Crewed Mars rover

Mars rover with person in a Mars suit (NASA, 1995)
Pressurized rovers for a human expedition to planet Mars
DRMA 5.0 "commuter" Mars base, featuring a pressurized rover for two, with a 5 kilowatt Stirling radioisotope generator for power.[1]
This space art, titled The Next Stop was selected by the ESA when discussing its Aurora programme.[2]

Crewed Mars rovers are vehicles for transporting people on the planet Mars, and have been conceptualized as part of human mission to that planet.[1][3] Two types of crewed Mars rovers are pressurized and unpressurized—unpressurized designs may have open seating for a crew in Mars space suits, and another style has a pressurized interior for people to work without a space suit.[3] Pressurized rovers have been envisioned for short trips from a Mars base, or they may be equipped to be more of a mobile base or laboratory.[3] They are also called manned Mars rovers[4]

Crewed Mars rovers are a component of many designs for a human mission to the planet Mars.[1] For example, the Austere Human Missions to Mars proposal proposed including two rovers on its unmanned power and logistics cargo lander.[1] Each rover could hold a crew of two in a pressurized environment, with power coming from a Stirling radioisotope generator.[1]


Examples

Mars One, a Mars colonization plan intended to be funded by a TV show, plans an unpressurized crewed rover capable of traveling 80 km (50 miles).[5] They said a possible supplier was Astrobotic Technology.

The Manned Mars Exploration Rover (MMER) won a design award in 2010.[6] Some features included live-aboard capability, a winch, airlock, and six foam core wheels.[6] It featured modular construction so it could be assembled from smaller parts, and the suggested power source was radioisotope batteries.[6] An example of RTG use is the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft whose radioisotope power system produces several hundred watts of electrical power.[7]
It produces this amount power continuously with a slow decline over decades, and with even larger amount of heat production at the same time.[7] The electricity is produced from the heat given off by radioactive decay.[7]

In 2017, the Park Brother's Concepts debuted their Mars Rover design, which featured a six-wheel design, enclosed cab, and a mobile laboratory concept.[8] The rover concept is a Non-NASA design, but did debut at the Kennedy Space Center's Summer of Mars and is back dropped by agencies goal of getting humans to Mars by the early 2030s.[8] Car and Driver magazine reported on this event, and dubbed it a 'Mars Car' noting the designers and various specifications of the vehicle such as its size.[4]

An example of an in-house NASA design for rover, is the wheeled version of the Space Exploration Vehicle, which can has a version for outer space.[8][9] An early version of the SEV rover was tested in 2008 by NASA in the desert.[9] The SEV for space or roving missions was designed to support two humans for 14-days, and would include a toilet, sleeping logistics, and one version has suitports to support EVAs.[9][10]Another concept is a windows that allow looking at objects very close to the front of the rover but on surface (down and to the front).[9]

In the 1960s, the post-Mariner 4 design for a Mars Excursion Module, by Marshall Space Flight Center, including a cargo version carrying a pressurized Mobile Laboratory for Mars, called MOLAB.[11] One of the ideas for Molab was for it touch down on its wheels, what was called a "rover first" concept.[3] MOLAB had a pressurized cylinder for crews to operate in a shirt-sleeve environment even on a extraterrestrial surface.[3]

For options for keeping track of location as the rover moves around Mars include:[12]

  • Topographic cues from images
  • Inertial measurements (see also Inertial measurement unit)
  • A Mars GPS if emplaced
  • Celestial navigation

Navigation on Mars is noted as important issue for human missions to the planet.[12] Celestial navigation, used for over 500 years on Earth, may provide a way of locating on the Mars surface to within about 100 meters (109 yards).[12] Navigation is especially relevant to rovers, because they need to know at least roughly where they are and where they are going to get to a destination.[13] Dead reckoning was the method used by the Mars Pathfinder rover Sojourner for navigation.[13]

A GPS satellite network for Mars would mean a constellation of satellites in Mars orbit, but one alternative would be a surface based pseudo-satellites array.[13] These devices would have to be emplaced with high precision, unless they were self-calibrating.[13]

