Liu Chang (Southern Han)

Liu Chang
4th and last emperor of Southern Han
Reign 958–972
Predecessor Liu Sheng (劉晟), father
Born 942
Died 980
Issue 4 sons
Full name
Surname: Liú (劉)
Given name: Jìxīng (繼興), later changed to Chǎng (鋹)
Era dates
Dàbǎo (大寶)
Year 1: 23 January 958 – 10 February 959
Year 2: 11 February 959 – 30 January 960
Year 3: 31 January 960 – 19 January 961
Year 4: 20 January 961 – 7 February 962
Year 5: 8 February 962 – 27 January 963
Year 6: 28 January 963 – 15 February 964
Year 7: 16 February 964 – 4 February 965
Year 8: 5 February 965 – 24 January 966
Year 9: 25 January 966 – 11 February 967
Year 10: 12 February 967 – 1 February 968
Year 11: 2 February 968 – 20 January 969
Year 12: 21 January 969 – 8 February 970
Year 13: 9 February 970 – 29 January 971
Year 14: 30 January 971 – 18 January 972
Liu Chang
Traditional Chinese 劉鋹
Simplified Chinese 刘鋹

Liu Chang (Chinese: 劉鋹; 942–980), originally Liu Jixing (劉繼興), was the fourth, last and youngest Chinese emperor of Southern Han during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 958 until his country was annexed by the Song dynasty in 971.

Life

He succeeded his father Liu Sheng because he was the eldest son. He only left eunuchs in power in his court and mandated castration for anyone who he wanted to work for his court because he believed people with children could not be completely loyal.[1] When Liu Chang became Emperor he was only a "mere youth".[2]

Reign

When Liu became Emperor, he was a teenage youth at only sixteen years old. During his reign, he spent most of his time having sexual intercourse with women, including Persian women (波斯女子) who were prominent in his harem.[3][4][5] The harem of Liu Chang having Persian girls is seen as evidence for a Persian community in China during this time.[6][7][8][9][10][11] His most favourite Persian was one young girl he nicknamed "beautiful sow" or "Seductive Pig" (媚猪) (Mei Zhu or Mei Chu).[12] Liu doted on this young Persian woman,[13][14] who was also reportedly sixteen years old. The Persian girl was called a "princess".[15][16][17][18] The Persian girl had olive skin color.[19] Historical records show that Liu Chang spent so much time on the Persian woman engaging in sex games with her that he abandoned government affairs.[20][21][22] [23][24] He used pearls and silver to renovate his palaces besides being in his harem cavorting with Persian girls and not attending to governance since he left that to the eunuchs.[25] Liu Chang "cavorted lasciviously in the Rear Palace." with his Persian lover. It was written "she could enjoy herself watching them" when she was carried to see the palace women have sex naked with young "hooligans" after he "had everyone strip naked and join in pairs.[26][27] His "orgiastic" sex games with the Persian were fueled by aphrodisiacs he consumed to help him endure the sex games in which he carelessly indulged and he also started a practice called 大體雙 "Naked in Twos" in which his Persian concubine was carried to watch naked palace maids and naked "young hooligans" have sex.[28] The naked orgies he held were like what his uncle Liu Bin held. He never came to managed government business since he stayed in the rear palace with Persian girls and his palace women and Kong Chengshu took over government business.[29] Liu gave himself the title "Xiao xian daifu" 蕭閒大夫 [30][31][32][33][34] Liu had sex with the Persian all day and night and his body was physically unable to bear it but his mind was burning with lust for sex, so he turned to people to help him learn jianyang techniques (健阳法) to invigorate his "yang" male energy (jianyang involves increasing men's physical sexual desire and delaying ejaculation and delaying orgasm) so he could manage having sex with her.[35][36]

