List of women philosophers
This is a list of women philosophers ordered alphabetically by surname. Although often overlooked in mainstream historiography, women have engaged in philosophy throughout the field's history.[1][2] Some notable philosophers include Hypatia of Alexandria (ca. 370-415 AD), Anne Conway, Joyce Mitchell Cook (1933-2015, the first African American woman to receive a Ph.D. in philosophy), Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), Sarah Margaret Fuller (1810-1850), Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), Ayn Rand (1905-1982), Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), Elizabeth Anscombe (1919-2001), Mary Warnock (born 1924), Cora Diamond (born 1937), and Susan Haack (born 1945).[3]
By period
Ancient philosophy
- Maitreyi (later Vedic period)
- Gargi Vachaknavi (born about 700 BC)
- Theano of Croton (6th century BC)
- Aristoclea of Delphi (6th century BC)
- Aspasia of Miletus (approx. 470–400 BC)
- Arete of Cyrene (4th century BC)
- Sosipatra of Ephesus (4th century BC)
- Hipparchia of Maroneia (4th century BC)
- Nicarete of Megara (flourished around 300 BC)
- Catherine of Alexandria (282–305)
- Ptolemais of Cyrene (3rd century BC)
- Aesara of Lucania (3rd century BC)
- Diotima of Mantinea (appears in Plato's Symposium)
- Ban Zhao (c. 35–100)D2
- Xie Daoyun (before 340–after 399)
- Hypatia (c. 360–415 AD)
- Aedesia of Alexandria (5th century AD)
- Theodora (5th-6th century AD)
Medieval philosophy
From the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century C.E. to the Renaissance in the 16th century.
- Héloïse d'Argenteuil (1090–1164), contributed to the ethical thought of Peter Abelard.
- Marguerite Porete (1250-1310)
- Tullia d'Aragona (c. 1510–1556)
- Catherine of Siena (1347–1380)
- Moderata Fonte (1555–1592)
- Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), German abbess, composer, and philosopher.
Modern philosophy
The seventeenth and early twentieth centuries roughly mark the beginning and the end of modern philosophy.
- Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), political theoristC O R W
- Mary Astell (1666–1731)A B C D1 D2 R
- Laura Bassi (1711–1778), philosopher and physicist
- Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891)
- Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825–1921)D2
- Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)W
- Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673)A B C R
- Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749)R
- Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679–1749)A B C R W
- Anne Conway (1631–1679)A B C D1 O R W
- Helene von Druskowitz (1856–1918)
- George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) (1819–1880)G R
- Elisabeth of Bohemia (1618–1680)A B C R
- Sor Juana (1648–1695)
- Constance Naden (1858–1889), poet and philosopher
- Edith Stein (1891–1942)
Contemporary philosophy
- Felicia Nimue Ackerman (fl. 2014)
- Marilyn McCord Adams (1943-2017)O
- Alia Al-Saji (fl. 2014)
- Lilli Alanen (born 1946)
- Linda Martín Alcoff (born 1955)
- Amy Allen (fl. 2014)
- Alice Ambrose (1906–2001)
- Lou Andreas-Salomé (1861–1937)
- Julia Annas (born 1946)
- G. E. M. Anscombe (1919–2001)C O R W
