List of sunken battleships

Approximate map of sunken battleships. The red stars represent the approximate location of three or more sunken battleships.

Sunken battleships are the wrecks of large capital ships built from the 1880s to the mid 20th century that were either destroyed in battle, mined, deliberately destroyed in a weapons test, or scuttled. The battleship, as the might of a nation personified in a warship, played a vital role in the prestige, diplomacy, and military strategies of 20th century nations. The importance placed on battleships also meant massive arms races between the great powers of the 20th century such as the United Kingdom, the German Empire, Japan, the United States, France, Italy, Nazi Germany, Russia, and Spain.

Although the term "battleship" appears to have been coined in 1794,[1] the term first began to see wide usage to describe certain types of ironclad warships in the 1880s,[2] now referred to as pre-dreadnoughts. The commissioning and putting to sea of HMS Dreadnought, in part inspired by the results of the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905,[3] marked the dawn of a new era in naval warfare and defining an entire generation of warships: the battleships. This first generation, known as the "Dreadnoughts" (and later Super dreadnoughts), came to be built in rapid succession in Europe, the Americas, and Japan with ever more tension growing between the major naval powers. However, despite the enormous sums of money and resources dedicated to the construction and maintenance of the increasing number of battleships in the world, they typically saw little combat. With the exception of the naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War and Jutland, which would be one of the last large-scale battles between capital ships,[4] no decisive naval battles between battleships were fought. Although only one battleship, SMS Pommern, sank at Jutland, the faith placed in decisive naval battles evaporated in Germany in favor of continued warfare by attrition via submarines. When the First World War ended in 1918, much of the German High Seas Fleet was escorted to Scapa Flow, where almost all of the fleet under Ludwig von Reuter was scuttled to prevent its capture by the British. This was a fate shared by numerous other battleships.

Between the wars, the Washington Naval Treaty and the subsequent London Naval Treaty limited the tonnage and firepower of capital ships permitted to the navies of the world. The United Kingdom and the United States scrapped many of their aging dreadnoughts, while the Japanese began converting cruisers into fast battleships in the 1930s. In 1936, Italy and Japan refused to sign the Second London Naval Treaty and withdrew from the earlier treaties, prompting the United States and the United Kingdom to invoke an escalator clause in the treaty that allowed them to increase the displacement and armament of planned ships. The naval combat of World War Two saw many battleships belonging to the various nations destroyed as air power began to be realized as being crucial to naval warfare, rather than massive capital ships. As the battleship began to fall out of favor, some captured capital ships were decommissioned, stripped, and deliberately sunk in nuclear weapons tests.

The greatest loss of life in the sinking of a battleship was the 3,055 deaths aboard Yamato near Okinawa in 1945.[5]

Losses

Much like with battlecruisers, battleships typically sank with large loss of life if and when they were destroyed in battle. The first battleship to be sunk by gunfire alone,[6] the Russian battleship Oslyabya, sank with half of her crew at the Battle of Tsushima when the ship was pummeled by a seemingly endless stream of Japanese shells striking the ship repeatedly, killing crew with direct hits to several guns, the conning tower, and the water line or below it, which became the cause of the ship's sinking.[7][8] Battleships also proved to be very vulnerable to mines, as was evidenced in the Russo-Japanese War and both World Wars. After the Battle of Port Arthur,[9] a number of Russian and Japanese vessels were struck by mines and either sank or were scuttled to prevent their capture. A decade later, the Marine Nationale and Royal Navy lost three battleships, HMS Irresistible, HMS Ocean, and Bouvet, to Turkish mines in the waters of the Dardanelles. Torpedoes also proved to be very capable at sinking the mighty battleship: on November 21, 1944, USS Sealion sank Kongō with over 1200 casualties.[10] HMS Barham, another of the only two British battleships sunk by a submarine during the Second World War,[lower-alpha 1] was struck by three torpedoes fired from German submarine U-331.[lower-alpha 2] Barham could not make an attempt to dodge the incoming torpedoes and sank with 862 fatalities as a result of several magazine explosions that occurred after she had initially been hit by U-331's torpedoes.[13]

Although mines and torpedoes constantly threatened the battleship's dominance, it was the refinement of aerial technology and tactics that led to the replacement of the battleship with the aircraft carrier as the most important naval vessel. Initially, the large scale use of aircraft in naval combat was underrated and the idea that they could destroy battleships was dismissed. Still, the United States and the Japanese Empire experimented with offensive roles for aircraft carriers in their fleets.[14] One notable early military science pioneer of aviation in naval role was US Army General Billy Mitchell, who commandeered SMS Ostfriesland for testing of his theory in July 1921. Though these tests did not impress his contemporaries, they forced the US Navy to begin diverting some of its budget towards researching the matter further.[15] The belief that the aircraft carrier was junior to the battleship began to evaporate when the Imperial Japanese Navy, in a surprise attack, destroyed nearly the entire United States Pacific Fleet at anchor at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 solely by air power.[16] The captain of the Bismarck, Ernst Lindemann, had almost dodged the Royal Navy until he was undone by British reconnaissance aircraft. Although almost every sea battle in World War Two involved gunfire between surface warships to some degree,[17] their time as the senior ship of a nation's fleet had run its course.

Those battleships belonging to the Central Powers that survived World War I often did not survive its aftermath. The most infamous example of the scuttling of capital ships after the First World War was the incident at Scapa Flow, where German admiral Ludwig von Reuter successfully scuttled 52 of the 74 ships of the High Seas Fleet.[18] The Austrians too disliked the idea of surrendering their fleet to their enemies, the Italians. On 1 November 1918, as the ship was being transferred to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, Austrian battleship Viribus Unitis was mined and sunk at Pola by two Italian frogmen, Raffaele Paolucci and Raffaele Rossetti, unaware of the transfer.[19] Similarly, on 27 November 1942, the Vichy French government scuttled the majority of the French fleet at Toulon. Scuttling a battleship was, repeatedly through history, a last act of defiance against an enemy.

By tradition and maritime law, sunken warships remain the property of the government of the nation that owned them, and many are treated as war graves.

Sunk in combat

The following ships were destroyed in battle and most are considered war graves.

Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Notes Image
Poltava[lower-alpha 3]  Russian Navy None 5 December 1904[20] Port Arthur[20] Scrapped[24]
—
Pobeda[lower-alpha 4]  Russian Navy None 7 December 1904[27] Port Arthur[20] Scrapped[27] Though 1922–23 is the most likely date of Pobeda's scrapping, there is some discussion over whether or not she served in the Japanese Imperial Navy as Suwo until being broken up in 1946.[27][28] This is unlikely because this does not appear in the Fukui's Shinzo's authoritative work, Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of World War II.
Oslyabya  Russian Navy 470–514 killed[lower-alpha 5] 27 May 1905[6] Tsushima Strait[30] Unknown First all-steel capital ship to be sunk by gunfire alone.[6]
Imperator Aleksandr III  Russian Navy Lost with all hands[31] 27 May 1905[32] Tsushima Strait[33] Unknown A granite obelisk stands in St. Petersburg in memory of the crew of Imperator Aleksandr III.[34]
Borodino  Russian Navy 854 killed, 1 captured[33] 27 May 1905[35] Tsushima Strait[32] Unknown
—
Knyaz Suvorov  Russian Navy 908 killed, 20 captured[31] 27 May 1905[36] Tsushima Strait[32] Unknown
—
Navarin  Russian Navy 741 killed, 1 captured[37][38] 28 May 1905[39] Tsushima Strait[38] Unknown
—
Sissoi Veliky  Russian Navy 47 killed, 613 captured[40] 28 May 1905[41] Tsushima Strait[32] Unknown
—
HMS Formidable  Royal Navy 547 killed[42] 1 January 1915[42] 50°13′N 3°4′W / 50.217°N 3.067°W / 50.217; -3.067 (HMS Formidable (1898)) Off Portland Bill, English Channel[42] Unknown
—
HMS Irresistible  Royal Navy 150 killed[43] 18 March 1915[44] Dardanelles[14] Unknown A flag from HMS Irresistible, recovered from the ship by Ottoman forces, now adorns a wall at the Istanbul Military Museum.
HMS Goliath  Royal Navy 570 killed[45] 13 May 1915[45] Dardanelles[45] Unknown
—
HMS Triumph[lower-alpha 6]  Royal Navy 78 killed[47] 25 May 1915[47] Near Gaba Tepe, Gallipoli Peninsula[47] Unknown
—
HMS Majestic  Royal Navy 40–49 killed[lower-alpha 7] 27 May 1915[49] 40°02′30″N 26°11′02″E / 40.04167°N 26.18389°E / 40.04167; 26.18389 (HMS Majestic (1895)) Cape Helles, Gallipoli Peninsula[49] Unknown
—
SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm[lower-alpha 8]  Imperial German Navy 258 killed[51] 8 August 1915[52] Dardanelles[53] Unknown
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SMS Pommern  Imperial German Navy Lost with all hands[54] 1 June 1916[54] North Sea[55] Unknown Only battleship to sink at the Battle of Jutland on either side.[55]
Suffren  Marine Nationale Lost with all hands[56] 26 November 1916[56] 39°10′N 10°48′W / 39.167°N 10.800°W / 39.167; -10.800 (French battleship Suffren) Off Lisbon, Portugal[56] Unknown
—
Gaulois  Marine Nationale Four killed[57] 27 December 1916[58] 36°15′N 23°42′E / 36.250°N 23.700°E / 36.250; 23.700 (French battleship Gaulois) Off Cape Maleas, Aegean Sea[57] Unknown
—
HMS Cornwallis  Royal Navy 15 killed[59] 9 January 1917[60] 35°06′N 15°11′E / 35.100°N 15.183°E / 35.100; 15.183 (HMS Cornwallis (1901)) Off Malta[60][61] Unknown
—
Danton  Marine Nationale 296 killed[62] 19 March 1917[62] 38°45′35″N 8°3′30″E / 38.75972°N 8.05833°E / 38.75972; 8.05833 (French battleship Danton) Mediterranean Sea[62] Upright under 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of water.[62]
—
SMS Viribus Unitis  Austro-Hungarian Navy 300 killed[63] 1 November 1918[63] 44°52′9″N 13°49′9″E / 44.86917°N 13.81917°E / 44.86917; 13.81917 (SMS Viribus Unitis) Pula, Croatia[63] Unknown SMS Viribus Unitis was blown up by Italian frogmen while it was being transferred to the newly formed Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs,[63] who had already named her Jugoslavija.
SMS Szent István  Austro-Hungarian Navy 89 killed[64] 10 June 1918[64] 44°12′07″N 14°27′05″E / 44.20194°N 14.45139°E / 44.20194; 14.45139 (SMS Szent István) Premuda, Adriatic Sea Capsized under 66 meters (217 ft) of water.[65]
—
HMS Britannia  Royal Navy 50 killed, 80 injured[66] 9 November 1918[67] 35°43′N 5°53′W / 35.717°N 5.883°W / 35.717; -5.883 (HMS Britannia (1904)) Off Cape Trafalgar, Strait of Gibraltar[67] Unknown
—
HMS Royal Oak  Royal Navy 833 killed[68] 14 October 1939[69] 58°55′N 2°59′W / 58.917°N 2.983°W / 58.917; -2.983 (HMS Royal Oak (08)) Scapa Flow[70] Capsized under 33 meters (108 ft) of water.[71] Royal Oak sank with about 3,000 gallons of fuel, which became such an ecological concern that the Ministry made plans to remove the oil or even raise the ship and salvage it.[72] However, after years of work by Briggs Marine, some 16,000 gallons of fuel were removed from the wreck, and the Ministry of Defence declared it to be no longer actively leaking fuel.[73] It remains to be seen how the thousands of pounds of live munitions on board Royal Oak[74] will be addressed. The ship's bell is the centerpiece to a memorial to those who died aboard Royal Oak at St Magnus' Cathedral in Kirkwall.
Bretagne  Marine Nationale 977 killed[75] 3 July 1940[76] Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria[76] Scrapped[77]
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Kilkis[lower-alpha 9]  Hellenic Navy None 23 April 1941[79] Salamis Naval Base, near Salamis[79] Scrapped[80]
—
Lemnos[lower-alpha 10]  Hellenic Navy None 23 April 1941[79] Salamis Naval Base, near Salamis[79] Scrapped[82]
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Bismarck  Kriegsmarine 2086 killed, 114 captured.[83] 27 May 1941[84] 48°10′N 16°12′W / 48.167°N 16.200°W / 48.167; -16.200 (German battleship Bismarck) 650 kilometers (400 mi) from Brest, North Atlantic[85] Upright and in good condition under 4,791 meters (15,719 ft) of water.[85]
—
Petropavlovsk[lower-alpha 11]  Soviet Navy 326 killed[88] 23 September 1941[88] Leningrad[88] Scrapped[87] Although the Marat was sunk by two German bombs, the credit for her sinking is often given purely to Stuka pilot Oberleutnant Hans-Ulrich Rudel.[88]
HMS Barham  Royal Navy 862 killed[89][90] 25 November 1941[91] 32°34′N 26°24′E / 32.567°N 26.400°E / 32.567; 26.400 (HMS Barham (04)) Off Egypt[89] Unknown
