List of crewed Mars mission plans

Artist's conception of a human mission on the surface of Mars. 1989 painting by Les Bossinas of NASA's Lewis Research Center.
An SLS design in the 2010s. This rocket is envisioned as the launch vehicle for some of latest NASA speculative long-term plans for Mars concepts, although there are some bold private venture plans that may also provide mass-to-orbit for any mission until a space-fairing colony could provide a launch from another body or station

This list of crewed Mars mission plans is a listing of concept studies for a crewed mission to Mars during the 20th and 21st centuries. It is limited to studies done with engineering and scientific knowledge about the capabilities of then current technology, typically for high-budget space agencies like NASA. Mission profiles include crewed flybys, crewed landers, or other types of Mars system encounter strategies.

Concepts

Many mission concepts for expeditions to Mars were proposed in the late 20th century. David Portree's history volume Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950—2000 discusses many of these.[1] Portree notes that every 26 Earth months a lower energy Earth to Mars transfer opportunity opens,[1] so missions typically coincide with one of these windows. In addition, the lowest available transfer energy varies on a roughly 16-year cycle, with a minimum in the 1969 and 1971 launch windows, rising to a peak in the late 70s, and hitting another low in 1986 and 1988.[1] Also of note, the Mariner 4 Mars flyby in 1965 provided radically more accurate data about the planet; a surface atmospheric pressure of about 1% of Earth's and daytime temperatures of -100 degrees Celsius (-148 degrees Fahrenheit) were estimated. No magnetic field[2][3] or Martian radiation belts[4] were detected. The new data meant redesigns for planned Martian landers, and showed life would have a more difficult time surviving there than previously anticipated.[5][6][7][8] Later NASA probes in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s confirmed the findings about Mars environmental conditions.

The first engineering analysis of a crewed mission to Mars was made by Wernher von Braun in 1948.[9] It was originally published as Das Marsprojekt in West Germany in 1952, and as The Mars Project in English in the United States in 1953. Von Braun's Mars "flotilla" included ten 4,000-ton ships with 70 crew members.[10] The expected launch year was 1965.[9]

List

The list is in semi-chronological order, with some groupings, as variation can exist in the dating of a given plan. Various references were consulted.[1][11][12] LEO mass refers to how much hardware must be put in low Earth orbit for the mission. For comparison, the low Earth orbit payload capacity per launch of the U.S. Space Shuttle is about 25 metric tons, and that of the Saturn V, 120 metric tons.

Name Crew LEO mass
(metric tons) 		Year
announced 		A planned
launch year		 Sources
Von Braun Mars 1952 (Das Marsprojekt)7037200 19521965[13]
Stuhlinger Mars 1954–195720660 19541980
Von Braun Mars 1956 (The Exploration of Mars)123400 19561970
Martian Piloted Complex 1958–196261630 19581975
Stuhlinger Mars 1962151800 19621975
Bono Mars 19608800 19601971
NASA Lewis Mars 19606614 19601971
TMK-1 1961 (flyby)375 19611971
TMK-2 (TMK-E)[14]2 19621971
EMPIRE Aeronutronic 19626227 19621970
EMPIRE General Dynamics 19628900 19621975
EMPIRE Lockheed 19623100 19621974
Faget Mars (heavy) 196361140 1963
Faget Mars (light) 19636280 1963
TRW Mars Expedition 19626650 19621975
UMPIRE Douglas 19636450 19631975
Project Deimos63965 19641986
Douglas MORL Mars Flyby 19653360 19651973
NASA JAG Manned Mars Flyby 1966 [1][15]4 19661975
NASA NERVA-Electric Mars 1966[16]51552 19661986
Korolev KK (TMK) 19663150 19661980
Titus FLEM 1966[17]3118 19661985
Stuhlinger Mars 1966 [13]2788[13]
Boeing IMIS 196861226 19681985
Mars Expeditionary Complex (MEK) 19693150 19691980
Von Braun Mars 1969121455 [13] 19691981
NASA Mars Expedition 197161900 19711987
Mars in 30 Days (Ragsdale 1972)[18]52041 1972
MK-700 197221400 19721980
Chelomei 1974 (MK-700 flyby)2250 19741980
British Interplanetary Society Mars 198281300 1982
Planetary Society Mars Expedition 19834160 19832003
Paine 1984 (Pioneering the Space Frontier) 19842026
NASA-LANL Manned Mars Flyby 1985[19]358 1985
NPO Energia Mars 19864365 19862000
Case for Mars II 1986301900 19862007
NASA Ride Report 19866210 19862004
NASA Mars Evolution 19888330 19882013
NASA Mars Expedition 198881628 19882007
NASA Phobos Expedition 19884765 19882003
NASA 90 Day Study 19894980[13] - 1300 19892017
NPO Energia Mars 19894355 19892001
Mars Evolution 19895 19892007
NASA Mars Expedition 19893780 19892004
Mars Direct (Zubrin 1991)4220 19911997
STCAEM CAB 19914800 19912016
STCAEM NEP 19914500 19912016
STCAEM NTR 19914800 19912016
STCAEM SEP 19914410 19912016
NASA Synthesis Study 199161080 19912014
International Space University 1991 [20]8 19912016
NASA Design Reference Mission 1.0 19936900 19932007
Kurchatov Mars 19945800 19942010
Zubrin Athena (flyby)2100 19962001
NASA Design Reference Mission 3 19976410 19972011
NASA Mars Combo Lander 19984280 19982011
NASA Design Reference Mission 4 19986400 19982011
NASA Dual Lander Mission12600 19992011
Mars Society Mission 199910900 19992011
Marspost (Gorshkov 2000)[21][22]6400 20002017
Mars Design Reference Mission 5[23] 18 2009 2035
Inspiration Mars (Tito 2013) 2 2013 2021
SpaceX Interplanetary Transport System ~2800 2012[24] 2024

