerald Isle)
Graham[33]SverdrupNU  175 574 1,378 5323826577°26′N 090°30′W / 77.433°N 90.500°W / 77.433; -90.500 (Graham Island)
Griffith Island[34]ParryNU    189 73110 74°35′N 095°30′W / 74.583°N 95.500°W / 74.583; -95.500 (Griffith Island)
Helena Island[35]ParryNUaverage in southern hills 220 720 327 12685 76°40′N 101°00′W / 76.667°N 101.000°W / 76.667; -101.000 (Helena Island)
Hoved Island[36]ParryNU    158 61125 77°32′N 085°09′W / 77.533°N 85.150°W / 77.533; -85.150 (Hoved Island)
Île Vanier[37]ParryNU  200 660 1,126 4354429876°10′N 103°15′W / 76.167°N 103.250°W / 76.167; -103.250 (Île Vanier)
King Christian[38]SverdrupNUKing Christian Mountain 165 541 645 2496042077°45′N 102°00′W / 77.750°N 102.000°W / 77.750; -102.000 (King Christian Island)
Little Cornwallis Island[39]ParryNU    412 15975 75°30′N 096°30′W / 75.500°N 96.500°W / 75.500; -96.500 (Little Cornwallis Island)
Lougheed[40]ParryNU  60–110 200–360 1,308 5054127377°24′N 105°15′W / 77.400°N 105.250°W / 77.400; -105.250 (Lougheed Island)
Lowther Island[41]ParryNUraised beach 106.5 349 145 56133 74°33′N 097°30′W / 74.550°N 97.500°W / 74.550; -97.500 (Lowther Island)
Mackenzie King[42]ParryNU/NTCastel Butte 300 980 5,048 1,9492611577°43′N 111°57′W / 77.717°N 111.950°W / 77.717; -111.950 (Mackenzie King Island)
Massey[43]ParryNU  210 690 432 16771 75°59′N 102°58′W / 75.983°N 102.967°W / 75.983; -102.967 (Massey Island)
Meighen[44]SverdrupNU  260 850 955 3695033779°59′N 099°30′W / 79.983°N 99.500°W / 79.983; -99.500 (Meighen Island)
Melville[45]ParryNU/NT  776 2,546 42,149 16,27483375°30′N 111°30′W / 75.500°N 111.500°W / 75.500; -111.500 (Melville Island)
North Kent[46]ParryNU  600 2,000 590 2306245376°40′N 090°15′W / 76.667°N 90.250°W / 76.667; -90.250 (North Kent Island)
Prince Patrick[47]ParryNT  279 915 15,848 6,119145576°45′N 119°30′W / 76.750°N 119.500°W / 76.750; -119.500 (Prince Patrick Island)
Stor Island[48]SverdrupNU  500 1,600 313 12187 78°59′N 085°50′W / 78.983°N 85.833°W / 78.983; -85.833 (Stor Island)
remaining 2,092 islands[2]NU/NT 2,321 896......
Queen Elizabeth[2] NU/NTBarbeau Peak 2,616 8,583 419,061 161,800......78°05′N 095°10′W / 78.083°N 95.167°W / 78.083; -95.167 (Queen Elizabeth Islands)Coordinates: 78°05′N 095°10′W / 78.083°N 95.167°W / 78.083; -95.167 (Queen Elizabeth Islands)

Glaciers and ice caps

The Queen Elizabeth Islands contain four glaciers that represent c.14% of all glaciers and ice caps in the world.[1] According to a 2011 report, the largest of the four, the Devon Ice Cap measured 1,699 km2 (656 sq mi) (northwest sector only); the Meighen Ice Cap measured 75 km2 (29 sq mi); the Melville South Ice Cap measured 52 km2 (20 sq mi) and the White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island glacier was 39 km2 (15 sq mi).[1] The size of these glaciers has been measured since 1961 and their results published in such distinguished journals as the International Glaciological Society's Annals of Glaciology.[1][49][50] Of the four ice caps that the federal government's NRCan's Climate Change Geoscience Program Earth Sciences Sector (ESS), monitors onsite in the Canadian High Arctic, three are in the Queen Elizabeth Islands: Devon, Meighen and Melville.[3] In a memo to Earth Sciences Sector (ESS) in Canada's High Arctic indicates that shrinking of ice caps started in the late 1980s, and has accelerated rapidly since 2005," says an October 2013 memo to NRCan's deputy minister, who reports to federal Natural Resources Minister Joe Oliver. The increased melt rate was confirmed by University of California, Irvine in 2017.[51]