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USS Arizona  United States Navy 1177 killed[92] 7 December 1941[93] 21°21′53″N 157°57′0″W / 21.36472°N 157.95000°W / 21.36472; -157.95000 (USS Arizona (BB-39)) Pearl Harbor[92] Heavily damaged as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor. After being struck off the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1942, Arizona was deemed to be in such terrible condition that, unlike most of the other ships around her, she could not be made serviceable again even after salvaging.[94] Arizona's surviving superstructure was removed and scrapped in 1942, and her main armament followed in the next year and a half.[95] Today, USS Arizona is part of a larger memorial dedicated to the lives lost on 7 December 1941.[96] The amidships section had served as a ceremonial platform on the wreck but was cut away to make room for today's overlying memorial. One of the ship's bells is at the University of Arizona,[97] an anchor and a restored gun barrel is located at the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza, and several of her guns were later used aboard USS Nevada.[98] Other artifacts from the ship, such as items from the ship's silver service, are on permanent exhibit in the Arizona State Capitol Museum.[99]
USS Utah  United States Navy 64 killed[100] 7 December 1941[100] 21°22′7″N 157°57′44″W / 21.36861°N 157.96222°W / 21.36861; -157.96222 (USS Utah (BB-36)) Pearl Harbor Utah capsized during the attack, and was partially salvaged but not recovered. She was later partially righted and pulled closer to shore and away from the channel.[101] Utah' wreck is almost completely submerged, with a small amount of highly corroded superstructure visible above the surface.[100] In 1972, a memorial consisting of a 70 ft (21 m) walkway from nearby Ford Island that terminates in a platform with a flagpole and a plaque.[102] Other relics of the Utah are preserved at the Utah State Capitol and are regularly on display.[103]
HMS Prince of Wales  Royal Navy 327 killed[104] 10 December 1941[105] 3°33′36″N 104°28′42″E / 3.56000°N 104.47833°E / 3.56000; 104.47833 (HMS Prince of Wales (53)) South China Sea[106] Capsized under 71 meters (233 ft) of water. Reported to have been heavily salvaged.[106] The ship's bell was recovered, restored, and displayed in the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool.[106]
Asahi  Imperial Japanese Navy 16 killed[107] 25 May 1942[108] 10°N 110°E / 10°N 110°E / 10; 110 (Japanese battleships Asahi) 100 miles (160 km) from Cape Paderan, Vietnam[108] Unknown
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Roma  Regia Marina 1393 killed[109] 9 September 1943[110] 41°9′28″N 8°17′35″E / 41.15778°N 8.29306°E / 41.15778; 8.29306 (Italian battleship Roma (1940)) 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of Sardinia Capsized, blown in half underneath 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of water.[111]
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Hiei  Imperial Japanese Navy 188 killed[112] 14 November 1942[112] 9°N 159°E / 9°N 159°E / 9; 159 (Japanese battleship Hiei) Off Guadalcanal[113] Unknown
—
Kirishima  Imperial Japanese Navy 212 killed[114] 15 November 1942[114] Off Guadalcanal[113] Located in 1992 by Robert Ballard, Kirishima lies upside down in 1,100 meters (3,600 ft) of water.[115]
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Scharnhorst  Kriegsmarine 1932 killed, 36 captured[116] 26 December 1943[117] 72°16′N 28°41′E / 72.267°N 28.683°E / 72.267; 28.683 (German battleship Scharnhorst) near the Norwegian North Cape[118] Scharnhorst, heavily damaged by the action of Battle of the North Cape, lies upside down in 290 meters (950 ft) of water.[119]
—
Strasbourg  Marine Nationale None 18 August 1944[120] Bay of Lazaret[120] Scrapped[120] Strasbourg was originally scuttled in Toulon harbor during the scuttling of the French fleet there in 1942, but she was raised in 1943, towed to the Bay of Lazaret, and then sunk by American aircraft 18 August 1944.[120]
Jean Bart[lower-alpha 12]  Marine Nationale None 28 August 1944[122] Toulon, France[122] Scrapped[123]
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Musashi  Imperial Japanese Navy 1023 killed[124] 24 October 1944[125] 13°7′N 122°32′E / 13.117°N 122.533°E / 13.117; 122.533 (Japanese battleship Musashi) Sibuyan Sea[126] Heavily damaged by the action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Located under 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of water in several pieces.[127][128]
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Fusō  Imperial Japanese Navy 1620 killed[129] 25 October 1944{[129] Surigao Strait[129] Heavily damaged by the action of the Battle of Surigao Strait.
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Yamashiro  Imperial Japanese Navy 1626 killed[130] 25 October 1944[131] Surigao Strait[131] Unknown. Diver John Bennett had claimed to have discovered the wreck of the Yamashiro, but no confirmation has since been forthcoming as of 2013.[132]
Tirpitz  Kriegsmarine 950–1204 killed[lower-alpha 13] 12 November 1944[118] 69°38′50″N 18°48′30″E / 69.64722°N 18.80833°E / 69.64722; 18.80833 (German battleship Tirpitz) Håkøybotn Bay, Norway[139] Somewhat salvaged after the Second World War.[135] Gordon Williamson states that fragments of the Tirpitz's armor are still being sold by a Norwegian company.[136]
Kongō  Imperial Japanese Navy 1250 killed[114] 21 November 1944[140] 26°9′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383 (Japanese battleship Kongō) Taiwan Strait[140] Unknown Kongō was originally built in England as a battlecruiser,[141] but she was extensively modified into a fast battleship in 1935.[142] She was the only Japanese battleship to be sunk by a submarine as well as the last battleship to be sunk by a submarine.[114]
Conte di Cavour  Regia Marina None 23 February 1945[143] Taranto Harbor[144] Scrapped[145]
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Yamato  Imperial Japanese Navy 3055[5] 7 April 1945[146] 30°22′N 128°4′E / 30.367°N 128.067°E / 30.367; 128.067 (Japanese battleship Yamato) East China Sea[147] Broken in half at a depth of 340 meters (1,120 ft) of water. Bow section is upright, while the main section of Yamato is upside down.[147] A nine-minute video of the 2015 survey that identified the ship is shown at the Yamato Museum at Kure,[148][149] itself founded a decade prior in 2005 near the shipyards that built Yamato.[150] The museum also features a titanic 26.3-meter (86 ft) long, 1:10 scale model of the Yamato as its centerpiece.[151]
Haruna  Imperial Japanese Navy 65 killed[114] 24 July 1945[114] Kure, Japan[114] Scrapped[114]
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Settsu  Imperial Japanese Navy None 29 July 1945[152] Kure, Japan[152] Scrapped[152] Settsu had already foundered while attempting to flee from Kure, but American aircraft forced the crew to abandon the ship.[152]
Ise  Imperial Japanese Navy 50 killed[153] 28 July 1945[153] Kure, Japan[153] Scrapped[153]
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Hyūga  Imperial Japanese Navy 200+ killed[154] 1 August 1945[154] 34°10′N 132°33′E / 34.167°N 132.550°E / 34.167; 132.550 (Japanese battleship Hyūga) Kure, Japan[154] Scrapped[154]
—