- Louise Antony (fl. 2014)
- Nomy Arpaly (fl. 2014)
- Babette Babich (born 1956)
- Annette Baier (1929–2012)O
- Dorit Bar-On (fl. 1990)
- Marcia Baron (fl. 2014)
- Sandra Bartky (1935–1916)
- Nancy Bauer (born 1960)
- Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986), author, feministD1 O R W
- Helen Beebee (fl. 2014)
- Seyla Benhabib (born 1950)
- Tina Fernandes Botts (fl. 2014)
- Peg Birmingham (fl. 2014)
- Susanne Bobzien (born 1960)
- Samantha Brennan (fl. 1997)
- Janet Broughton (fl. 2014)
- Teresa Blankmeyer Burke (fl. 2014)
- Inga Bostad (born 1963), Norwegian philosopher and educator
- Judith Butler (born 1956)
- Joan Callahan (professor emerita, 2011)
- Elisabeth Camp (fl. 2014)
- Claudia Card (1940–1915)
- Nancy Cartwright (born 1944)O
- Ruth Chang (fl. 2014)
- Patricia Churchland (born 1943)C
- Hélène Cixous (born 1937)R
- Lorraine Code
- Alice Crary (fl. 2014)
- Ann Cudd (fl. 2014)
- Chris Cuomo (fl. 2014)
- Izydora Dąmbska (1904–1983)
- Peggy DesAutels (fl. 2014)
- Penelope Deutscher (fl. 2014)
- Heather Douglas (born 1969)
- Raya Dunayevskaya (1910–1987)
- Dorothy Edgington (born 1941)
- Frances Egan (fl. 2014)
- Dorothy Emmet (1904–2000)
- Carla Fehr (fl. 2014)
- Carrie Figdor (fl. 2014)
- Gail Fine (fl. 2014)
- Juliet Floyd (fl. 2014)
- Philippa Foot (1920–2010)C O W
- Nancy Fraser (born 1947)
- Marilyn Frye (born 1941)
- Ann Garry (fl. 2014)
- Tamar Gendler (born 1965)
- Margaret Gilbert (born 1942)
- Mary Louise Gill (fl. 2014)
- Kathryn Gines (fl. 2014)
- Lydia Goehr (fl. 2014)
- Patricia Greenspan (fl. 2014)
- Germaine Greer (born 1939)
- Marjorie Grene (1910–2009)
- Susan Haack (born 1945)W
- Ruth Hagengruber (born 1958)
- Käte Hamburger (1896–1992), literary scholar
- Donna Haraway (born 1944)
- Sandra Harding (born 1935), feminist
- Sally Haslanger (fl. 2014)
- Jane Heal (born 1946)
- Virginia Held (born 1929)
- Ágnes Heller (born 1929)
- Jeanne Hersch (1910–2000)
- Mary Hesse (1924–2016)
- Pamela Hieronymi (fl. 2014)
- Jennifer Hornsby (born 1951)O
- Susan Hurley (1954–2007)
- Rosalind Hursthouse (born 1943)
- Luce Irigaray (born 1930)C O R
- Jenann Ismael (fl. 2014)
- Alison Jaggar (fl. 2014)
- Susan James (born 1951)
- Carrie Ichikawa Jenkins (fl. 2014)
- Barbara Johnson (1947–2009)
- Patricia Kitcher (born 1948)
- Eva Kittay (fl. 2014)
- Martha Klein (retired 2006)
- Martha Kneale (1909–2001)
- Helen Knight (1899–1984)
- Sarah Kofman (1934–1994)
- Christine Korsgaard (born 1952)
- Julia Kristeva (born 1941)C O R
- İoanna Kuçuradi (born 1936)
- Jennifer Lackey (fl. 2014)
- Susanne Langer (1895–1985)O R W
- Rae Langton (born 1961)
- Thelma Z. Lavine (1915–2011)
- Michèle Le Dœuff (born 1948)O R
- Hilde Lindemann (fl. 2014)
- Sharon Lloyd (fl. 2014)
- Helen Longino (born 1944)
- Béatrice Longuenesse (born 1950)
- Penelope Maddy (born 1950)
- Ruth Barcan Marcus (1921–2012)C O
- Noëlle McAfee (fl. 2014)
- Alison McIntyre (fl. 2014)
- Margaret MacDonald (1907–1956)
- Fiona Macpherson (born 1971)
- Mary Kate McGowan (fl. 2014)
- Susan Mendus (born 1951)
- Christia Mercer (fl. 2014)
- Mary Midgley (born 1919)W
- Ruth Millikan (born 1933)O
- Iris Murdoch (1919–1999)O W
- Nancey Murphy (born 1951)
- Jennifer Nagel (graduated 1990)
- Uma Narayan (born 1958)
