Oropom people

The Oropom (also known as Iworopom, Oworopom, Oyoropom or Oropoi) were the aboriginal inhabitants of much of Karamoja in Uganda, Mt. Elgon area and West Pokot, Trans Nzoia and Turkana regions in Kenya. Their descendants were largely assimilated into various communities present in their former territories, including the Iteso, Karamojong, Pokot, Turkana and Bukusu. They are or were found in scattered pockets between the Turkwel River, Chemorongit Mountains and Mt. Elgon. One report indicates that they formerly spoke the unclassified Oropom language.

Sources

The first indication of the past existence of a people known as Oropom was through fieldwork done by J.G.Wilson in the mid-20th century. While resident in Karamoja region of Uganda, he came across widespread and abundant archaeological material including stone tools and pottery of a nature also found in Karasuk, Turkana and West Pokot districts in Kenya. Wilson noted that "the material collected, particularly the pottery, reflects such a high degree of skill and artistry in its manufacture, that it is obviously not connected with the much cruder pots of the present occupants of these areas". His supposition was confirmed by most residents who had no traditions indicating the manufacture of the items save for a few people who claimed to be descendants of a people known as Oropom.[1]

Origins

According to Webster,[2] the Oropom nursery was located near Mt. Moroto, from which they moved west to the plain between Napak and Mount Elgon.

Oropom traditions recorded by Wilson capture the extent of their ancient territories: the whole Turkana to a point east of Lake Turkana which the Oropom called "Malimalte", the Cherangani Hills eastward to Lake Baringo, much of the Trans-Nzoia District - all in present-day Kenya; Mt. Elgon and all of Teso sub-region in Uganda; as well as the areas of Didinga and Topossa in Sudan.

Assimilation's

It is currently assumed that the Oropom were the original inhabitants of their territory, and that successive waves of migrants invaded the territory[3];

Wilson suggests that the first invaders of the Oropom territory were proto-Kalenjin speakers who may have included the Nyangea, Teuso and Tepes.[4] They were followed by the Maliri who had occupied with certainty what are now Jie country and large parts of Dodoth country in Uganda. It is estimated that their arrival in those districts occurred 600 to 800 years ago (i.e c.1200 to 1400 AD)[5]

Society

Appearance

Wilson (1970) noted that some individuals living among the Karimojong and who claimed Oropom ancestry could be distinguished by their reddish brown skin, "peppercorn hair", slanted eyes, and prominent cheekbones. On this basis he ascribed them to the Khoisan group.

In 1970, their main mark was a custom of wearing a single cowrie shell attached to a forelock placed over the centre of the forehead (for women), or an indented mark in the centre of the forehead (for men.)

Housing

Traditions also captured by Wilson note that the Oropom had well-built houses of three to four rooms (unlike the Karamojong), big gardens, and long-horned cattle. They also had a reputation as good potters, and pottery attributed to them is found all over the area.

Clothing

The women wore skin clothing and large earrings, and did not plait their hair; the men wore nothing but a belt covering their penis, and had long pigtails. Both sexes wore many bangles, and covered themselves in a red oil-ochre mixture.

Industry

Wilson postulates that they had no knowledge of iron working as most of their tools and implements were Stone Age.

Religion

Their religious rites are said to have invariably taken place at sunrise, usually on rock outcrops. Some involved animal sacrifices. Some were reserved for elders, while others were open to all. Ritual feasts were held at stone circles.

Customs

They were not circumcised.

Sirikwa association

Wilson (1970) notes that the Pokotozek on arrivng at Mt Elgon "termed the Oropom the Sirikwa," and on this basis goes on to ascribe the Sirikwa holes at Mt Elgon to them stating "...but their density of population, as evidenced by Sirikwa holes was such that they were then immovable."

Wilson also posits quite strongly that the Oropom were a late stone age community which is counter to knowledge of the Sirikwa who were an iron-age community.[6]

However, Turpin (1948) whose notes were sourced in 1916, makes no such association. Rather his Karimojong informant clearly distinguishes the Oropom from other Kalenjin speakers. He notes that the Oropom were "...similar to us in habits, customs and language. The Oropom had nothing in common with the Suk group; they did not circumcise and the language of the latter is not understood by them."