Converted battleships

Two battleships were converted into aircraft carriers either during construction or after entering service; both ships were sunk by combat action during World War II.

Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Image
HMS Eagle  Royal Navy 131 killed[155] 11 August 1942[155] 38°3′0″N 3°1′12″E / 38.05000°N 3.02000°E / 38.05000; 3.02000 (HMS Eagle (1918)) near Majorca[155] Unknown
Shinano  Imperial Japanese Navy 1435 killed[156] 29 November 1944[156] 32°7′N 137°4′E / 32.117°N 137.067°E / 32.117; 137.067 (Japanese aircraft carrier) 105 kilometers (65 mi) south of mainland Japan under 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) of water.[156] Unknown

Lost at sea

The following battleships were lost at sea for reasons other than combat, such as foundering or being mined.

Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Fate Image
HMS Victoria  Royal Navy 358 killed[157] 22 June 1893[157] Near Tripoli, Lebanon[157] According to the dive team that discovered Victoria, the ship lies vertically upright under 140 meters (460 ft) of water. Due to Victoria's weight and propulsion, she became deeply embedded in the soft sea floor. Only about 70 meters (230 ft) of the ship is visible above the sea floor today.[157] Accidentally rammed and sunk by HMS Camperdown[157]
Petropavlovsk  Russian Navy 679 killed[158] 13 April 1904[159] Yellow Sea[160] Unknown Struck a mine[160]
Hatsuse  Imperial Japanese Navy 496 killed[161] 15 May 1904[162] 38°37′N 121°20′E / 38.617°N 121.333°E / 38.617; 121.333 (Japanese battleship Hatsuse) Yellow Sea[163] Unknown Struck a mine[162]
Yashima  Imperial Japanese Navy None 15 May 1904[164] 38°34′N 121°40′E / 38.567°N 121.667°E / 38.567; 121.667 (Japanese battleship Yashima) Yellow Sea[165] Unknown Struck two mines[165]
HMS Montagu  Royal Navy None 30 May 1906[166] Lundy Island, England[166] Almost entirely salvaged.[167] Foundered on Lundy Island[166]
Liberté  Marine Nationale 250 killed[168] 25 September 1911[168] Toulon, France[169] Scrapped[169] Destroyed by internal explosion[170]
HMS Audacious  Royal Navy One killed[171] 27 October 1914[171] 55°32′16″N 7°24′33″W / 55.53778°N 7.40917°W / 55.53778; -7.40917 (HMS Audacious (1912)) 39 kilometers (24 mi) of Tory Island[172][173] Capsized under 64 meters (210 ft) of water.[174][172] Struck a mine[175]
HMS Bulwark  Royal Navy 736 killed[176] 26 November 1914[176] 51°25′N 0°39′E / 51.417°N 0.650°E / 51.417; 0.650 (HMS Bulwark (1899)) Off Sheerness, England[176] Unknown Destroyed by internal explosion[176]
HMS Ocean  Royal Navy Unknown 18 March 1915[177] Dardanelles[177] Unknown Struck a mine[177]
Bouvet  Marine Nationale 639 killed[58] 18 March 1915[178] 40°01′15″N 26°16′30″E / 40.02083°N 26.27500°E / 40.02083; 26.27500 (French battleship Bouvet) Dardanelles[178] Unknown Struck a mine[179]
Benedetto Brin  Regia Marina 454 killed[180] 27 September 1915[180] Brindisi, Italy[180] Unknown Destroyed by internal explosion[181]
HMS King Edward VII  Royal Navy None 6 January 1916[182] Off Cape Wrath, Scotland.[182] Capsized under 108 meters (354 ft) of water.[183] Struck a mine[182]
HMS Russell  Royal Navy 125 killed[184] 27 April 1916[185] 35°54′N 14°36′E / 35.900°N 14.600°E / 35.900; 14.600 (HMS Russell (1901)) Off Valletta, Malta[184][185] Capsized under 110 meters (360 ft) of water.[184][185] Struck a mine[184][185]
Leonardo da Vinci  Regia Marina 448 killed[186] 2 August 1916[187] Taranto, Italy[188] Scrapped[187][189] Destroyed by internal explosion[186]
Imperatritsa Mariya  Russian Navy 228 killed[190] 20 October 1916[191] Sevastopol, Ukraine[191] Scrapped[192] Destroyed by internal explosion[190]
Regina Margherita  Regia Marina 675 killed[193] 12 December 1916[194] Off Valona, Albania[194] Capsized, laying on her starboard side at a depth of 68 meters (223 ft).[195] Struck two mines[195]
Peresvet[lower-alpha 14]  Russian Navy 116–167 killed[lower-alpha 15] 4 January 1917[198] Off Port Said, Egypt[198] Unknown Struck a mine[198]
HMS Vanguard  Royal Navy 843 killed[200] 9 July 1917[201] 58°51′24″N 3°6′22″W / 58.85667°N 3.10611°W / 58.85667; -3.10611 (HMS Vanguard (1909)) Scapa Flow[201] Unknown, rests under 14.2 meters (47 ft) of water.[201] Destroyed by internal explosion[201]
Kawachi  Imperial Japanese Navy 600–700 killed[lower-alpha 16] 2 July 1918[204] 34°0′N 131°36′E / 34.000°N 131.600°E / 34.000; 131.600 (Japanese battleship Kawachi) Partially salvaged.[206] Destroyed by internal explosion[206]
HMS Prince George[lower-alpha 17]  Royal Navy None 30 December 1921[207] 52°44′5″N 4°38′23″E / 52.73472°N 4.63972°E / 52.73472; 4.63972 (HMS Prince George (1856)) Off Camperduin, the Netherlands[207] Upright and visible from shore, partially scrapped.[207] Foundered off Camperduin, the Netherlands[207]
France  Marine Nationale Three killed[208] 26 August 1922[208] 47°27′6″N 3°2′0″W / 47.45167°N 3.03333°W / 47.45167; -3.03333 (French battleship France) Quiberon Bay, France[208] Unknown Foundered in Quiberon Bay[208]
España  Armada Española None 26 August 1923[209] Cape Tres Forcas, Morocco[209] Somewhat salvaged, including a 305 mm (12.0 in) and a 102 mm (4.0 in) gun, but mostly destroyed by severe storms.[209] Foundered[209]
Alfonso XIII[lower-alpha 18]  Flota Nacionalista Five killed[211] 30 April 1937[211] 43°31′26″N 3°40′44″W / 43.52389°N 3.67889°W / 43.52389; -3.67889 (Spanish battleship Alfonso XIII) Off Santander, Spain[211] Unknown Struck a mine[212]
Jaime I  Flota Republica None 17 June 1937[213] Cartagena, Spain Scrapped[214] Destroyed by internal explosion[213]
SMS Schlesien  Kriegsmarine None 3 May 1945[215] Off Zinnowitz, Germany[215] Scrapped[216][215] Struck a mine[215]
Mutsu  Imperial Japanese Navy 1121 killed[217] 8 June 1943[218] 33°58′N 132°24′E / 33.967°N 132.400°E / 33.967; 132.400 (Japanese battleship Mutsu) Seto Inland Sea[218] Due to salvaging efforts that ceased in the 1990s,[218] the only major piece of the wreckage that remains is a 35-meter (115 ft) stretch of the hull from the bridge to turret No. 1 at a depth of about 12 meters (39 ft).[219] Destroyed by internal explosion[218]
USS Oklahoma  United States Navy None 17 May 1947[220] Unknown, northeast of Hawaii[220] Unknown Sank in a storm[lower-alpha 19]
São Paulo  Brazilian Navy None November 1951[222][223] Unknown Unknown Sank in a storm[lower-alpha 20]
Giulio Cesare[lower-alpha 21]  Regia Marina 608 killed[227] 29 October 1955 44°37′7″N 33°32′8″E / 44.61861°N 33.53556°E / 44.61861; 33.53556 (Italian battleship Giulio Cesare) Sevastopol, Ukraine Scrapped[228] Destroyed by internal explosion[lower-alpha 22]

