Nakai Misl

A 1780 map of the Punjab Region shows the relative positions of the Sikh Misls and other states.
Sikh Confederacy,
(1707–1799)

The Nakai Misl (Punjabi: ਨਕਈ ਮਿਸਲ (Gurmukhi), نکئی مثل‬ (Shahmukhi)), founded by Sandhu Jats,[1] was one of the twelve Sikh Misls that later became the Sikh Empire. It held territory between the Ravi and Sutlej rivers to the southwest of Lahore in what is now modern-day Pakistan. The misl fought against the Sials, the Pathans and the Kharals before being incorporated into the Sikh Empire of the Sukerchakia Misl by Ranjit Singh.[2]

Origin

As the legend goes, in 1595, Guru Arjan Dev (1563–1606), the Fifth Sikh Guru, with some of his followers visited the village of Baherwal. However, the holy man was not received with due hospitality. So he passed on to the neighboring village of Jambar Kalan where he lay down on a Charpai (cot) under a shady tree. By this time, Hem Raj, a Sandhu Jatt, Chaudhari or headman of Baherwal, who was absent when the Guru passed through his village, heard of what had occurred and ashamed of his town-men's inhospitality went to Jambar Kalan and brought the Guru back to his town. The Guru blessed Hem Raj and prophesied that his son and successors, would be great and powerful chiefs. However, it was more than 100 years later that the prophecy was to materialize.[3]

History

By 1748, when the Mughal power in the Punjab was decling and the Sikhs were on ascendance, Sardar Heera Singh Sandhu (1706–1776) took possession of the lands surrounding his native village, Baherwal and countryside of Kasur which was located in the Nakka country South of Majha Region and his misl took the name of the area they ruled. He took Amrit Sanchar (Sikh Baptism) in 1731. Nakka in Punjabi means border or some sort of a gateway and the Nakka country was located between the Ravi and Sutlej south of Lahore.[4] He also took Chunian from the Afghans but died near Pakpattan in a battle against Sujan Chisti - a devotee of the Shrine of Baba Farid.[5] His companions brought his dead body to Baherwal where it was cremated.[6] Hira Singh Sandhu's son, Dal Singh Sandhu, was a minor, so his nephew, Nar Singh Sandhu son of Hira Singh Sandhu's brother Natha SinghSandhu, succeeded him as leader of the misl.

In 1768, Nar Singh was killed in a battle against the Kharals at Kot Kumaliah and was succeeded by his brother, Ran Singh.[7] Ran Singh fought repeatedly against Kamar Singh, the ruler of Syedwala. Sometime before his death in 1781, he defeated him and captured Syedwala. Sardar Ran Singh greatly expanded the misl's strength so it became dominant among its neighbors. At its high point under Ran Singh it ruled Kasur, Sharaqpur, Gugera pargana, and the Kharal fort of Kot Kumaliah and could field 2,000 horsemen. Sardar ran singh was killed by one of the kharal tribe men peroka kharal. Zamburaks, and artillery.[7] His son, Bhagwan Singh, succeeded him but could not hold his territory against Wazir Singh, the brother of Kamar Singh, who retook Syedwala. Realizing he might lose all of his territory, Bhagwan Singh set up the engagement of his sister, Raj Kour, to Ranjit Singh, who was the son of Maha Singh, the leader of the Sukerchakia Misl, in order to gain a powerful ally.[7] In 1785, Maha Singh was facing attacks from Sardar Jai Singh of the Kanheya Misl and called Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh to help him, but after they were victorious against Sardar Jai Singh, Maha Singh began to favor Wazir Singh.

Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh at war again and Bhagwan Singh was killed in the ensuing battle.[8] Dal Singh, the son of Hira Singh, subsequently killed Wazir Singh in revenge but was himself killed later by a servant of Wazir Singh. In 1789, Gyan Singh, succeeded his brother, Bhagwan Singh (sons of Sardar Ran Singh Nakai). In 1798 he married his sister Raj Kaur to Ranjit Singh who become his second but most favourite queen. Raj Kaur also being the name of one of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's mothers, she took the name of Maharani Datar Kaur. In 1802, she gave birth to Kharak Singh, the heir apparent of the Sikh empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh always fondly called her as Mai Nakain.

