Laura Bassi

Laura Bassi
Born 31 October 1711
Bologna, Papal States
Died 20 February 1778(1778-02-20) (aged 66)
Bologna, Papal States
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Bologna
Known for First female university professor of Europe
Scientific career
Fields Physics
Anatomy
Biology
History
Medicine
Institutions University of Bologna
Influenced Marie François Xavier Bichat

Laura Maria Caterina Bassi (October 1711 – 20 February 1778) was an Italian physicist and academic. She received a doctoral degree in Philosophy from the University of Bologna in May 1732.[1] She was the first woman to earn a professorship in physics at a university.[2] She is recognized as the first woman in the world to be appointed a university chair in a scientific field of studies. Bassi contributed immensely to the field of science while also helping to spread the study of Newtonian mechanics through Italy.[1]

Life

Portrait of Laura Bassi at the University of Bologna.

Bassi was born in Bologna, into the family of a prosperous lawyer. The date of her birth is given in various different sources in a range between 20 October and 29 October 1711.[1][3][4]

Bassi was privately educated, for seven years from the age of thirteen by Gaetano Tacconi[5][6]. She and Tacconi began to drift apart after Bassi discovered an interest in Newtonian science, despite Tacconi’s preference for her to focus on the less controversial Cartesian teachings. One of her cousins, Father Lorenzo Stegani, was her tutor in Latin, French, and arithmetic.[4]

After much private work, in 1732, at the age of twenty, she publicly defended her thesis in the Palazzo Pubblico, thus beginning her academic career.[4]

On 7 February 1738,[3] Bassi married Giuseppe Veratti, a doctor of philosophy and medicine and a fellow lecturer in physics at the University of Bologna.[4] They shared a sophisticated working relationship; it is argued that through their marriage Bassi was inspired to begin studying experimental physics.[3] They had twelve children together, of whom only five survived infancy.[3]

Bassi died on 20 February 1778 at the age of 67.[4] Her tomb is in the Corpus Domini Church in Via Tagliapietre, Bologna, in front of the tomb of her fellow scientist Luigi Galvani.

Work

University of Bologna

In 1732, Bassi was appointed to the chair of Physics by the Senate and the University of Bologna[7]. During this year she was also the first women to be elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna[7]

After publicly defending forty nine theses[1] in the Palazzo Pubblico, she was awarded a doctorate of Philosophy on 12 May 1732.[4] Thus, Bassi became the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678, fifty-four years prior.[4]

The next month, she defended twelve additional theses at the Archiginnasio, the main building of the University of Bologna which allowed her to petition for a teaching position at the university.[4] On 29 October 1732, the University of Bologna granted Bassi’s professorship in philosophy at the University of Bologna.

The first lecture she gave was titled "De aqua corpore naturali elemento aliorum corporum parte universi",[3] which can roughly be translated from Latin to, "Water as a natural element of all other bodies". The University, however, still held a value that women were to lead a private life. From 1746 to 1777 she gave only one formal dissertation per year ranging in topic from the problem of gravity to electricity.[1] It is reported that she gave at least thirty-one dissertations to the university.[4] Since she could not lecture publicly at the university regularly, she began conducting private lessons and experiments from home in 1749. This allowed her to veer away from the constraints of the university and explore new ideas.[1]

The Senate expected Bassi to attend various events because she was a symbol and political figure. The Carnival Anatomy, a public dissection with tickets open to anyone, was an event she was expected to attend because it was a central feature of public life at the university which attracted the attention of many foreigners and important community members. She began attending this event annually in 1734.[1]

Due to her increase in responsibilities and public appearances on behalf of the university, Bassi was able to petition for regular pay increases, which in turn was used to pay for her advanced equipment. Bassi earned the highest salary paid by the University of Bologna of 1,200 lire.[3]

In 1772 Paolo Balbi, professor of experimental physics, died suddenly. Although Bassi’s husband Verratti was Balbi’s longtime assistant, Bassi believed she could fill the vacancy, and in 1776, at the age of 65, she was appointed to the chair in experimental physics by the Bologna Institute of Sciences, with her husband as a teaching assistant.[1] Two years later she died, having made science into a lifelong career and advanced the status of women in academic circles.[8]

Experimental Work

After her marriage to Giuseppe Veratti, she was able to lecture from home on a regular basis. During the 1760s, Bassi and her husband worked together on experimental research in electricity. This attracted the talent of Abbé Nollet and others to Bologna to study electricity.[1]

She was mainly interested in Newtonian physics and taught courses on the subject for 28 years. She was one of the key figures in introducing Newton's ideas of physics and natural philosophy to Italy. She also carried out experiments of her own in all aspects of physics. In order to teach Newtonian physics and Franklinian electricity, topics that were not focused in the university curriculum, Bassi gave private lessons.[4] In her lifetime, she was the author of 28 papers, the majority of these on physics and hydraulics, although she did not publish any books. Only four of her papers were printed.[1]

