Plionarctos

Plionarctos; Temporal range: late Miocene–Pleistocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Caniformia
Superfamily:	Arctoidea
Family:	Ursidae
Subfamily:	Tremarctinae
Genus:	†Plionarctos; Frick, 1926[1]
Type species
	†Plionarctos edensis; Frick, 1926
Species
	†P. harroldorum (Tedfored & Martin, 2001)[2]; †P. edensis (Frick, 1926)

Plionarctos is an extinct genus of mammals of the family Ursidae (bears) endemic to North America and Europe during Miocene through Pleistocene, living from ~10.3—3.3 Mya, existing for about 7 million years.

Indarctos (10.7—9.2 Mya) preceded Plionarctos by only a few thousand years and was a contemporary of that bear and shared its habitat. Plionarctus preceded and was also contemporary with Tremarctos floridanus (4.9 million — 11,000 years ago) and shared its habitat.

Plionarctos is the oldest known genus within the subfamily of the short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) endemic to the Americas, and is believed to be ancestral to the clade.

Taxonomy

Plionarctos was named by Frick (1926). Its type is Plionarctos edensis. It was assigned to Ursidae by Frick (1926) and Carroll (1988); and to Tremarctini by Hunt (1998).^[3]^[4]

Morphology

Body mass

Two specimens were examined by Legendre and Roth for body mass.^[5]

Specimen 1 was estimated to weigh 165.5 kg (360 lb).
Specimen 2 was estimated to weigh 25.3 kg (56 lb).

Fossil distribution

Sites and specimen ages:

Ile de Ratonneau Breccia, Provence, France about ~800,000—100,000 years ago
Fort Green Mine, Polk County, Florida paleontological sites about 10.3—4.9 Mya
Taunton site, Adams County, Washington (P. harroldorum) about 4.9—1.8 Mya (Plionarctos harroldorum)
Pipe Creek Sinkhole, Grant County, Indiana (P. edensis) about 10.3—1.8 Mya
Palmetto Mine, Polk County, Florida 7.9—7.8 Mya
Gray Fossil Site, Washington County, Tennessee about 7.0-4.5 Mya

References

↑ Frick, Childs (1926). "The Hemicyoninæ and an American Tertiary Bear". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 56 (1): 111–119. hdl:2246/1321.
↑ Tedford, Richard H.; Martin, James (2001). "Plionarctos, a tremarctine bear (Ursidae: Carnivora) from western North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (2): 311–321. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0311:PATBUC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 20061955.
↑ R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1-698
↑ Hunt, R. M. (1998). "Ursidae". In Jacobs, Louis; Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen L. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–195. ISBN 0-521-35519-2.
↑ Legendre, Serge; Roth, Claudia (1988). "Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (mammalia)". Historical Biology. 1 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1080/08912968809386468.

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[1] Frick, Childs (1926). "The Hemicyoninæ and an American Tertiary Bear". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 56 (1): 111–119. hdl:2246/1321.

[2] Tedford, Richard H.; Martin, James (2001). "Plionarctos, a tremarctine bear (Ursidae: Carnivora) from western North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (2): 311–321. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0311:PATBUC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 20061955.

[3] R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1-698

[4] Hunt, R. M. (1998). "Ursidae". In Jacobs, Louis; Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen L. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–195. ISBN 0-521-35519-2.

[5] Legendre, Serge; Roth, Claudia (1988). "Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (mammalia)". Historical Biology. 1 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1080/08912968809386468.