Proboscidea

Proboscidea Temporal range: Paleocene-Holocene 60.0–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Tethytheria
Order:	Proboscidea Illiger, 1811
Subclades
†Eritherium †Moeritherium †Plesielephantiformes Elephantiformes

The Proboscidea (from the Greek προβοσκίς and the Latin proboscis) are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family (Elephantidae) and several extinct families. This order, first described by J. Illiger in 1811, encompasses the trunked mammals.^[1] In addition to their enormous size, later proboscideans are distinguished by tusks and long, muscular trunks; these features were less developed or absent in the smaller early proboscideans. Beginning in the mid Miocene, most members of this order were very large animals. The largest land mammal today is the African elephant weighing up to 10.4 tonnes with a shoulder height of up to 4 metres (13.1 ft). The largest land mammal of all time may have also been a proboscidean: Palaeoloxodon namadicus, which may have weighed up to 22 t (24.3 short tons) with a shoulder height of up to 5.2 metres (17.1 ft), surpassing several sauropod dinosaurs (in height).^[2]

The earliest known proboscidean is Eritherium,^[3] followed by Phosphatherium,^[4] a small animal about the size of a fox. These both date from late Paleocene deposits of Morocco.

Woolly mammoth and American mastodon

Proboscideans diversified during the Eocene and early Oligocene. Several primitive families from these epochs have been described, including Numidotheriidae, Moeritheriidae, and Barytheriidae in Africa. (Anthracobunidae from the Indian subcontinent has also been included, but was excluded from Proboscidea by Shoshani & Tassy (2005)^[5] and has more recently been assigned to Perissodactyla.^[6]) These were followed by the earliest Deinotheriidae, or "hoe tuskers", which thrived during the Miocene and into the early Quaternary. Proboscideans from the Miocene also included Stegolophodon, an early genus of the disputed family Stegodontidae; the diverse family of Gomphotheriidae, or "shovel tuskers", such as Platybelodon and Amebelodon; and the Mammutidae, or mastodons.

Most families of Proboscidea are now extinct, many since the end of the last glacial period. Recently extinct species include the last examples of gomphotheres in Central and South America, the American mastodon of family Mammutidae in North America, numerous stegodonts once found in Asia, the last of the mammoths, and several island species of dwarf elephants.^[7]

Classification

Below is the current taxonomy of the proboscidean genera as of 2017.^[8][9][10]

• Proboscidea Illiger, 1811
  • †Eritherium Gheerbrant, 2009
  • †Moeritherium Andrews, 1901
  • †Plesielephantiformes Shoshani et al., 2001
    • †Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992
      • †Phosphatherium Gheerbrant et al., 1996
      • †Arcanotherium Delmer, 2009
      • †Daouitherium Gheerbrant & Sudre, 2002
      • †Numidotherium Mahboubi et al., 1986
    • †Barytheriidae Andrews, 1906
      • †Omanitherium Seiffert et al., 2012
      • †Barytherium Andrews, 1901
    • †Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1841
      • †Chilgatherium Sanders et al., 2004
      • †Prodeinotherium Ehik, 1930
      • †Deinotherium Kaup, 1829
  • Elephantiformes Tassy, 1988
    • †Eritreum Shoshani et al., 2006
    • †Hemimastodon Pilgrim, 1912
    • †Palaeomastodon Andrews, 1901
    • †Phiomia Andrews & Beadnell, 1902
    • Elephantimorpha Tassy & Shoshani, 1997
      • †Mammutidae Hay, 1922
        • †Losodokodon Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009
        • †Eozygodon Tassy & Pickford, 1983
        • †Zygolophodon Vacek, 1877
        • †Sinomammut Mothé et al., 2016
        • †Mammut Blumenbach, 1799
      • Elephantida Tassy & Shoshani, 1997
        • †Choerolophodontidae Gaziry, 1976
          • †Afrochoerodon Pickford, 2001
          • †Choerolophodon Schlesinger, 1917
        • †Amebelodontidae Barbour, 1927
          • †Afromastodon Pickford, 2003
          • †Progomphotherium Pickford, 2003
          • †Eurybelodon Lambert, 2016
          • †Serbelodon Frick, 1933
          • †Archaeobelodon Tassy, 1984
          • †Protanancus Arambourg, 1945
          • †Amebelodon Barbour, 1927
          • †Konobelodon Lambert, 1990
          • †Torynobelodon Barbour, 1929
          • †Aphanobelodon Wang et al., 2016
          • †Platybelodon Borissiak, 1928
        • †Gomphotheriidae Hay, 1922
          • †Gomphotherium Burmeister, 1837
          • †Gnathabelodon Barbour & Sternberg, 1935
          • †Eubelodon Barbour, 1914
          • †Stegomastodon Pohlig, 1912
          • †Sinomastodon Tobien et al., 1986
          • †Notiomastodon Cabrera, 1929
          • †Rhynchotherium Falconer, 1868
          • †Cuvieronius Osborn, 1923
        • Elephantoidea Gray, 1821
          • †Anancidae Hay, 1922
            • †Anancus Aymard, 1855
            • †Morrillia Osborn, 1924
            • †Paratetralophodon Tassy, 1983
            • †Pediolophodon Lambert, 2007
            • †Tetralophodon Falconer, 1857
          • †Stegodontidae Osborn, 1918
            • †Stegolophodon Schlesinger, 1917
            • †Stegodon Falconer, 1857
          • Elephantidae Gray, 1821
            • †Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre, 1969
              • †Stegodibelodon Coppens, 1972
              • †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi, 1941
              • †Selenotherium Mackaye, Brunet & Tassy, 2005
            • Elephantinae Gray, 1821
              • †Primelephas Maglio, 1970
              • Loxodonta Anonymous, 1827
              • †Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto, 1924
              • †Mammuthus Brookes, 1828
              • Elephas Linnaeus, 1758

References

Bibliography

• Ronald M. Nowak (1999), Walker’s Mammals of the World (6th ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9, LCCN 98023686

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