In 1807, Gyan Singh died and Kahan Singh succeeded him. Before having his estate seized by Ranjit Singh in 1810, Sardar Kahan Singh had conquered Pakpattan.[8] Ranjit Singh was an ambitious King and Chief. Having incorporated most of the Sikh Confederacy into his empire, he had been eyeing the holdings of the Nakai Misl. After the death of Sardar Gyan Singh, he invited the new Chief to move and live in the Lahore court, which the proud Nakai Chief steadily refused.[8] Consequently, Ranjit Singh ordered the annexation of his holdings and granted Kahan Singh a Jagir at Baherwal then valued at Rupees 15,000. A Jagir at Nankot was also granted to Sardar Khazan Singh, a son of Sardar Ran Singh Nakai, the third chief of the Nakai Misl.[8]

List of Nakai Misl Rulers from 1748–1810

  • Sardar Hira Singh Nakai (1706–1767)
  • Sardar Nar Singh Nakai (d. 1768)
  • Sardar Ran Singh Nakai (d. 1781)
  • Sardar Bhagwan Singh Nakai (d. 1789)
  • Sardar Gyan Singh Nakai (d. 1807)
  • Sardar Kahan Singh Nakai (till 1810, d. 1873).

Descendants

Even after the Nakai Misl was incorporated into the Sikh empire, the Nakai Sardars continued to wield considerable influence in the land of their ancestors. The last Chief lived long but after his territory was annexed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he stayed throughout in village Bahelwal. After annexation of the Punjab by the British, he stayed strictly neutral and loyal. As a result, he was appointed Jagirdar Magistrate in 1860, an office he held till his death.[8] Even during the British rule in Punjab (1849–1947) the descendants of Nakai Sikh Misl, were still great Sikh Sardars of Baherwal and were respected by the British as well.

Conversions to Islam

But the Nakai Sardars were increasingly coming under the influence of Islam. Sardar Attar Singh Nakai, a son of the last Chief, had joined the Sikh Army at Multan during the rebellion in 1848. After their defeat, he converted to Islam and took the name Khuda Bakhsh, and lived until 1879.

Sardar Ishar Singh Nakai, another son of Sardar Kahan Singh, converted to Islam and married a Muslim lady, named Umar Bibi in 1879,belonging to Sarai Mughal District of Kasur. He took the name Abdul Aziz Nakai, and had two sons from the union; Sardar Din Muhammad (1881–1944) and Sardar Muhammad Akbar (1889–1971).

One of Abdul Aziz's grandsons, Sardar Muhammad Arif Nakai was a well known Pakistani politician who rose to become Chief Minister of Pakistani Punjab in 1995–96. Sardar Muhammad Arif Nakai's son-in-law is the politician Sardar Talib Hasan Nakai. Sardar Abdul Hamid Nakai was elected a member of the National Assembly from 1953 to 1989. Sardar Arif's sons are Sardar Muhammad Asif Nakai (Former Federal Minister), late Sardar Pervaiz Hassan Nakai who was a former member of the Punjab Assembly, and Sardar Atif Nakai, former Tehsil Nazim of Tehsil Pattoki.

References

  1. ↑ Nakai misl history
  2. ↑ Bakshi & Pathak 2007, p. 3
  3. ↑ Griffin1865, p. 119
  4. ↑ Roe & Purser 1878, p. 32
  5. ↑ Richard M. Eaton (1984). Metcalf, Barbara Daly, ed. Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520046603. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  6. ↑ Griffin 1865, p. 118
  7. 1 2 3 Griffin 1865, p. 120
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Griffin 1865, p. 121

Bibliography

  • Bakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi, eds. (2007), Punjab Through the Ages, Sarup & Son, ISBN 978-81-7625-738-1
  • Griffin, Lepel Henry (1865), The Panjab chiefs, historical and biographical notices, Lahore: Chronicle Press, ISBN 978-1-104-70911-2
  • Roe, C.A.; Purser, W. E. (1878), REPORT ON THE REVISED LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT OF THE MONTGOMERY DISTRICT, Lahore: Central Jail Press

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