Indarctos

Indarctos
Temporal range: Miocene
I. atticus skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Superfamily: Arctoidea
Family: Ursidae
Subfamily: Ailuropodinae
Tribe: †Indarctini
Abella et al., 2012
Genus: †Indarctos
Pilgrim, 1913
Type species
†Indarctos salmontanus
Pilgrim, 1913
Species

†I. punjabensis (Lydekker, 1884)
†I. zdanskyi (Qiu & Tedford, 2003)[1]
†I. sinensis (Zdansky, 1924)
†I. vireti (Villalta & Crusafont, 1943)
†I. arctoides (Deperet, 1895)
†I. anthracitis (Weithofer, 1888)
†I. salmontanus (Pilgrim, 1913)
†I. atticus (Weithofer, 1888)
†I. bakalovi (Kovachev, 1988)
†I. lagrelli (Zdansky, 1924)
†I. oregonensis (Merriam et al., 1916)
†I. nevadensis (Macdonald, 1959)[2]

Indarctos is a genus of mammals of the bear family, Ursidae, endemic to North America, Europe and Asia during the Miocene. It was present from ~11.1 to 5.3 Ma, existing for approximately 6.2 million years.

The oldest member is from Arizona (~11.1—7.7 Ma) and youngest is (~9.0—5.3 Ma) from Kazakhstan. In North America this animal was contemporary with Plionarctos (~10.3—3.3 Ma).

Taxonomy

Indarctos was named by Pilgrim (1913) Its type is Indarctos salmontanus. It was assigned to Agriotheriini by Chorn and Hoffman (1978); to Ursavini by Hunt (1998); and to Ursidae by Pilgrim (1913), Carroll (1988) and Salesa et al. (2006).[3][4][5] Abell et al. (2012) designated the genus in a new tribe Indarctini and assigned it to Ailuropodinae.[6]

Morphology

Body mass

Two specimens were examined by Legendre and Roth for body mass.[7]

  • Specimen 1 estimated to weigh: 244.4 kg

Fossil distribution

Sites and specimen ages:

  • Box T Site, Lipscomb County, Texas ~9.3—9.2 Ma.
  • Rattlesnake site, Grant County, Oregon ~10.3—4.9 Ma.
  • Withlacoochee River Site 4A, Marion County, Florida paleontological sites (Indarctos sp.) ~10.3—4.9 Ma.
  • Lufeng, Yunnan, China (I. atticus) ~9—5.3 Ma.
  • Yulafli (CY), Thrace, Turkey (I. arctoides) ~9.7—8.7 Ma.
  • Batallones-3, Madrid Basin, Spain (I. arctoides) ~11.6—5.3 Ma.[8][9]

References

  1. ↑ Qiu, Zhan-Xiang; Tedford, R. H. (2003). "Shānxī bǎo dé yìndù xióngyīxīn zhǒng" 山西保德印度熊一新种 [A New Species of *Indarctos* from Baode, China] (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 41 (4): 278–288.
  2. ↑ MacDonald, J. R. (1959). "The Middle Pliocene Mammalian Fauna from Smiths Valley, Nevada". Journal of Paleontology. 33 (5): 872–887. JSTOR 1300922.
  3. ↑ Chorn, John; Hoffmann, Robert S. (1978). "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". Mammalian Species (110): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3503982. JSTOR 3503982.
  4. ↑ Hunt, R. M. (1998). "Ursidae". In Jacobs, Louis; Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen L. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–195. ISBN 0-521-35519-2.
  5. ↑ Salesa, M. J.; Anton, M.; Peigne, S.; Morales, J. (2005). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379–382. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMC 1326154.
  6. ↑ Abella, Juan; Alba, David M.; Robles, Josep M.; Valenciano, Alberto; Rotgers, Cheyenn; Carmona, Raül; Montoya, Plinio; Morales, Jorge; O’Grady, Patrick (2012). "Kretzoiarctos gen. nov., the Oldest Member of the Giant Panda Clade". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e48985. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048985.
  7. ↑ S. Legendre and C. Roth. 1988. Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (Mammalia). Historical Biology 1(1):85-98
  8. ↑ Batallones-3 site
  9. ↑ Abella J, Valenciano A, Pérez-Ramos A, Montoya P, Morales J (2013) On the Socio-Sexual Behaviour of the Extinct Ursid Indarctos arctoides: An Approach Based on Its Baculum Size and Morphology. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73711. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073711
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