- Susan Neiman (born 1955)
- Nel Noddings (born 1929)
- Kathryn Norlock (born 1969)
- Martha Nussbaum (born 1947)C O
- Peg O'Connor (born 1965)
- Kelly Oliver (born 1958)
- Onora O'Neill (born 1941)O W
- Maria Ossowska, (1896–1974)
- Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
- Janet Radcliffe Richards (born 1944)O
- Rosemary Radford Ruether (born 1936)
- Yvanka B. Raynova (born 1959)
- Helena Roerich (1879–1955)
- Avital Ronell (born 1952)
- Amélie Rorty (born 1932)
- Renata Salecl (born 1962)
- Debra Satz (fl. 2015)
- Jennifer Saul (fl. 2014)
- Susanna Schellenberg (born 1974)
- Naomi Scheman (fl. 2014)
- Londa Schiebinger (born 1952), feminist
- Sally Scholz (born 1968)
- Ofelia Schutte (professor emerita, 2012)
- Lisa H. Schwartzman (born 1969)
- Nancy Sherman (fl. 2014)
- Seana Shiffrin (fl. 2014)
- Vandana Shiva (born 1952), feminist
- Laurie Shrage (born 1953)
- Susanna Siegel (fl. 2014)
- Alison Simmons (born 1965)
- Dorothy Smith (born 1926)
- Holly Martin Smith (fl. 2014)
- Nancy Snow (fl. 2014)
- Miriam Solomon (fl. 2014)
- Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942)
- Susanne Sreedhar (fl. 2014)
- Susan Stebbing (1885–1943)W
- Edith Stein (1891–1942), pedagogueD1
- Helene Stöcker (1869–1943), feminist, sexual reformer
- Anita Superson (fl. 2014)
- Lisa Tessman
- Amie Thomasson (born 1968)
- Judith Jarvis Thomson (born 1929)C O W
- Valerie Tiberius (fl. 2014)
- Kate Tickel (born 1981)[4]
- Lynne Tirrell (fl. 2014)
- Margaret Urban Walker (fl. 2014)
- Georgia Warnke (fl. 2014)
- Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock (born 1924)O
- Simone Weil (1909–1943), critical marxistC D1 O R
- Elsie Whetnall (1897–c.1998)
- Jennifer Whiting (fl. 2014)
- Jessica Wilson (fl. 2014)
- Margaret Dauler Wilson (1939–1998)
- Charlotte Witt (born 1951)
- Monique Wittig (1935–2003)
- Susan Wolf (born 1952)
- Ursula Wolf (born 1951)
- Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976)
- Alison Wylie (born 1954)
- Naomi Zack (fl. 2014)
- Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski (born 1946)
- Ewa Ziarek (fl. 2014)
- Alenka Zupančič (born 1966)
Alphabetically
- Margaret Atherton (unknown)
- Felicia Nimue Ackerman (fl. 2014)
- Marilyn McCord Adams (1943–2017)O
- Aedesia of Alexandria (5th century AD)
- Alia Al-Saji (fl. 2014)
- Lilli Alanen (born 1946)
- Linda Martín Alcoff (born 1955)
- Amy Allen (fl. 2014)
- Alice Ambrose (1906–2001)
- Lou Andreas-Salomé (1861–1937)
- Julia Annas (born 1946)
- G. E. M. Anscombe (1919–2001)C O R W
- Louise Antony (fl. 2014)
- Tullia d'Aragona (c. 1510–1556)
- Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), political theoristC O R W
- Arete of Cyrene (4th century BC)
- Aristoclea (6th century BC)
- Nomy Arpaly (fl. 2014)
- Aspasia of Miletus (approx. 470–400 BC)
- Mary Astell (1666–1731)A B C D1 D2 R
- Anita Avramides (unknown)
B
- Babette Babich (born 1956)
- Annette Baier (born 1929)O
- Ban Zhao (c. 35–100)D2
- Marcia Baron (fl. 2014)
- Laura Bassi (1711–1778), philosopher and physicist
- Nancy Bauer (born 1960)
- Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986), author, feministD1 O R W
- Helen Beebee (fl. 2014)
- Seyla Benhabib (born 1950)
- Peg Birmingham (fl. 2014)
- Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891)
- Susanne Bobzien (born 1960)
- Inga Bostad (born 1963), Norwegian philosopher and educator
- Tina Fernandes Botts (fl. 2014)
- Janet Broughton (fl. 2014)
- Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825–1921)D2
- Teresa Blankmeyer Burke (fl. 2014)
- Judith Butler (born 1956)
C
- Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)W
- Joan Callahan (professor emerita, 2011)
- Elisabeth Camp (fl. 2014)
- Nancy Cartwright (born 1944)O
- Catherine of Alexandria (282–305)
- Catherine of Siena (1347–1380)
- Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673)A B C R
- Ruth Chang (fl. 2014)
- Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749)R
- Marilena de Souza Chaui (born 1941)
- Patricia Churchland (born 1943)C
- Hélène Cixous (born 1937)R
- Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679–1749)A B C R W
- Hedwig Conrad-Martius (1888–1966)
- Anne Conway (1631–1679)A B C D1 O R W
- Alice Crary (fl. 2014)
- Ann Cudd (fl. 2014)
- Chris Cuomo (fl. 2014)
D
- pl:Izydora Dąmbska (1904–1983)
- Peggy DesAutels (fl. 2014)
- Penelope Deutscher (fl. 2014)
- Diotima of Mantinea (appears in Plato's Symposium)
- Helene von Druskowitz (1856–1918)
- Raya Dunayevskaya (1910–1987)
E
- Dorothy Edgington (born 1941)
- Frances Egan (fl. 2014)
- George Eliot (1819–1880)G R
- Elisabeth of Bohemia (1618–1680)A B C R
- Dorothy Emmet (1904–2000)
F
- Carla Fehr (fl. 2014)
- Carrie Figdor (fl. 2014)
- Gail Fine (fl. 2014)
- Juliet Floyd (fl. 2014)
- Moderata Fonte (1555–1592), critic of religion, feminist
- Philippa Foot (1920–2010)C O W
- Nancy Fraser (born 1947)
- Marilyn Frye (born 1941)
G
- Ann Garry (fl. 2014)
- Tamar Gendler (born 1965)
- Margaret Gilbert (born 1942)
- Mary Louise Gill (fl. 2014)
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935)
- Kathryn Gines (fl. 2014)
- Lydia Goehr (fl. 2014)
- Emma Goldman (1869–1940)
- Alison Gopnik (born 1955), psychologist, philosopher of mind
- Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793), women's rights activist
- Marie de Gournay (1565–1645), critic of religion, feminist, translatorD2
- Celia Green (born 1935)
- Patricia Greenspan (fl. 2014)
- Germaine Greer (born 1939)
- Marjorie Grene (1910–2009)
- Cynthia M. Grund (born 1956), Danish-American philosopher, educator
H
- Susan Haack (born 1945)W
- Ruth Hagengruber (born 1958)
- Käte Hamburger (1896–1992), literary scholar
- Donna Haraway (born 1944)
- Sandra Harding (born 1935), feminist
- Marjorie Silliman Harris (1890–1976)
- Sally Haslanger (fl. 2014)
- Jane Heal (born 1946)
- Virginia Held (born 1929)
- Ágnes Heller (born 1929)
- Heloise (1101–1162)D2
- Jeanne Hersch (1910–2000)
- Mary Hesse (1924–2016)
- Pamela Hieronymi (fl. 2014)
- Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), German abbess, composer, and philosopher.D1 R
- Hipparchia from Thrakien (approx 325 BC), Cynic philosopher, wife of Crates of Thebes
- Jennifer Hornsby (born 1951)O
- Susan Hurley (1954–2007)
- Rosalind Hursthouse (fl. 2014)
- Hypatia of Alexandria (370–415) Greek Alexandrian Neoplatonist philosopher, mathematicianC R
I
- Luce Irigaray (born 1930)C O R
- Jenann Ismael (fl. 2014)