Scuttled

The following battleships were intentionally sunk while not engaged in battle.

Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Notes Image
Dingyuan  Imperial Chinese Navy None 10 February 1895 Weihaiwei Unknown
-
Sevastopol  Russian Navy 11 killed[231] 2 January 1905[232] Port Arthur[231] Unknown
—
HMS Hood  Royal Navy None 4 November 1914[233] 50°34′9″N 2°25′16″W / 50.56917°N 2.42111°W / 50.56917; -2.42111 (HMS Hood (1891)) Portland Harbour[233] Upside down, divable
—
Masséna  Marine Nationale None 9 November 1915[234] Cape Helles, Gallipoli[234] Unknown
—
Slava  Russian Navy Three killed[235] 17 October 1917[236] Moon Sound, Estonia[236] Scrapped[237]
—
Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya[lower-alpha 23]  Russian Navy None 18 June 1918[192] 44°42′23″N 47°48′43″E / 44.70639°N 47.81194°E / 44.70639; 47.81194 (Russian battleship Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya) Novorossiysk, Russia[192] Unknown
—
SMS König  Imperial German Navy None 21 June 1919[240] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[240] Capsized under about 35 meters (115 ft) of water.[241] Somewhat damaged by metal scavenging.[242] Sunk in the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow[240]
SMS Kronprinz Wilhelm  Imperial German Navy One killed[243] 21 June 1919[243] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[243] Capsized under about 45 meters (148 ft) of water.[244] Sunk in the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow.
SMS Markgraf  Imperial German Navy Two killed[245] 21 June 1919[245] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[245] Capsized under about 45 meters (148 ft) of water.[246] Sunk in the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow.
SMS Kaiser  Imperial German Navy None 21 June 1919[247] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[247] Scrapped[247] Sunk in the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow and then broken up starting 1930.[247]
SMS Friedrich der Grosse  Imperial German Navy None 21 June 1919[247] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[247] Scrapped[247] Sunk in the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow and then broken up.[247] Friedrich der Grosse's bell was returned to the Federal Republic of Germany and today is on display at the German Navy sea base at Glücksburg.[247]
SMS Kaiserin  Imperial German Navy None 21 June 1919[247] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[247] Scrapped[247] Sunk in the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow and then broken up.[247]
SMS Prinzregent Luitpold  Imperial German Navy None 21 June 1919[247] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[247] Scrapped[247] Sunk in the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow and then broken up.[247]
SMS König Albert  Imperial German Navy None 21 June 1919[247] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[247] Scrapped[247] Sunk in the scuttling of the German Fleet in Scapa Flow and then broken up.[247]
SMS Grosser Kurfürst  Imperial German Navy None 21 June 1919[240] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[240] Scrapped[240] Sunk in the scuttling of the German Fleet in Scapa Flow and then broken up.[240] Her bell was purchased at auction by the National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, Hampshire.[248]
SMS Bayern  Imperial German Navy None 21 June 1919[249] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[249] Scrapped[249] Sunk in the scuttling of the German Fleet in Scapa Flow and then broken up. Her bell is on display at the Kiel Fördeklub.[249]
Rostislav  Russian Navy None November 1920[250] 45°25′0″N 36°37′43″E / 45.41667°N 36.62861°E / 45.41667; 36.62861 (Russian battleship Rostislav) Strait of Kerch[250] Partially salvaged, reported to be extant albeit sinking into silt.[251]
—
Dunkerque  Marine Nationale None 27 November 1942[252] Toulon, France[252] Scrapped[252]
—
Provence  Marine Nationale 27 November 1942[77] Toulon, France[77] Scrapped[77]
—
HMS Centurion  Royal Navy None 9 June 1944[253] Off Normandy[253] Unknown HMS Centurion's badge is on display at Shugborough Hall.[254]
Courbet  Marine Nationale None 9 June 1944[255] Off Sword Beach, Normandy[255] Scrapped[255]
—
SMS Schleswig-Holstein  Kriegsmarine None 21 March 1945[256] Marienburg (Malbork), Poland[257] Reported to be submerged and in poor condition.[258] Schleswig-Holstein's bell is on display Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden as of 1990.[216]
Gneisenau  Kriegsmarine None 27 March 1945[259][260] Gotenhafen (Gdynia), Poland[260] Scrapped[261] The damage that finally put Gneisenau out of action was a raid by the Royal Air Force on the night of 26–27 February 1942 that killed 112 men, and injured another 21.[262] She would finally be permanently sunk as a blockship in 1945 to impede Soviet forces advancing on the city of Gotenhafen.[260] One of her guns, dubbed "Caesar," was removed and placed at Austrått Fort, near Trondheim as the coastal gun "Orlandert."[260] It is today maintained as a museum.[263]
SMS Zähringen  Kriegsmarine None 26 March 1945[264] Gotenhafen (Gdynia), Poland[264] Scrapped[264]
—