The historical text "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms," attributes the reason for Liu Chang losing his kingdom to his aphrodisiac fueled sex games with the Persian woman who the text described as beautiful and his favorite. It said he indulged in his desires with her with no limits and had alchemists create aphrodisiacs to induce sexual desire for his sex games with her and had young men paired with palace women, made them strip naked and had sex together in pairs while he had his Persian lover carried around to watch them. It said that her original name is unknown and lost to history but she was nicknamed Mèi Zhū (媚豬, "beautiful pig").[37] The Historical Records of the Five Dynasties says that Liu Chang spent all his time with the Persian girl engaging in lewd sex games in the harem that he never came out again to handle administrative government work.[38] The "Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" history described the Persian woman as having copper colored skin and large eyes. She was from the western regions and never saw the ocean before until she came to Southern Han which was by the ocean. She found out that pearls came from the ocean and she loved pearls so Liu Chang (Liu Jixing) ordered fishermen to dive to find thousands of pearls to give to her and rewarded them if they found pearls but those who didn't find pearls drowned. It is not known how many fishermen died for Liu to give his Persian lover thousands of pearls. He gave her a pearl dudou, pearl crowns, pearl blouses, and pearl skirts and Liu Chang gave her the nickname Mèi Zhū 媚珠 which meant "beautiful pearl" however the common people hated them and changed it derogatorily to Mèi Zhū 媚猪 which meant "beautiful pig".[39] Graphic descriptions of what the Persian woman and Liu Chang did together sexually was recorded in Tao Gu's 陶谷 Qingyilu 清異錄 but "Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko" refused to quote it, saying it was forbidden by "decency".[40] The Qingyilu gave the Persian girl's age at 16 years old, that she was extremely beautiful, and extremely lascivious and lewd. Liu Chang favored her and he sought alchemists to help invigorate and prolong his male energy "jianyang" (to increase sex drive, delay ejaculation and orgasm) so he could endure and last longer with her.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] The History of Song says that Liu played with the palace maids and the Persian woman.[48][49][50][51][52][53] Two poems were written on the account Qingyilu provided of Liu Chang and the Persian woman.[54] The Yanyibian gives the same account as the Qingyilu. They mention a window installed in the hall of his palace called "hou chuang jian" 候窗監.[55][56][57][58] He indulged himself with her.[59]

Later writers of books like "The mystery of the Private life of the Chinese imperial palace"[60][61][62] and the "Song dynasty palace living quarters history" attempted to expand on the above historical records which mention factual details like Liu Chang's aphrodisiac fueled sexual activities with the Persian women and their habit of forcing young men to have sex with palace women in the "naked in twos" game by adding more pornographic details. The "Song dynasty palace living quarters history" said that Mei Zhu's sexual lewdness in bed caused Liu to be infatuated with her, that Mei Zhu's sexual techniques in bed were extremely skilled and difficult for Liu Chang to handle causing him to lose to her frequently. He was often defeated and overpowered by her in bed while having sexual intercourse. Liu had to seek alchemists to help him with techniques to reinvigorate his jianyang male energy and resist her while having sex and hold himself back. More details were elaborated on the game where Liu Chang chose young men to bring to the palace and paired them with palace women to strip naked and have sex with each other while Liu Chang and Mei Zhu watched and walked among them and recorded whether the man or woman won. The book said if the man won and defeated the woman, they were rewarded, but if the woman won and defeated the man, Liu and Mei Zhu had the man castrated and said that he was a useless waste.[63][64][65][66][67][68] [69] [70][71][72] Persians of Hormuz and Siraf on the Persian Gulf are said to have dark skin and they were the ones who traveled to Tang dynasty and Song dynasty China.[73][74][75]

Guangzhou (Canton) had a community which included Persian women in the 10th-12th centuries, found in Liu Chang's harem in the 10th century and in Song dynasty era Guangzhou in the 12th century the Persian women (波斯婦) there were observed wearing many earrings.[76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] [87][88] The Muslim women in Guangzhou were called either Persian women 波斯婦 or Pusaman 菩萨蛮 which may be from "Mussulman" or "Bussulman" which means Muslim in Persian.[89][90][91][92][93]

Liu Chang also employed women shamans.[94] At the Glorious Florescence Park Liu Chang held the "Red Cloud Banquet", a festival for the litchi fruit.[95]

He was the last Emperor of Southern Han, as his kingdom was defeated and taken over by the Song dynasty in 972. He reigned for a total of 14 years.[96]

Schafer translated the history of the five dynasties on the Southern Han including on Liu Chang's reign.[97][98]