Turpin further notes that Nandi territory previously extended north as far as Mt Elgon which is significant given the presence of Sirikwa holes at the mountain.[7]

Decline

Oral traditions indicate that the expansion of Lwoo speakers into Acholi caused the breakaway of a group who were initially know as Jie. The Jie came from the vicinity of Gulu though there was a section of the group who came from a hill known as Got Turkan. The Jie who are said to have been Luo speaking though governed by elders and not chiefs (indicating that their culture was not fully Lwoo-ised), advanced eastward and entered the present Karamoja boundary at Adilang. The territory they entered was then occupied by the Maliri who were pushed to the vicinity of Koten mountains.

The Jie from Got Turkan, now calling themselves Turkana, broke away from the main Jie populace at Kotido and advanced eastward bringing extreme pressure to bear on the Maliri at Koten causing that group to split into two. One section came to be known as Merille while the other referred to themselves as Pokotozek.[8]

The Merille would move north and east as they were harried by the emerging Turkana community, eventually settling in what may have been their original cradle-land in the Omo Valley in southern Ethiopia.[9]

The Pokotozek whose movements would have greatest impact on the Oropom, moved south, arriving at Nakiloro which lies on the lip of the Turkana escarpment just north of Moroto mountain, where they stayed for a short while before moving further south, proceeding down the eastern side of the Chemorongit and Cherangani mountains before finally branching off in the direction of Lake Baringo.

This Pokot incursion disturbed Oropom who were settled around Baringo, causing a break-up of that group which led to migrations in various directions;

Turkwell

Some Oropom moved towards the Turkwell, both below and above Turkwell gorge.

Uasin Gishu

Other Oropom moved into Uasin Gishu Maasai held territory

Chemorongit

Yet others moved to the Chemorongit mountains which were still part of Oropom territory, as well as the area west of there and south of Moroto mountain

The Pokotozek finding that they were no longer facing a formidable tribal grouping to the north and west of Baringo, themselves expanded in that direction, expelling other Oropom from the Cherangani mountains and further west right up to the slopes of Mt Elgon hence limiting Turkana southern movement.[10]

It is notable that the emerging Sebei referred to the Mt Elgon Oropom as Sirikwa. The Sirikwa population at Mt Elgon, as evidenced by Sirkwa holes, was fairly dense and it is likely that their identity was still largely intact. It would take the Karimojong dispersion of the Oropom at Kapcheliba in the early 18th century to finally submerge the Oropom-Sirikwa identity.[11]

The Battle at Kacheliba

A notable battle that occurred around 1825[12] or 1830[13] near Kacheliba is largely perceived to have signaled the snuffing out of Oropom identity. A notable element of the battle is the Oropom tying themselves together with leather ropes. Oropom descendants romanticise the encounter, noting that;

The Karimajong kept beating the Oropom and drove them further and further south. Finally the Oropom became tired of running. They began killing their cattle to make leather ropes out of their skins. They tied themselves together with those ropes so that none could run away. They said ‘we are tired of running – it is better that we should all die here together’[14]

The Karimajong on the other hand provide a brutal military assessment of the encounter and the state of Oropom society at that point, they note that;

"...Their shields were larger than ours but were ineffective as they were made of cowhide. Their spears were unlike ours, more like those of the Nandi. When we were strong enough we desired their cattle which had long horns, and we fought a great battle with them. However they were cowards and their elders had to force the young men to fight us; in doing this, they gathered them together in long lines, securing them one to the other by ropes, to prevent them running away. This was very foolish as when we killed one or two of them, the whole line collapsed with the weight of their bodies and we slaughtered them where they fell."[15]

Some then fled east or south; a few Oropom settlements are claimed to have remained between Kacheliba and Karta as late as 1927. Some areas were unaffected by this battle, and Oropom remained between Lolachat and Namalu in Pian county in Nakapiripirit District, and in the area between Mt. Elgon and Mt. Kadam. Traditions of the Didinga people of South Sudan apparently record displacing a "red" people, called the Argit, who were skilled in pottery-making.