Expended as targets

The following battleships were intentionally sunk as targets. While cheaper disposable targets were conventionally used to maintain crew proficiencies, actual ships were sometimes used to test theories about armor, ammunition, or tactics in real circumstances.

Name Navy Date sunk Location Condition Image
USS Texas[lower-alpha 24]  United States Navy 22 March 1912[266] 37°43′10″N 76°05′0″W / 37.71944°N 76.08333°W / 37.71944; -76.08333 (USS Texas (1892)) Tangier Sound, Chesapeake Bay[266] Remains demolished and buried[267]
HMS Empress of India  Royal Navy 4 November 1913[268] Lyme Bay[268] Capsized under about 32 meters (105 ft) of water.[269]
Imperator Nikolai I[lower-alpha 25]  Russian Navy 3 October 1915[270] Unknown Unknown
USS Indiana  United States Navy 1 November 1920[271] Chesapeake Bay[271] Scrapped[271]
USS Massachusetts  United States Navy January 1921[272] Off Pensacola, Florida[273] Today an artificial sea reef[273]
SMS Ostfriesland  Imperial German Navy 21 July 1921[274] 37°9′8″N 74°34′3″W / 37.15222°N 74.56750°W / 37.15222; -74.56750 (SMS Ostfriesland) Chesapeake Bay[274] Unknown
SMS Baden  Imperial German Navy 16 August 1921[275] 49°49′42″N 2°23′21″W / 49.82833°N 2.38917°W / 49.82833; -2.38917 (SMS Baden) Hurd Deep, English Channel[275] Unknown, under 180 meters (590 ft) of water.[275]
USS Alabama  United States Navy 27 September 1921[276] Chesapeake Bay[276] Scrapped[276]
SMS Prinz Eugen  Austro-Hungarian Navy June 1922[277] Near Toulon[277] Unknown
USS Iowa[lower-alpha 26]  United States Navy 23 March 1923[278]

[279]

 Gulf of Panama[278] Unknown
USS New Jersey  United States Navy 5 September 1923[280] Diamond Shoals, Cape Hatteras[280] Unknown
USS Virginia  United States Navy 5 September 1923[281] Diamond Shoals, Cape Hatteras[281] Unknown
Retvizan[lower-alpha 27]  Russian Navy 25 July 1924[282] Bungo Channel[283] Unknown
Oryol[lower-alpha 28]  Russian Navy 10 July 1924[284] Off Jōgashima, Tokyo Bay[284] Unknown
Aki  Imperial Japanese Navy 2 September 1924[205] 35°1′30″N 139°51′22″E / 35.02500°N 139.85611°E / 35.02500; 139.85611 (Japanese battleship Aki) Tokyo Bay[205] Unknown
Satsuma  Imperial Japanese Navy 7 September 1924[285] Bōsō Peninsula, Tokyo Bay[285] Unknown
HMS Monarch  Royal Navy 21 January 1925[286] Hurd's Deep[286] Unknown
HMS Emperor of India  Royal Navy 6 June 1931[287] Owers Bank[287] Scrapped[288]
USS Arkansas  United States Navy 25 July 1946[289] Bikini Atoll[290] Capsized under 180 feet (55 m) of water.[290] Participated in Operation Crossroads.[291]
Nagato  Imperial Japanese Navy 30 July 1946[292] Bikini Atoll[293] Capsized under 33.5 meters (110 ft) of water.[294] Participated in Operation Crossroads.[292]
USS Pennsylvania  United States Navy 10 February 1948[295] Off Kwajalein Atoll[295] Participated in Operation Crossroads[295]
USS New York  United States Navy 8 July 1948[296] Pacific Ocean[296] Participated in Operation Crossroads[296]
USS Nevada  United States Navy 31 July 1948[297] About 60–65 miles (97–105 km) off Pearl Harbor[297] Participated in Operation Crossroads, but was sunk by naval aircraft.[298]