In the same Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period another young Chinese Emperor Wang Zongyan who was only 20 years old when he ascended the throne, had a Persian woman as his concubine, Li Shunxian. He was known for indulging in sex with women.[99][100][101][102] During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (Wudai) (907–960), there are examples of Chinese emperors marrying Persian women. "In the times of Wudai (907–960) the emperors preferred to marry Persian women, and the Song dynasty official families liked to marry women from Dashi [Arabia]" was written by Chen Yuan.[103]

Family

Known Concubines

  • A concubine surnamed Li with the rank of Guifei 贵妃 Noble Consort
  • A concubine surnamed Li, sister of the above woman, with the rank of Meiren 美人 Beautiful Lady
  • Lu Qiongxian with the rank of 才人Talented Lady
  • Su Xin with the rank of 美人 Beautiful Lady
  • The Persian woman.[104][105][106][107] Her original name is lost, nicknamed Mei Zhu

Sons

  • Liu Shoujie
  • Liu Shouzheng
  • Liu Shousu
  • Liu Shoutong

Statues of two of Liu Chang's sons were described as looking like "barbarian devils" and they may have come from the Persian woman.[108]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Xiu Ouyang; Richard L. Davis (2004). Historical records of the five dynasties (illustrated, annotated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 544. ISBN 0-231-12826-6. Retrieved January 4, 2012. Liu Chang, originally named Jixing, had been invested Prince of Wei. . .Because court affairs were monopolized by Gong Chengshu and cohort, Liu Chang in the inner palace could play his debauched games with female attendants, including a Persian. He never again emerged to inquire of state affairs
  2. ↑ Miles, Steven B. (June 2002). "Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 62 (1): 46. doi:10.2307/4126584. JSTOR 4126584.
  3. ↑ Lombard-Salmon Claudine (2004). Les Persans à l'extrémité orientale de la route maritime (IIe A.E. -XVIIe siècle). Archipel. Volume 68. p. 40. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  4. ↑ Société pour l'étude et la connaissance du monde insulindien, Association Archipel, Centre de documentatio et de recherches sur l'Asie du Sud-Est et le monde indonésien, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France), Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, École des hautes études en sciences sociales (2004). Archipel, Issues 67-68. SECMI. p. 40. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  5. ↑ Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967). The Vermilion Bird. University of California Press. p. 187.
  6. ↑ Miles, Steven B. (June 2002). "Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 62 (1): 48. doi:10.2307/4126584. JSTOR 4126584.
  7. ↑ Steven B. Miles. “Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 62, no. 1, 2002, pp. 39–75. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4126584.
  8. ↑ Schafer Jr., Edward Hetzel (1947). The Reign of Liu Ch'ang, Last Emperor of Southern Han: A Critical Translation of the Text of Wu Tai Shih, with Special Inquiries Into Relevant Phases of Contemporary Chinese Civilization (Ph.D. diss.) (reprint ed.). University of California. (section link).