- Alison Jaggar (fl. 2014)
- Carrie Ichikawa Jenkins (fl. 2014)
J
- Barbara Johnson (1947–2009)
- Dorthe Jørgensen (born 1959), Danish philosopher and educator, first Danish women to be awarded the honorary Dr.Phil
- Sor Juana (1648–1695)D2
- Constance Jones (1848–1922)
K
- Patricia Kitcher (born 1948)
- Eva Kittay (fl. 2014)
- Martha Klein (retired 2006)
- Helen Knight (1899–1984)
- Sarah Kofman (1934–1994)
- Christine Korsgaard (born 1952)
- Julia Kristeva (born 1941)C O R
- İoanna Kuçuradi (born 1936)
L
- Jennifer Lackey (fl. 2014)
- Susanne Langer (1895–1985)O R W
- Rae Helen Langton (born 1961)
- Thelma Z. Lavine (1915–2011)
- Michèle Le Dœuff (born 1948)O R
- Leontion (approx 300 BC), Epicurean
- Hilde Lindemann (fl. 2014)
- Sharon Lloyd (fl. 2014)
- Helen Longino (born 1944)
- Béatrice Longuenesse (born 1950)
- Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919), anti-militarist, marxistR
M
- Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791)G
- Fiona Macpherson (born 1971)
- Penelope Maddy (born 1950)
- Ruth Barcan Marcus (1921–2012)C O
- Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)R W
- Mary the Jewess (?1st–3rd century AD), alchemist
- Damaris Cudworth Masham (1659–1708)A B C R
- Noëlle McAfee (fl. 2014)
- Alison McIntyre (fl. 2014)
- Margaret MacDonald (1907–1956)
- Mary Kate McGowan (fl. 2014)
- Mechthild of Magdeburg (1210–1285)G
- Melissa (3rd century BC)
- Susan Mendus (born 1951)
- Christia Mercer (fl. 2014)
- Mary Midgley (born 1919)W
- Ruth Millikan (born 1933)O
- Iris Murdoch (1919–1999)O W
- Nancey Murphy (born 1951)
- Judith Sargent Murray (1751–1820)D2
N
- Constance Naden (1858–1889)
- Uma Narayan (born 1958)
- Susan Neiman (born 1955)
- Nel Noddings (born 1929)
- Kathryn Norlock (born 1969)
- Martha Nussbaum (born 1947)C O
O
- Peg O'Connor (born 1965)
- Kelly Oliver (born 1958)
- Onora O'Neill (born 1941)O W
- Maria Ossowska, (1896–1974)
- de:M. A. C. Otto (1918–2005)
P
- Adrian Piper (born 1948)
- Christine de Pizan (c. 1365–c. 1430)G R
R
- Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
- Janet Radcliffe Richards (born 1944)O
- Rosemary Radford Ruether (born 1936)
- Yvanka B. Raynova (born 1959)
- Helena Roerich (1879–1955)
- Avital Ronell (born 1952)
- Amélie Rorty (born 1932)
S
- Renata Salecl (born 1962)
- Debra Satz (fl. 2015)
- Jennifer Saul (fl. 2014)
- Ruth L. Saw (1901–1986)
- Susanna Schellenberg (born 1974)
- Naomi Scheman (fl. 2014)
- Londa Schiebinger (born 1952), feminist
- Sally Scholz (born 1968)
- Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678)D2 R
- Ofelia Schutte (professor emerita, 2012)
- Lisa H. Schwartzman (born 1969)
- Sally Sedgwick
- Lady Mary Shepherd (1777–1847)A C
- Nancy Sherman (fl. 2014)
- Seana Shiffrin (fl. 2014)
- Vandana Shiva (born 1952), feminist
- Laurie Shrage (born 1953)
- Susanna Siegel (fl. 2014)
- Alison Simmons (born 1965)
- Dorothy Smith (born 1926)
- Holly Martin Smith (fl. 2014)
- Nancy Snow (fl. 2014)
- Miriam Solomon (fl. 2014)
- Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942)
- Susanne Sreedhar (fl. 2014)
- Germaine de Staël (1766–1817)R
- Susan Stebbing (1885–1943)W
- Edith Stein (1891–1942), pedagogueD1
- Helene Stöcker (1869–1943), feminist, sexual reformer