Dispersal

Iteso

Iteso clan names reveal a history of long-standing ethnic interactions and found amongst these are names of Bantu and Northern Nilotic origin. Some of these are clan names are said to be of Iworopom origin.[16]. Traditions recorded among the JoPadhola in Kenya indicate that there were two waves of Iteso settlement in their present lands. The first was family based and was peaceful. This was followed by an extensive and aggressive migration that left the Iteso in control of a large swathe of territory that by 1850 extended as far as the western highlands of Kenya.

A story collected by Turpin (1948) suggests that the Iteso are largely descended from the Oropom, a suggestion that has been advanced by many other historians. Karp notes that the Karamoja call the Southern Iteso "Iworopom".

Karimajong, Turkana & Tepes

Some Oropom fled northwards to join the Turkana and Tepes.[17] People considering themselves Oropom were (as of 1970), according to Wilson,[18] particularly concentrated within the Karamoja area in Matheniko and Jie counties, and to a lesser extent in Bokora; some were also found among the Tepes people of Mt. Moroto and Mt. Kadam. Others were found in Pian county, notably at Lorengedwat.

Bukusu

Other refugees swelled the Bukusu population where they led a distinctly different way of life within recorded memory.[19]

Uasin Gishu Maasai

Some Oropom refugees fled eastward and found safe haven on the Uasin Gishu plateau where they have been strongly identified with the Uas Nkishu Maasai.

Pokot

Some refugees joined the Pokot[20]


References

  1. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 125-126
  2. ↑ J. B. Webster, "The Iworopom settlers", The Iteso during the Asonya, Nairobi, E. A. P. H., 1973, pp. 28-40.
  3. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 129[online]
  4. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 129-130
  5. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 130
  6. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p.125-145
  7. ↑ C. A. Turpin. "The occupation of the Turkwell river area by the Karamojong tribe". The Uganda Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, 1948, pp. 161–165.
  8. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 130-131
  9. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 131
  10. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 131-132
  11. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 132
  12. ↑ Spear, T. and Waller, R. Being Maasai: Ethnicity & Identity in East Africa. James Currey Publishers, 1993, p. 90
  13. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 132
  14. ↑ Spear, T. and Waller, R. Being Maasai: Ethnicity & Identity in East Africa. James Currey Publishers, 1993, p. 90
  15. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 133
  16. ↑ Iteso People and their Culture in Kenya[online]
  17. ↑ Spear, T. and Waller, R. Being Maasai: Ethnicity & Identity in East Africa. James Currey Publishers, 1993, p. 90
  18. ↑ "Preliminary Observations on the Oropom People of Karamoja, their Ethnic Status, Culture, and Postulated Relation to the Peoples of the Late Stone Age." J. G. Wilson, The Uganda Journal, vol. 34, no. 2, 1970. pp. 125-145.
  19. ↑ Wilson, J.G., Preliminary Obervation On The Oropom People Of Karamoja, Their Ethnic Status, Culture And Postulated Relation To The Peoples Of The Late Stone Age, The Journal Of The Uganda Society, p. 133-145
  20. ↑ Spear, T. and Waller, R. Being Maasai: Ethnicity & Identity in East Africa. James Currey Publishers, 1993, p. 90

Bibliography

  • C. A. Turpin. "The occupation of the Turkwell river area by the Karamojong tribe". The Uganda Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, 1948, pp. 161–165.
  • A. C. A. Wright, "Notes on the Iteso social organisation", The Uganda Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, 1942, p. 60.
  • J. C. D. Lawrence, "A history of the Teso to 1937", The Uganda Journal, vol. 19, no. 1, 1955.
  • J. C. D. Lawrence, The Iteso, London, 1957, pp. 8 & 10.
  • "Notes on the Geography of Ethnicity in Uganda", B. W. Langlands, Occ. Paper No. 62, Dept. of Geography, Makerere University, Uganda 1975.


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