  9. ↑ University of California, Berkeley (1951). University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Volumes 11-12. University of California Press. p. 407.
  10. ↑ "南汉刘鋹波斯女刘鋹的后妃子女". 人物_历史上的今天. (link: other page).
  11. ↑ "重口味的皇帝南汉后主刘鋹竟喜爱黑胖女人". 趣历史. 2015-04-15.
  12. ↑ 東方文化學院 (Tokyo, Japan). 京都硏究所, 東方文化硏究所 (Kyoto, Japan), 京都大學. 人文科學硏究所 (1954). Journal of Oriental studies, Volume 25, Issue 1. 東方文化學院京都硏究所. p. 364. Retrieved January 4, 2012. 5) Ch'ang was particularly fond of a Persian girl whom he styled " Seductive Pig ". Like his uncle Pin, Ch'ang enjoyed naked revels ; see CIL a.7b for a description of his "Great Body Pairing" game. For more on Persians in Canton, see my "Iranian Merchants in T'ang Dynasty Tales ", Semitic and Oriental Studies, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, XI. 403-422 (1951).
  13. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Memoirs of the Research Department, Issue 2. Pennsylvania State University. p. 34. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
  14. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1928). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issue 2. the University of Michigan: The Toyo Bunko. p. 34. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  15. ↑ HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES A lecture delivered on 18trh November 1963 by K. M. A. Barnett
  16. ↑ BARNETT, K. M. A. (18 November 1963). "HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch: 58. ISSN 1991-7295. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  17. ↑ Barnett, K. M. A. (1964). "HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE: THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES: A lecture delivered on 18th November 1963". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 4: 58. JSTOR 23891884.
  18. ↑ Barnett, K. M. A. “HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE: THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES: A Lecture Delivered on 18th November 1963.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 4, 1964, pp. 42–67. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23891884.
  19. ↑ Darrobers, Roger (1998). Opéra de Pékin: théâtre et société à la fin de l'Empire sino-mandchou. Bleu de Chine. p. 31. ISBN 2910884198.
  20. ↑ Ouyang, Xiu (2004). Historical Records of the Five Dynasties. Translations from the Asian classics. Richard L. Davis (illustrated, reprint, annotated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 544. ISBN 0231128274.
  21. ↑ Xiu, Ouyang, and Richard L. Davis. “Hereditary House of Southern Han” Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, Columbia University Press, 2004, pp. 535–547. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/davi12826.53.
  22. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1928). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2. Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B. Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project. Toyo Bunko. p. 34.