Correspondence

The defense of her degree, awarding ceremony, and first lecture in 1732 were significant as they took place in the Palazzo Pubblico, one of the most important government buildings in Bologna.[1] These events were attended by "not only the university faculty and students, but also by principal political and religious figures of the city – the Papal legate and vice-legate, the Archbishop of Bologna, the Gonfaloniere, the Elders, senators and magistrates. Additionally, 'all the ladies of Bologna and all the nobility'."[1]

One of her most important patrons was Cardinal Prospero Lambertini, later to become Pope Benedict XIV, who encouraged her scientific work. He continually supported the University of Bologna and intervened when other members of the institute tried to segregate Bassi from the rest of the professors.[1]

In 1745, Lambertini (now Pope Benedict XIV) established an elite group of 25 scholars known as the Benedettini ("Benedictines", named after himself.) Bassi pressed hard to be appointed to this group, but there was a mixed reaction from the other academics. Ultimately, Benedict did appoint her, the only woman in the group.[4]

Although only a limited number of her scientific works were left behind, much of her scientific impact is evident through her many correspondents including Voltaire, Cesare Beccaria, Francesco Algarotti, Roger Boscovich, Charles Bonnet, Jean-Antoine Nollet, Paolo Frisi. Lazzaro Spallanzani and Alessandro Volta. Voltaire once wrote to her saying, "There is no Bassi in London, and I would be much happier to be added to your Academy of Bologna than that of the English, even though it has produced a Newton".[1]

Francesco Algarotti wrote several poems regarding her degree ceremonies.[1]

Honors and awards

A bronze medal was awarded to Bassi by painter Domenico Maria Fratta and engraver Antonio Lazzari, to celebrate her first series of classes titled "Pubblica Docente e Collegiata". The medal displayed Bassi’s image on one side, and on the other, the phrase "Soli cui fas vidisse Minerva". The phrase can roughly be translated to, "Only you can see Minerva".[3]

After her death, a marble statue was made in her memory and placed above the Nautical room in the institute.[1]

She was elected member of many literary societies and carried on an extensive correspondence with the most eminent European men of letters. She was well acquainted with classical literature, as well as with that of France and Italy.[6]

A 31 km crater on Venus[9] honours her name, along with a high school, and a city street in Bologna.

Published works

Bassi only published four works in her lifetime, which reflect small fraction of her contributions to the University of Bologna. Her correspondence with notable figures show the true mark she left on the scientific community of Italy.[1]

  • Miscellanea (1732) [digital edition (2003): The International Center for the History of Universities and Science (CIS), University of Bologna]
  • de aeris compression (1745)
  • de problemate quodam hydrometrico and de problemate quodam mechanico (1757)
  • de immixto fluidis aere (1792)

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Findlen, Paula. "Science as a Career in Enlightenment Italy : The Strategies of Laura Bassi." Isis, vol. 84, no. 3, 1993: 441–469.
  2. ↑ Laura Bassi at Encyclopedia.com
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Elena, Alberto. "'In lode della filosofessa di Bologna': An Introduction to Laura Bassi." Isis, vol. 82, no. 3, 1991: 510-518.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Logan, Gabriella Berti. "Women and the Practice and Teaching of Medicine in Bologna in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries". Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77.3 (2003): 506–535. History of Science, Technology & Medicine. Web. 3 June 2013.
  5. ↑ "Laura Bassi: Paving the Way for Female Academics". 2016-01-18. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  6. ↑ Frize, Monique (2013). Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe : the Extraordinary Life and Role of Italy's Pioneering Female Professor. Berlin: Springer. p. 55. ISBN 9783642386855. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Laura Bassi - University of Bologna". www.unibo.it. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  8. ↑ Frize, Monique (2013). Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe: The Extraordinary Life and Role of Italy's Pioneering Female Professor. Springer. p. 68. ISBN 9783642386855. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  9. ↑ List of craters on Venus
Attribution
  • Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bassi, Laura Maria Caterina". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Sources

  • A Physicist Supported by the Church
  • Elena, Alberto. "'In lode della filosofessa di Bologna': An Introduction to Laura Bassi." Isis, vol. 82, no. 3, 1991: 510-518.
  • Findlen, Paula. "Science As A Career In Enlightenment Italy : The Strategies Of Laura Bassi." Isis, vol. 84, no. 3, 1993: 441–469.
  • Frize, Monique. "Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe. The extraordinary life and role of Italy's pioneering female professor." Springer, 2013.
  • Logan, Gabriella Berti. "Women And The Practice And Teaching Of Medicine In Bologna In The Eighteenth And Early Nineteenth Centuries." Bulletin Of The History Of Medicine 77.3 (2003): 506–535.
  • Logan, Gabriella Berti. "The Desire To Contribute : An Eighteenth-Century Italian Woman Of Science." American Historical Review, vol. 99, no. 3,1994: 785–812.
  • Résumé at the Wayback Machine (archived 20 November 2002)
  • Sunshine for Women

Further reading

  • Ceranski, Beate (1970–80). "Bassi Verati (Veratti), Laura Maria Caterina". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 19. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 202–204. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
  • Shearer, Benjamin F; Shearer, Barbara Smith (1997). Notable women in the physical sciences: a biographical dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313293031.

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