Computer analysis of a glacier inventory of Axel Heiberg Island was undertaken in the 1960s.[52] Later inventories of the World Glacier Monitoring Service under the direction of Fritz Müller, who worked on glacier inventories internationally, included the Axel Heiberg Island glacier.[53]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Sharp, Martin; Burgess, David O.; Cogley, J. Graham; Ecclestone, Miles; Labine, Claude; Wolken, Gabriel J. (9 June 2011). "Extreme melt on Canada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 38. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3811501S. doi:10.1029/2011GL047381. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Sea islands". Atlas of Canada. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  3. 1 2 Fekete, Jason (18 February 2014). "Canada's Arctic ice caps melting rapidly since 2005, according to documents". Postmedia. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  4. ↑ Hogg, John R.; Enachescu, Michael E (2013), Reviving Exploration in the Arctic Islands: Opportunities and Challenges from an Operator's Perspective, Calgary, Alberta |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. ↑ Researches for Sir John Franklin
  6. ↑ Franklin timeline Archived April 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ "Greenland, Canada squabbling over pet rock". Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  8. ↑ Cheyne Islands Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ "Vikings: the Arctic's first European visitors". Archived from the original on 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  10. ↑ 2006 Census - Resolute
  11. ↑ 2006 Census - Grise Fiord
  12. ↑ Statistics Canada
  13. ↑ "Grise Fiord Community History". The Qikiqtani Truth Commission. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  14. ↑ "Dundas Harbour - August 17th, 2013". Polar Trec. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  15. ↑ "Alexander Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-12-23. at oceandots.com
  16. ↑ "Amund Ringnes Island". oceandots.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
  17. ↑ "Axel Heiberg Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-12-23. at oceandots.com
  18. ↑ "Baillie-Hamilton Island". oceandots.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
  19. ↑ Bathurst Island at Bivouac.com
  20. ↑ "Borden Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-12-23. at oceandots.com
  21. ↑ "Brock Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-12-23. at oceandots.com
  22. ↑ Buckingham Island at the Atlas of Canada
  23. ↑ "Byam Martin Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-03-14. at oceandots.com
  24. ↑ "Cameron Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  25. ↑ "Coburg Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-20. at oceandots.com
  26. ↑ "Cornwall Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  27. ↑ "Cornwallis Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  28. ↑ "Devon Island". oceandots.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  29. ↑ "Eglinton Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  30. ↑ "Ellef Ringnes Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  31. ↑ "Ellesmere Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-01-15. at oceandots.com
  32. ↑ "Emerald Isle". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  33. ↑ "Graham Island". oceandots.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
  34. ↑ Griffith Island at the Atlas of Canada
  35. ↑ "Helena Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-20. at oceandots.com
  36. ↑ Hoved Island at the Atlas of Canada
  37. ↑ "Île Vanier". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  38. ↑ "King Christian Island". oceandots.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  39. ↑ "Little Cornwallis Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-20. at oceandots.com
  40. ↑ "Lougheed Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  41. ↑ Lowther Island at the Atlas of Canada
  42. ↑ "Mackenzie King Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  43. ↑ "Massey Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  44. ↑ Meighen Island at arctic.uoguelph.ca
  45. ↑ "Melville Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  46. ↑ "North Kent Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  47. ↑ Prince Patrick Island at peakbagger.com
  48. ↑ "Stor Island". oceandots.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  49. ↑ Cogley, J. G.; Adams, W. P.; Ecclestone, M. A.; Jung‐Rothenhausler, F.; Ommaney, C. S. L. (1996). "Mass balance of White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, NWT, Canada, 1960–91". Journal of Glaciology. 42: 548–563. Bibcode:1996JGlac..42..548C. doi:10.1017/S0022143000003531.
  50. ↑ Koerner, R. M. (2005). "Mass balance of glaciers in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Nunavut, Canada". Annals of Glaciology. 42: 417–423, . doi:10.3189/172756405781813122.
  51. ↑ "Canadian glaciers now major contributor to sea level change, UCI study shows". UCI News. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  52. ↑ Ommanney, C. S.L.; Goodman, R. H.; Müller, Fritz (1969). "Computer Analysis of a Glacier Inventory of Axel Heiberg Island: Canadian Arctic Archipelago". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 14: 19–28. doi:10.1080/02626666909493698.
  53. ↑ Lang, Herbert (21 Dec 2009) [1981]. "Obituary Fritz Muller". Hydrological Sciences Bulletin. Zürich, Switzerland. 26 (3): 332–333. doi:10.1080/02626668109490893.
  1. ↑ The weather station was established in 1950 and the military station was established in 1958
  • "Bathurst Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-08-25. at oceandots.com
  • Cornwall Island at oceandots.com
  • Meighen Island at the Wayback Machine (archived December 23, 2010) at oceandots.com
  • "Prince Patrick Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17. at oceandots.com
  • "New and Precise Depiction of the Southern Part of America, Which Includes: Brazil, the Caribbean, the New Kingdom of Guiana, Castilia del Oro, Nicaragua, the Antilles, and Peru: And Beneath the Tropic of Capricorn, Chile, the Rio de la Plato, Patagonia & the Straits of Magellan" is a map from 1602 that shows the islands.
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