  23. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Memoirs of the Research Department. Tokyo Bunko publications. p. 34.
  24. ↑ Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society (1890). Journal of the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society. The Society. p. 299.
  25. ↑ Franke, Herbert (1976). Sung Biographies, Part 2. Münchener ostasiatische Studien, vBd. 16 vBd. 16-17. Steiner. p. 620. ISBN 3515024123.
  26. ↑ McMahon, KEITH (November 2013). "The Institution of Polygamy in the Chinese Imperial Palace". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 72 (4): 928. JSTOR 43553235. (link: kuscholarworks.ku.edu.
  27. ↑ McMAHON, KEITH. “The Institution of Polygamy in the Chinese Imperial Palace.” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 72, no. 4, 2013, pp. 917–936. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43553235.
  28. ↑ McMahon, Keith (2013). Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 251. ISBN 1442222905.
  29. ↑ 東方文化硏究所 (Kyoto, Japan), 京都大学. 人文科学硏究所 (1954). Journal of Oriental studies, Volume 25, Part 1. 東方文化學院京都硏究所. p. 364.
  30. ↑ Lingnan cong shu, Volume 2. Yang zhuo shan fang. 1860.
  31. ↑ 清異錄: 2卷. 陳氏庸閒齋. 1875.
  32. ↑ 蔡, 東藩 (2015). 五代通俗演義: 蔡東藩歷史演義-五代. 谷月社.
  33. ↑ "皇帝说想做官要先阉了 结果他开创了太监之国". 趣历史网. 2017-08-04.
  34. ↑ ""南汉后主"刘鋹荒淫可笑？".
  35. ↑ "文人误会：宋真宗写错了一个字（5）". 官场怪圈定律. 凤凰网.
  36. ↑ 情史. 大体双 　　刘𬬮得波斯女，年破瓜。丰腯而慧艳，善淫，曲尽其妙。𬬮嬖之，赐号媚猪。延方士求健阳法，久乃得，多多益办。好观人交，选恶少年，配以雏宫人，皆妖俊美健者，就后园，褫衣使露而偶。𬬮扶媚猪巡行览玩，号曰“大体双”。又择新采异，与媚猪对。鸟兽见之熟，亦作合。
  37. ↑ 吳, 任臣. 十國春秋 [Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms]. 六十一 61. (link: stream/06072245.cn). 　　美人李氏亦托養女後主既立托長女為貴妃復以其次女充美人之職一時竝寵宫中稱極盛焉又同時有宫人素馨以殊色進性喜揷白花遂名其花曰素馨花波斯女失其名氏黒腯而慧光艷絶人性善淫後主甚嬖之賜名媚豬後主荒縱無度益求方士媚藥為淫䙝之戲又選惡少年配以宫婢使褫衣露偶扶波斯女循覽為樂號曰大體雙卒以此亡國
  38. ↑ Ouyang, Xiu (1073). 新五代史 [=Historical Records of the Five Dynasties]. 卷六十五　南漢世家第五: 劉隱 卷65 Chapter 65: Hereditary House of Southern Han. (links: Zggdwx.com/Xinwudaishi, Guoxue123.com/Shibu). 澄樞等既專政，鋹乃與宮婢波斯女等淫戲後宮，不復出省事。 鋹，初名继兴，封卫王。晟卒，以长子立，改元曰大宝。晟性刚忌，不能任臣下，而独任其嬖倖宦官、宫婢延遇、琼仙等。至鋹尤愚，以谓群臣皆自有家室，顾子孙，不能尽忠，惟宦者亲近可任，遂委其政于宦者龚澄枢、陈延寿等，至其群臣有欲用者，皆阉然后用。澄枢等既专政，鋹乃与宫婢波斯女等淫戏后宫，不复出省事。延寿又引女巫樊胡子，自言玉皇降胡子身。鋹于内殿设帐幄，陈宝贝，胡子冠远游冠，衣紫霞裾，坐帐中宣祸福，呼鋹为太子皇帝，国事皆决于胡子，卢琼仙、龚澄枢等争附之。胡子乃为鋹言：“澄枢等皆上天使来辅太子，有罪不可问。”尚书左丞钟允章参政事，深嫉之，数请诛宦官，宦官皆仄目。 More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  39. ↑ 五代十国 [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]. 第 九十 回：刘继兴失道宠媚猪 林仁肇蒙冤饮鸩毒 90. 南汉皇帝名叫刘继兴，从小就和太监玩乐，长大后让这群太监教出一身恶习。刘继兴有三大古怪的嗜好，迷信巫术，好养猛兽，喜欢肥胖女子。尤其是喜好肥胖女子，刘继兴宫里有一个从西域贩卖来的波斯女子，不仅身材肥胖，而且长了一双大眼睛，熟铜色的皮肤，身材丰硕有形，竟使刘继兴迷的神魂颠倒。 这个波斯女子自幼长在西域，从没见过大海。南汉的地处两广，海水是想怎么看就怎看。后来得知海水中能产珍珠，这个波斯女子是不爱金银爱珍珠，刘继兴便令渔民潜下七百尺的海水中捞珍珠，捞出珍珠重重有赏，捞不出珍珠就别想活着上岸。也不知淹死了多少无辜的打渔百姓，为这个波斯女子献上了数千颗珍珠。 刘继兴这个昏君为这个波斯女子作了珍珠裙、珍珠衫、珍珠冠、珍珠肚兜儿，并为这个波斯女子起了名字叫“媚珠”。这些事惹得民愤迭起，老百姓就把“媚珠”改叫“媚猪”。
  40. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1928). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2. Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B. Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project. Toyo Bunko. p. 55.