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ↑ There is a case for the number of British-built battleships sunk by submarines being three rather than two, as the Japanese warship Kongō was a British-built battlecruiser reconstructed as a fast battleship.
  2. ↑ U-331's captain, Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Diedrich von Tiesenhausen, believed that only one of his torpedoes struck Barham.[11] von Tiesenhausen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for this action.[12]
  3. ↑ Poltava was sunk by Japanese artillery 5 December 1904 during the Siege of Port Arthur,[20] then she was captured, refloated, given the Japanese name Tango, and refitted.[21][22][23] She was sold back to the Russian Empire during World War I and renamed Chesma.[22][24]
  4. ↑ Pobeda, like Poltava, was sunk by Japanese artillery at the Siege of Port Arthur on 7 December 1904,[25] but was refloated by the Japanese and given the name Suwo, and also refitted.[26]
  5. ↑ McLaughlin gives the death toll at 470 men,[29] while Campbell gives 514.[8] Neither Forczyk nor McLaughlin give numbers for the amount of sailors rescued,[6] but Campbell states that 385 men were saved by Russian destroyers.[8]
  6. ↑ Originally, Triumph was built for the Chilean Navy and christened Libertad, or Liberty.[46]
  7. ↑ R. A. Burt's British Battleships 1889–1904 states 49 men died in HMS Majestic's sinking,[48] while according to Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921, only 40 men were killed.[49]
  8. ↑ SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm would be sold to the Ottoman Empire in 1910, and she was renamed Barbaros Hayreddin.[50]
  9. ↑ Prior to her service in the Hellenic Navy, Kilkis was the American battleship USS Mississippi.[78]
  10. ↑ Before being purchased by the Greek government and renamed, Lemnos was the American battleship USS Idaho.[81]
  11. ↑ Also known by the names Marat, after the French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat,[86] and Volkhov.[87]
  12. ↑ In 1936, Jean Bart was renamed the Océan to free the name up for the Richelieu-class battleship of the same name, then under construction.[121]
  13. ↑ Ranges for casualties aboard the Tirpitz range wildly. William Garzke and Robert Dulin place the number of fatalities at "about 950,"[133] but Siegfried Breyer and Erich Gröner give a specific 1204 deaths.[134][135] The numbers in between are provided by Gordon Williamson, with a death toll of 971,[136] Niklas Zetterling and Michael Tamelander with an estimate of nearly 1000,[137] and John Sweetman with a figure of 1000 out of a crew of 1900.[138]
  14. ↑ The ship launched as Peresvet and was scuttled by the Russian Empire at the Siege of Port Arthur on 7 December 1904, but was raised and put to sea again by the Japanese and christened the Sagami.[196] The Japanese then sold the ship back to the Russians, who gave her the name Chesma.[197]
  15. ↑ Anthony Preston gives the death toll of the ship's second (and final) sinking at 167[198] while McLaughlin, in Russian & Soviet Battleships, gives a more modest 116 fatalities.[199]
  16. ↑ The number of casualties that resulted from the explosion of the Kawachi are high, they are disputed amongst the sources provided. Hans Lengerer's journal Battleships Kawachi and Settsu says that 600 men died,[202] and Sander Kingsepp tacks on an additional 18 fatalities.[203] Gardiner and Gray and Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, however, agree on a figure of 700 killed.[204][205]
  17. ↑ Sometime in mid-1918, Prince George was renamed Victoria II,[207] after her sister ship HMS Victorious,[49] but her name reverted to Prince George in February 1919.[49]
  18. ↑ The Alonso XIII was renamed the España,[210] the name of her sister ship, which had foundered in 1923,[209] after the unpopular king of Spain had been exiled.[210]
  19. ↑ USS Oklahoma has been sunk twice. She was first sunk during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.[221] After the war, she was refloated and was tugged in May 1947 but sank in a storm on 17 May more than 500 miles (800 km) from Hawaii, nearly taking the two tugboats with her to the ocean floor.[220]
  20. ↑ Sources are disputed as to the date of the sinking. M. J. Whitley and several Brazilian gives the date at 6 November,[222][224] but contemporary newspapers use 4 November.[223][225]
  21. ↑ After World War Two, the Giulio Cesare was given to the Soviet Union and was given the name Novorossiysk.[226][227]
  22. ↑ The destruction of the Novorossiysk is surrounded in controversy. The official explanation for the explosion that sank her was that a German mine left over from the Second World War blew up while she was in port (which was substantiated by the presence of such mines within 50 m (160 ft)), but theories abounded that Italian frogmen were responsible.[228][229][230]
  23. ↑ Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was laid down as Ekaterina II, but this was only a formality.[238] Later, she was renamed Svobodnaya Rossiya (Russian: Free Russia) by February Revolutionists.[239]
  24. ↑ USS Texas was renamed the San Marcos 15 February 1911 to free the name for USS Texas.[265]
  25. ↑ On 6 June 1905, the Imperator Nikolai I was renamed Iki.[270]
  26. ↑ On 30 April 1919, the Iowa was renamed Coast Battleship No. 4 to free her name for one of the six new South Dakota-class battleships,[278] which would be abandoned.
  27. ↑ After being raised and put into Japanese service, the Retvizan was renamed the Hizen.[282]
  28. ↑ After being captured by the Japanese, the Oryol was given the name Iwami.[284]