Rover design

Mars rovers' wheels
rover wheels 3/4 view
Mars rover 'wheelprint'
Rover wheels

An example of criteria for humaned Mars surface rover was expressed by NASA in the surface variant of the aforementioned SEV, in development in during the 2010s.[14] The 1980s era Case for Mars design suggest a medium range rover with two compartments, one which could be de-pressurized and opened up to the Mars atmosphere, and a driving compartments which could remain pressurized during this time.[15] The same study also suggested a bigger long duration rover with tracks and robotic arms, in addition to other types in that Mars surface human mission concept.[16]

Airlock design, especially for EVA is a an area of study for pressurized rovers.[14]

Design ideas for crewed and/or pressurized rovers:[14]

  • Docking Hatch a docking hatch would allow connecting to a Mars surface habitat, ascent stage, or other rover, allowing the passage of people in a pressurized thru-way after docking
  • Suit port an integrated combining of the rover with a Mars suit design, allowing a person to enter a Mars suit that has an opening connected to the pressuized interior of the rover, yet the rest of suit exterior to the Mars environment. This would avoid having a separate air-lock or to depressurize the whole vehicle when opening a exterior hatch
  • Modular design this a design concept that would mean making components of the rover able to be swapped for other components in convenient way or dissembled into smaller sections. For example, a rover might able to be broken down it smaller pieces that are assembled on the surface after being landed on the surface of Mars. This would allow making a bigger rover for any given limit to deliver a certain mass to the surface of Mars intact.
    • Modular work packages that can be swapped in such as a crane, backhoe, or cable winch
  • Chariot piloting station this is a place for a Mars-suited astronaut to control the rover without having to re-enter pressurized area
  • Ice-shield-Heat sink one idea is to have a 2.5 cm barrier of Ice as shielding, and this ice could also be used as a heat sink
Curiosity unmanned rover's wheel on Mars

Additional possible technologies:

A 2004 analysis of a human Mars surface mission suggested the following types of rovers:[17]

  • A Light Truck, powered by methane and oxygen
  • Open rover
  • Pressurized rover

In human Mars missions, rovers are sometimes grouped under what have been called "mars surface elements".:[17]

Unpressurized rover

Buggy-style Mars rover for Mars suited astronauts

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Price, Hoppy; Hawkins, Alisa; Radcliffe, Torrey (16 September 2009). "Austere Human Missions to Mars" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  2. ↑ "Liftoff for Aurora: Europe's first steps to Mars, the Moon and beyond". ESA. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Zakrajsek, James J., et. al. (2005). "Exploration Rover Concepts and Development Challenges" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  4. 1 2 Fink, Greg (7 June 2017). "Mars Car: Manned Mars Rover Concept Debuts at Kennedy Space Center". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  5. ↑ "Mission Feasibility". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 "Manned Mars Rover wins Good Design Award". Dexigner. 13 February 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 Barber, Todd J. (23 August 2010). "Insider's Cassini: Power, Propulsion, and Andrew Ging". Cassini Solstice Mission. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 Vasquez, Robert. "Mars Car: Manned Mars Rover Concept Debuts at Kennedy Space Center". robertvasquez123.wordpress.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle". NASA. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  10. ↑ Orwig, Jessica (5 January 2016). "I drove the 6,600-lb 'car' that NASA designed for astronauts on Mars, and I'll never see space exploration the same way again". Business Insider. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  11. ↑ Portree, David S. F. (25 October 2012). "Origin of the Apollo-shaped Manned Mars Lander (1966)". WIRED. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 Malay, Benjamin P. (2001). "Celestial Navigation on the Surface of Mars". United States Naval Academy. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Mars Rover Navigation Using GPS Self-Calibrating Pseudolite Arrays". Stanford Aerospace Robotics Lab. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  14. 1 2 3 "Space Exploration Vehicle Concept" (PDF). NASA. 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  15. ↑ "Figure 3. Medium-range rover depicting two astronauts recovering..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  16. ↑ "Figure 4. Long-range rover with a complex multi-week life support..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  17. 1 2 Hunt, Charles D.; van Pelt, Michel O. (2004). "Comparing NASA and ESA Cost Estimating Methods for Human Missions to Mars" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  • Novak, Matt (30 July 2012). "Wernher von Braun's Martian Chronicles". Smithsonian.
  • "James Cameron's rover". bp.blogspot.
  • "Home". Human Mars.net.
  • Perez-Davis, Marla E.; Faymon, Karl A. (1987). "Mars Manned Transportation Vehicle" (PDF). NASA.
  • Wade, Mark. "DRM 1 Mars Rover - Pressurized". Astronautix.com.

Further reading

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