  41. ↑ 陶 Tao, 谷 Gu. 清異録. 君道門（十二事）大體雙. (link: other page). 劉鋹昏縱角出，得波斯女，年破瓜，黑腯而慧艷，善淫，曲盡其妙。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年配以雛宫人，皆妖俊美健者，就後禠衣，使露而偶，鋹扶媚豬延行覽玩，號曰“大體雙”。又擇新採異，與媚豬對，鳥獸見之熟，亦作合。
  42. ↑ 説郛 (四庫全書本). 卷120上. 劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破瓜黑腯而慧艶善淫曲盡其妙
  43. ↑ 馮, 夢龍 (明). 古今譚槩. 08. 南漢主劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧豔。鋹嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。 Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ↑ 張, 廷華 (1909). "7". 香艷叢書. 新署宮銜作候窗，只應獨夜守明釭。妖淫羞煞波斯女，裸逐相看大體雙。〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之候窗監。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧艷，善淫。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。又選惡少年，配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶。鋹扶媚豬延行玩覽，號曰“大體雙”。〗
  45. ↑ 馮, 夢龍 (明). "17 第十七卷　情穢類". 情史類略. 　　劉鋹得波斯女，年破瓜，豐腯而慧豔，善淫，曲盡其妙。鋹嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年，配以雛宮人，皆妖俊美健者，就後園褫衣使露而偶。鋹扶媚豬巡行覽玩，號曰「大體雙」。又擇新採異，與媚豬對。鳥獸見之熟，亦作合。 Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ↑ 疑耀 (四庫全書本). "卷3". 南漢主劉鋹得波斯女黒腯而慧
  47. ↑ "全覽8". 説郛 (四庫全書本). 劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破瓜黑腯而慧艶善淫曲盡其妙鋹嬖之賜號媚猪
  48. ↑ 陳, 邦瞻　 (1658). 宋史紀事本末. 卷05 平南漢. 時，南漢主劉鋹性昏懦，委政宦者龔澄樞及才人盧瓊仙。鋹日與宮人波斯女等遊戲宮中，宦者至七千餘，有爲三師、三公者。宦者陳延壽謂鋹曰：「先帝所以得傳位於陛下者，由盡殺羣弟故也。」勸鋹除去諸王。鋹以爲然，遂殺其弟桂王璿興，由是上下怨而紀綱大壞。
  49. ↑ 脫脫 (1343). 宋史 [History of Song]. 卷481 ◎世家四○南漢劉氏. 鋹日與宮人、波斯女等遊戲。
  50. ↑ 宋史 (四庫全書本). 卷481. 鋹日與宮人波斯女等游戲
  51. ↑ 宋史紀事本末. (四庫全書本)/卷01. 鋹日與宫人波斯女等游戲
  52. ↑ 宋史 (四庫全書本). 全覽16. 鋹日與宮人波斯女等游戲
  53. ↑ "愛好性交和鬥雞的亡國之君".
  54. ↑ 張, 廷華 (1909). 香艷叢書. 7 十國宮詞　清　秀水孟彬賦魚　撰. 新署宮銜作候窗，只應獨夜守明釭。妖淫羞煞波斯女，裸逐相看大體雙。 　　〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之候窗監。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧艷，善淫。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。又選惡少年，配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶。鋹扶媚豬延行玩覽，號曰“大體雙”。〗 　私署宮司慣候窗，銀壺靜報漏琤瑽。何來絕慧波斯女，別戀春場大體雙。 　　〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之“候窗監”。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧絕，善淫，鋹賜號“媚豬”。延方士求健陽法，選惡少配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶，鋹與媚豬延行覽玩，號曰“大體雙”。〗
  55. ↑ 息庵居士 (明). 豔異編. 13. 大體雙 　　劉昏縱角出，得波斯女，年破瓜，豐鷂而慧豔，善淫，曲盡其妙。嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年配以雛宮人，皆妖俊美健者，就後園褫衣，使露而偶。扶媚豬巡行覽玩，號曰：「大體雙」，又擇新彩異與媚豬對。鳥獸見之，孰亦作合。 Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ↑ 清異録 (四庫全書本). 卷上. 大體雙 　　劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破𤓰黑腯而慧艷善淫曲盡其妙鋹嬖之賜號媚猪延方士求健陽法乆乃得多多益辦好觀人交選惡少年配以雛宫人皆妖俊美健者就後園禠衣使露而偶鋹扶媚猪延行覽玩號曰大體雙又擇新採異與媚猪對鳥獸見之熟亦作合
  57. ↑ 陶　, 穀 (宋). 清異錄. 君道門 候窗監. 候窗監 南漢劉晟，殿側置宫人望明窻以候曉，宫人謂之“候窗監”。 Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ↑ "君道門". 清異錄.
  59. ↑ （清）吴兰修撰，王甫校注：《南汉纪》征引《清异录》，广东高等教育出版社，1993年，第67页。“刘鋹昏纵，得波斯女，年破瓜，黑腯而慧艳”
  60. ↑ "南汉亡国之君极度荒淫喜欢阉割能臣". 凤凰网. 2009-01-07.
  61. ↑ "南汉亡国之君极度荒淫 喜欢阉割能臣". 凤凰网. 2009-01-07.
  62. ↑ 中国帝王后宫私生活之谜全纪录 [The mystery of the private life of the Chinese imperial palace].
  63. ↑ 许, 慕羲 (民国). "第二十九回 霞裾云幄启巫风 斗虎抵象残民命 29". 宋代宫闱史 [Song dynasty palace living quarters history]. (link: Quanxue.cn). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  64. ↑ "南漢皇帝弄個波斯女封為媚豬，派個大將日夜祈禱請天兵天將，當了俘虜還". 每日頭條. 2017-07-13.