Citations

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  19. ↑ Franco Favre, La Marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico, pp. 262–64.
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  22. 1 2 Lengerer (September 2008), p. 52.
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  27. 1 2 3 Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 20.
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  31. 1 2 Forczyk 2009, p. 67.
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  49. 1 2 3 4 5 Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 7.
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  57. 1 2 Caresse 2012, pp. 133–34.
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  169. 1 2 Gardiner 1979, p. 297.
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  184. 1 2 3 4 Burt 1988, p. 211.
  185. 1 2 3 4 Chesneau 1979, p. 9.
  186. 1 2 Whitley 1998, pp. 157–58.
  187. 1 2 Preston 1972, p. 176.
  188. ↑ Giorgerini 1980, pp. 272, 277.
  189. ↑ Allen 1964, pp. 23–26.
  190. 1 2 McLaughlin 2003, pp. 242, 306–07.
  191. 1 2 McLaughlin 2003, p. 306.
  192. 1 2 3 McLaughlin 2003, pp. 242, 310.
  193. ↑ Hocking 1990, p. 583.
  194. 1 2 Gardiner & Gray 1984, p. 343.
  195. 1 2 Ruberti, Fabio. "Regina Margherita" (PDF). iantexpeditions.com. IANTD Expedditions. Retrieved 14 September 2005.
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  198. 1 2 3 4 Preston 1972, p. 207.
  199. ↑ McLaughlin 2003, p. 115.
  200. ↑ "People associated with HMS Vanguard". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
  201. 1 2 3 4 "History of HMS Vanguard". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
  202. ↑ Lengerer 2006, pp. 66–84.
  203. ↑ Kingsepp 2007, pp. 99–100.
  204. 1 2 Gardiner & Gray 1984, p. 239.
  205. 1 2 3 Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 24.
  206. 1 2 Lengerer 2006, pp. 83–84.
  207. 1 2 3 4 5 Burt 1988, p. 133.
  208. 1 2 3 4 New York Times, 27 August 1922.
  209. 1 2 3 4 5 Fernández & March 2007, p. 106.
  210. 1 2 Gardiner & Gray 1984, p. 378.
  211. 1 2 3 Proceedings 1940, p. 813.
  212. ↑ Roskill 1976, p. 381.
  213. 1 2 Gardiner & Gray 1984, p. 376.
  214. ↑ Platón 2001, p. 75.
  215. 1 2 3 4 Slavick 2003, p. 233.
  216. 1 2 Gröner 1990, p. 22.
  217. ↑ Williams 2009, p. 132.
  218. 1 2 3 4 Williams 2009, pp. 129–32.
  219. ↑ Williams 2009, pp. 140–41.
  220. 1 2 3 Newell 1957, pp. 39, 42.
  221. ↑ DANFS Oklahoma.
  222. 1 2 Whitley 1998, p. 29.
  223. 1 2 "Planes Fail to Find Warship Lost at Sea," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 November 1951, 27.
  224. ↑ de Oliveira Ribeiro, Paulo. "Os Dreadnoughts da Marinha do Brasil: Minas Geraes e São Paulo". Poder Naval Online. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  225. ↑ "Lost Warship Hunt Given Up," Los Angeles Times, 11 December 1951, 13.
  226. ↑ Whitley 1998, p. 162.
  227. 1 2 McLaughlin 2003, pp. 419, 422.
  228. 1 2 McLaughlin 2003, p. 423.
  229. ↑ McLaughlin 2007, pp. 142–52.
  230. ↑ Greene & Massignani 2004, pp. 195–98.
  231. 1 2 Balakin 2004, p. 52.
  232. ↑ Forczyk 2009, p. 47.
  233. 1 2 Burt 1988, p. 90.
  234. 1 2 Gardiner & Gray 1984, p. 192.
  235. ↑ Staff 2008, p. 116.
  236. 1 2 Staff 2008, pp. 116–17.
  237. ↑ Gardiner & Gray 1984, p. 294.
  238. ↑ McLaughlin 2003, p. 228.
  239. ↑ McLaughlin 2003, p. 242.
  240. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gröner 1990, p. 28.
  241. ↑ "SMS König 3D Shipwreck". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
  242. ↑ MacDonald 1998, p. 73–75.
  243. 1 2 3 Staff 2010, p. 37.
  244. ↑ "SMS Kronprinz 3D Shipwreck". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
  245. 1 2 3 Staff 2010, p. 36.
  246. ↑ "SMS Markgraf 3D Shipwreck". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
  247. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Gröner 1990, p. 26.
  248. ↑ "Bristol garden's WW1 German battleship bell sells for £5,000". BBC News Online. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
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  251. ↑ Yolkin, A. "Kladbische korablei (Кладбище кораблей)". www.wreck.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  252. 1 2 3 Whitley 1998, p. 52.
  253. 1 2 Lenton 1998, p. 574.
  254. ↑ "The Mansion House". Staffordshire County Council. n.d. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  255. 1 2 3 Whitley 1998, p. 38.
  256. ↑ Schultz 1992, pp. 228–48.
  257. ↑ Williamson 2003, p. 6.
  258. ↑ "The battleship that started World War Two". Diver. May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  259. ↑ Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 153.
  260. 1 2 3 4 Gröner 1990, p. 32.
  261. ↑ Breyer 1990, p. 34.
  262. ↑ Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 150.
  263. ↑ Williamson 2003, p. 18.
  264. 1 2 3 Gröner 1990, p. 17.
  265. ↑ DANFS Texas.
  266. 1 2 Allen 1993, p. 250.
  267. ↑ Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 48.
  268. 1 2 Brown 1997, pp. 176–77.
  269. ↑ "HMS Empress of India Wreck in Lyme Bay". Teign Dive. Teign Diving Centre. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  270. 1 2 McLaughlin 2003, pp. 44–45.
  271. 1 2 3 DANFS Indiana.
  272. ↑ DANFS Massachusetts.
  273. 1 2 "USS Massachusetts learn about the history audio transcript" (PDF). Florida's "Museums in the Sea". Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  274. 1 2 "The Naval Bombing Experiments: Bombing Operations". Naval History & Heritage Command. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  275. 1 2 3 Schleihauf 2007, p. 81.
  276. 1 2 3 DANFS Alabama.
  277. 1 2 Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 334.
  278. 1 2 3 DANFS Iowa.
  279. ↑ "USS Iowa (Battleship # 4), 1897–1923. Later renamed Coast Battleship # 4". Department of the Navy — Naval Historical Center. 13 April 2003. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  280. 1 2 Wildenberg 2014, p. 114.
  281. 1 2 DANFS Virginia.
  282. 1 2 Lengerer (September 2008), p. 59.
  283. ↑ McLaughlin 2000, p. 64.
  284. 1 2 3 Lengerer (September 2008) 2.
  285. 1 2 Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 23.
  286. 1 2 London Times, 22 January 1925.
  287. 1 2 Brown 2006, p. 22.
  288. ↑ Gardiner & Gray 1984, p. 32.
  289. ↑ Ireland 1996, pp. 186–87.
  290. 1 2 Delgado & Murphy 1991.
  291. ↑ Ireland 1996, pp. 186-87.
  292. 1 2 Tully, A.P. (2003). "Nagato's Last Year: July 1945 – July 1946". Mysteries/Untold Sagas of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  293. ↑ London Times, 3 March 2007.
  294. ↑ "Bikini Atoll Dive Tourism Information". Bikini Atoll Divers. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  295. 1 2 3 DANFS Pennsylvania.
  296. 1 2 3 Banks 2002, p. 38.
  297. 1 2 Friedman 1985, p. 420.
  298. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 108.

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