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 David S. F. Portree, Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950 - 2000, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available as NASA SP-2001-4521.
  2. ↑ O'Gallagher, J.J.; Simpson, J.A. (September 10, 1965). "Search for Trapped Electrons and a Magnetic Moment at Mars by Mariner IV". Science, New Series. 149 (3689): 1233–1239. Bibcode:1965Sci...149.1233O. doi:10.1126/science.149.3689.1233. PMID 17747452.
  3. ↑ Smith, Edward J.; Davis Jr., Leverett; Coleman Jr., Paul J.; Jones, Douglas E. (September 10, 1965). "Magnetic Field Measurements Near Mars". Science, New Series. 149 (3689): 1241–1242. Bibcode:1965Sci...149.1241S. doi:10.1126/science.149.3689.1241. PMID 17747454.
  4. ↑ Van Allen, J.A.; Frank, L.A.; Krimigis, S.M.; Hills, H.K. (September 10, 1965). "Absence of Martian Radiation Belts and Implications Thereof". Science, New Series. 149 (3689): 1228–1233. Bibcode:1965Sci...149.1228V. doi:10.1126/science.149.3689.1228. PMID 17747451.
  5. ↑ Leighton, Robert B.; Murray, Bruce C.; Sharp, Robert P.; Allen, J. Denton; Sloan, Richard K. (August 6, 1965). "Mariner IV Photography of Mars: Initial Results". Science, New Series. 149 (3684): 627–630. Bibcode:1965Sci...149..627L. doi:10.1126/science.149.3684.627. PMID 17747569.
  6. ↑ Kliore, Arvydas; Cain, Dan L.; Levy, Gerald S.; Eshleman, Von R.; Fjeldbo, Gunnar; Drake, Frank D. (September 10, 1965). "Occultation Experiment: Results of the First Direct Measurement of Mars's Atmosphere and Ionosphere". Science, New Series. 149 (3689): 1243–1248. Bibcode:1965Sci...149.1243K. doi:10.1126/science.149.3689.1243. PMID 17747455.
  7. ↑ Salisbury, Frank B. (April 6, 1962). "Martian Biology". Science, New Series. 136 (3510): 17–26. Bibcode:1962Sci...136...17S. doi:10.1126/science.136.3510.17. PMID 17779780.
  8. ↑ Kilston, Steven D.; Drummond, Robert R.; Sagan, Carl (1966). "A Search for Life on Earth at Kilometer Resolution". Icarus. 5 (1–6): 79–98. Bibcode:1966Icar....5...79K. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(66)90010-8.
  9. 1 2 "Von Braun Mars Expedition - 1952". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on January 16, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
  10. ↑ Portree 2001, ch.1, p.1.
  11. ↑ astronautix manned mars missions Archived 2010-01-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ Annie Platoff, Eyes on the Red Planet: Human Mars Mission Planning, 1952-1970, (1999); available as NASA/CR-2001-2089280 Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine. (July 2001)
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 G. Musser and A. Alpert - How to Go to Mars (2000) - Scientific American (Magazine)
  14. ↑ "Returning to the planets?". Springer Praxis Books: 291–323. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49664-1_8.
  15. ↑ Beyond Apollo Planetary JAG manned Mars flyby (1966) : Planetary Exploration Utilizing a Manned Flight System, NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, October 3, 1966.
  16. ↑ Beyond Apollo: NERVA-electric Mars ship (1966): "Study of a NERVA-Electric Manned Mars Vehicle," Ernst Stuhlinger, Joseph King, Russell Shelton, and Gordon Woodcock, A Volume of Technical Papers Presented at the AIAA/AAS Stepping Stones to Mars Meeting, pp. 288-301; paper presented in Baltimore, Maryland, March 28–30, 1966."
  17. ↑ Beyond Apollo: Flyby-Landing Excursion Mode (1966): "FLEM - Flyby-Landing Excursion Mode," AIAA Paper No. 66-36, R. R. Titus; paper presented at the 3rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York, New York, January 24–26, 1966.
  18. ↑ Beyond Apollo : "To Mars in 30 Days by Gas-Core Nuclear Rocket," Robert G. Ragsdale, Astronautics & Aeronautics, January 1972, pp. 65-71.
  19. ↑ Mark Wade - NASA-LANL Manned Mars Mission 1985 - Encyclopedia Astronautica
  20. ↑ Wendell W. Mendell - A Mission Design for International Manned Mars Mission (1991) Archived 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ↑ Marspost. "December 2000 Leonid Gorshkov of RKK Energia proposed"
  22. ↑ Yuri Karash (18 October 2000). "Onward, to Mars! Russia needs to set a course toward the development of Mars Piloted Orbital Station". Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010.
  23. ↑ "Human Exploration of Mars - Mars Design Reference Mission 5.0" (PDF). July 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  24. ↑ "Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder". Discovery News. 2012-12-13. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.