  65. ↑ ""南汉后主"刘鋹荒淫可笑？". 2017-05-11.
  66. ↑ "南漢後主劉鋹". 2015-09-09.
  67. ↑ 蔡, 東藩 (2015). 宋史通俗演義: 蔡東藩歷史演義-宋朝. 谷月社.
  68. ↑ "南汉亡国之君刘鋹喜欢阉割能臣". 历史之家. 2016-04-09.
  69. ↑ "中国第一个玩洋妞皇帝称她为"媚猪儿"(图)". 文学城. 2015-11-20.
  70. ↑ "史上最神奇的皇帝—南汉刘鋹，官员全部自宫，爱妃叫"媚猪"". 雪花新闻. March 2016.
  71. ↑ "Ten Ancient Chinese emperors quirks: Yuan emperor preference group sex". GoodChinaBrand.com. 2015-04-06.
  72. ↑ "Legend: Mitsutomo south are ridiculous. Dynasty minister". Best China News. 2016-10-08.
  73. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1928). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2. Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B. Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project. Toyo Bunko. p. 54.
  74. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Memoirs of the Research Department. Tokyo Bunko publications. p. 54.
  75. ↑ "三 笼络蕃商：南汉朝廷与南海贸易".
  76. ↑ University of California (1868-1952), University of California (System), University of California, Berkeley (1951). University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Volumes 11-12. University of California Press.
  77. ↑ "唐朝境内的波斯人及其活动". 搜狐. 2017-07-03. 广州波斯妇，绕耳皆穿穴带环，有二十余枚者。家家以篾为门，人食槟榔，唾地如血。
  78. ↑ （南宋）庄绰：《鸡肋篇》卷中，中华书局，1983年，第53页。
  79. ↑ "宋建三城商都繁盛". 广州文史.
  80. ↑ 刘, 波. "第三章广州海洋文明文物撷萃". 广州市地方志.
  81. ↑ "鲜为人知唐代大惨案，黄巢攻占广州杀十二万外国商人". 胡耀邦： 鲜为人知唐代大惨案，黄巢攻占广州杀十二万外国商人. 2010-05-24.
  82. ↑ "唐朝境內的波斯人及其活動". 每日頭條. 2017-06-29.
  83. ↑ 朱, 英豪. "标题：泉州——被遗忘的光明之城".
  84. ↑ 贝, 苏尼 (2006-10-13). "伊斯蘭教東傳與黃巢"滅回"問題（修改補充版）". 独立评论.
  85. ↑ 伊斯蘭教東傳與黃巢“滅回”問題（修改補充版）
  86. ↑ "宋建三城商都繁盛". 广州文史网. 省档案馆编研部摘编.
  87. ↑ "新疆维吾尔族传统黄金耳饰艺术探微". 一、维吾尔族传统黄金耳饰的造型种类. 及制作工艺. 用黄金铸成的耳环、耳坠是维吾尔族. 妇女必备的首饰，仅为妇女所佩戴。向衍. 斌先生曾经写道：“维吾尔族妇女戴耳环. 源于何地值得深究。南宋初期庄季裕之《鸡. 肋编》云'广州波斯妇绕耳皆穿穴带环，. 有二十余枚者。'这说明穿耳戴环饰乃伊. 朗萨珊王朝时期盛行的 ...
  88. ↑ Kuwabara Jitsuzō [桑原騭藏] (1870–1931). 1928 and 1935. P’u Shou-keng 蒲寿庚. A Man of the Western Regions, Who was Superintendent of the Trading Ships’ Office in Ch’üan-chou 泉州 towards the End of the Sung Dynasty, together with a General Sketch of Trade of the Arabs in - 27 -China during the T’ang and Sung eras, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko, part I, 2 (1928), 1–79; Part 2, 7 (1935), 1–104.
  89. ↑ "蕃坊里的回族先民". 人民网-中国民族新闻. 2010年04月01日. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  90. ↑ 伊斯兰教传入中国的两个阶段. 2005/04/10. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  91. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1928). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2. Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B. Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project. Toyo Bunko. p. 34.
  92. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Memoirs of the Research Department. Tokyo Bunko publications. p. 34.
  93. ↑ Jaschok, Maria; Shui, Jingjun (2000). The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 73. ISBN 0700713026.
  94. ↑ Phi Theta (University of California, Berkeley), Oriental Languages Students Association (University of California, Berkeley) (1984). Phi Theta Papers: Publication of the Honor Society in Oriental Languages of the University of California, Berkeley, Volume 16. Phi Theta, Department of Oriental Languages, University of California. p. 9.