- Gabrielle Suchon (1631–1703)R
- Anita Superson (fl. 2014)
- Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914)
T
- Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858)C D1 R
- Teresa of Ávila (1515–1582)C
- Theano (late 6th century BC)
- Themistoclea (fl. 6th century BCE) Teacher of Pythagoras
- Judith Jarvis Thomson (born 1929)C O W
- Valerie Tiberius (fl. 2014)
- Kate Tickel (born 1981)[5]
- Lynne Tirrell (fl. 2014)
V
- Gargi Vachaknavi, ancient Indian philosopher
W
- Margaret Urban Walker (fl. 2014)
- Georgia Warnke (fl. 2014)
- Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock (born 1924)O
- Simone Weil (1909–1943), critical marxistC D1 O R
- Victoria, Lady Welby (1837–1912)W
- Elsie Whetnall (1897–c.1998)
- Jennifer Whiting (fl. 2014)
- Jessica Wilson (fl. 2014)
- Margaret Dauler Wilson (1939–1998)
- Charlotte Witt (born 1951)
- Monique Wittig (1935–2003)
- Susan Wolf (born 1952)
- Ursula Wolf (born 1951)
- Mary Wollstonecraft, women's rights activist (1759–1797)C D1 G O R W
- Frances Wright (1795–1852)D2
- Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976)
- Alison Wylie (born 1954)
Z
- Naomi Zack (fl. 2014)
- Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski (born 1946)
- Ewa Ziarek (fl. 2014)
- Alenka Zupančič (born 1966)
Notes
- ^A – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in Margaret Atherton's Women Philosophers of the Early Modern Period. Hackett; 1994. ISBN 0-87220-259-3
- ^B – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in Jacqueline Broad's Women Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge; 2003. ISBN 0-521-81295-X
- ^C – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0-521-63722-8
- ^D1 – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in Jane Duran's Eight Women Philosophers: Theory Politics and Feminism. University of Illinois Press; 2006. ISBN 0-252-03022-2
- ^D2 – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in Therese Boos Dykeman's The Neglected Canon: Nine Women Philosophers – First to the Twentieth Century. Kluwer; 1999. ISBN 0-7923-5956-9
- ^G – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in Catherine Villanueva Gardner's Women Philosophers. Westview; 2003. ISBN 0-8133-4133-7 (paperback); ISBN 0-8133-6610-0 (hardcover)
- ^O – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0-19-866132-0
- ^R – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in the Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 2000. ISBN 0-415-22364-4
- ^W – For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy see her entry in Mary Warnock's Women Philosophers. J.M. Dent; 1996. ISBN 0-460-87721-6
References
- ↑ Duran, Jane. Eight women philosophers: theory, politics, and feminism. University of Illinois Press, 2005.
- ↑ http://read.hipporeads.com/why-i-left-academia-philosophys-homogeneity-needs-rethinking/#
- ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/ten-great-female-philosophers-the-thinking-womans-women-299061.html
- ↑ Scott Firsing, Top Thirty-Five Young Foreigners Making an Impact in Africa, International Policy Digest, 1 October 2013
- ↑ Scott Firsing, Top Thirty-Five Young Foreigners Making an Impact in Africa, International Policy Digest, 1 October 2013