  95. ↑ Miles, Steven B. (June 2002). "Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 62 (1): 49. doi:10.2307/4126584. JSTOR 4126584.
  96. ↑ Gan Fuxi; Fuxi Gan; Robert Brill (2009). Ancient glass research along the Silk Road. World Scientific. p. 387. ISBN 981-283-356-0. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  97. ↑ Schafer Jr., Edward Hetzel (1954). "The history of the empire of Southern Han: According to chapter 65 of the Wu Tai Shih of Ouyang Hsiu". Zinbun-kagaku-kenkyusho. Silver Jubilee Volume of the. Kyoto: Kyoto University. pp. 339–369.
  98. ↑ Register - University of California, Volume 2. University of California Press. 1948. p. 104.
  99. ↑ University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Chinese Studies (2007). China Review International, Volume 14. University of Hawaiʻi, Center for Chinese Studies and University of Hawaii Press. p. 219. While in the first years of the Former Shu many of the literati in Chengdu were aristocratic Émigrés who had fled from the upheavals in the Yellow River Valley (such as Wei Zhuang ## (836–910]), within a decade or two (if we can judge from the poets of the Huajian ji) there were both commoners (such as Yan Xuan soliń) and foreigners (such as Li Xun ##!, a poet from a Persian family that had moved to Shu before the fall of the Tang; Li's sister was one of Wang Yan's consorts and a ...
  100. ↑ Larsen, Jeanne, ed. (2005). Willow, wine, mirror, moon: women's poems from Tang China. Lannan translations selection series. BOA Editions. p. 137. ISBN 1929918747.
  101. ↑ [[He joined the Li Bamboo-Hat Poetry Society in 1970, and later served as the editor of the magazine. Since the eighties, his creative works and critical essays show strong social, political, and cultural concerns. Li Xunxian (d. 926?), was the daughter of a Persian immigrant to the Sichuan basin in the Tang empire's southwest. Her elder brother, Li Xun, was also reputedly a fine poet. Li became a consort of Wang Yan, dissolute monarch of the short-lived "Former Shu" dynasty.|National Translation Center (USA)]] (1995). Delos. p. 91.
  102. ↑ Chen 陳, Ming 明 (2007). "The Transmission of Foreign Medicine via the Silk Roads in Medieval China: A Case Study of Haiyao Bencao 海葯本草". Asian Medicine. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. 3 (2): 241–264. doi:10.1163/157342008X307866. ISSN 1573-420X. (section link) – via E-ISSN 1573-4218.
  103. ↑ Jaschok, Maria; Shui, Jingjun (2000). The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 74. ISBN 0700713026.
  104. ↑ 屈　, 大均 (清). "○名園". 廣東新語. 卷17. 鋹與女侍中盧瓊仙、黃瓊芝、蟾姬、李妃、女巫樊胡子及波斯女，為紅雲宴於此。 Check date values in: |date= (help)
  105. ↑ 御定佩文韻府 (四庫全書本). 卷006之3. 媚豬〈十國春秋漢劉鋹妃本波斯女號
  106. ↑ 御定駢字類編 (四庫全書本). 卷138. 　　黑腯〈清異録劉鋹得波斯女丨丨而慧艷鋹嬖之賜號媚豬〉
  107. ↑ 張　, 岱 (明). "卷13 媚豬". 夜航船. 媚豬 南漢主劉得波斯女，黑而妖艷，嬖之，賜號媚豬。 Check date values in: |date= (help)
  108. ↑ 刘, 波. "第三章广州海洋文明文物撷萃". 广州市地方志. 该“波斯女”或许留有后代，吴兰修《南汉金石志?跋》称，广州“元妙观西院功德林，有伪南汉王刘鋹及二子铜像，状豪恶可憎，俗称'蕃鬼'”。
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