List of directly imaged exoplanets

Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets

This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.

The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The least massive planet is Fomalhaut b, which has a mass of 2 MJ or less. The coldest and oldest is 59 Virginis b with a mean temperature of 240 °C and age of 100–500 million years.[1] This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.

Key

Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.

  • ADI = Angular Differential Imaging
  • LOCI = Locally Optimized Combination of Images
  • NRM = Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry
  • RSDI = Reference Star Differential Imaging
  • TLOCI = Template Locally Optimized Combination of Images

Exoplanets

  †   There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planets

Check https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.

Star Exoplanet Mass (MJ) Radius (RJ) Period (yr) Observed separation (AU) Eccentricity Distance to Earth (ly) Year of discovery Imaging technique Ref(s).
Beta Pictoris Beta Pictoris b12.7±0.31.5±0.222.47+3.77
−2.26		90.08+0.09
−-0.05		63.4±0.12008RSDI [2][3][4][5]
51 Eridani 51 Eridani b9.1+4.9
−3.3		1.0?13?962014ADI, TLOCI [6]
HR 8799 HR 8799 e7.01.34914.50.141282010ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 d7.01.310024.50.091282008ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 c7.01.318937.40.241282008ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 b5.01.247469.20.171282008ADI, LOCI
ROXs 42B ROXs 42Bb†9±32.5Unknown157Unknown440±162013Direct imaging [7]
2M1207 2M1207b†4.21.5162040.60.371702004Direct imaging
1RXS J1609 1RXS 1609 b8–141.76518331.10.084702008Direct imaging
2M J044144 2M J044144 b†5–10154562010Direct imaging
Fomalhaut Fomalhaut b< 2.0872–2000116.0252008/2012RSDI
LkCa 15 LkCa 15 b6.21.84231523.50.324772011NRM
WD 0806-661 WD 0806-661 B†7–13??2500?622011Direct imaging
DT Virginis Ross 458(AB) c†8.51.8330811167.70.1738[8]2011Direct Imaging
HD 95086 HD 95086 b5.0??56?2952013ADI, LOCI
59 Virginis Gliese 504 b4+4.5
−1		??43.5?57.272013ADI, LOCI
FW Tauri FW Tauri b†10±4?≈12,000[9]330?472.93[10]2013Direct imaging
HD 106906 HD 106906 b11±2??650?3002013ADI
GU Piscium GU Piscium b11±216300020001552014Direct imaging
VHS 1256-1257 VHS 1256 b11.23900102402015Direct imaging
CVSO 30 CVSO 30 c4.71.63+0.87
−0.34[11]		2700066012002016Direct imaging
HIP 65426 HIP 65426 b6-121.5600923632017ADI, TLOCI [12][13]

References

  1. ↑ Direct Imaging of a Cold Jovian Exoplanet in Orbit around the Sun-like Star GJ 504
  2. ↑ Wang et. al. (2016). "The Orbit and Transit Prospects for β Pictoris b Constrained with One Milliarcsecond Astrometry". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (4): 97. arXiv:1607.05272. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...97W. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/97.
  3. ↑ Bonnefoy et. al. (2014). "Physical and orbital properties of β Pictoris b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 567: L9. arXiv:1407.4001. Bibcode:2014A&A...567L...9B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424041.
  4. ↑ Currie, Thayne; Burrows, Adam; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Fukagawa, Misato; Girard, Julien H.; Dawson, Rebekah; Murray-Clay, Ruth; Kenyon, Scott; Kuchner, Marc; Matsumura, Soko; Jayawardhana, Ray; Chambers, John; Bromley, Ben (2013). "A Combined Very Large Telescope and Gemini Study of the Atmosphere of the Directly Imaged Planet, β Pictoris b". The Astrophysical Journal. 776 (1): 15. arXiv:1306.0610. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776...15C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/15. ISSN 0004-637X.
  5. ↑ Morzinski et. al. (2015). "Magellan Adaptive Optics First-light Observations of the Exoplanet β Pic b. II. 3-5 μm Direct Imaging with MagAO+Clio, and the Empirical Bolometric Luminosity of a Self-luminous Giant Planet". The Astrophysical Journal. 815: 108. arXiv:1511.02894. Bibcode:2015ApJ...815..108M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/108.
  6. ↑ Samland et. al. (2017). "Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 603: 57. arXiv:1704.02987. Bibcode:2017A&A...603A..57S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629767.
  7. ↑ Currie, Thayne; Burrows, Adam; Daemgen, Sebastian (2014). "A First-Look Atmospheric Modeling Study of the Young Directly-Imaged Planet-Mass Companion, ROXs 42Bb". The Astrophysical Journal. 787: 104. arXiv:1404.0131 [astro-ph.SR]. Bibcode:2014ApJ...787..104C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/104. Cite uses deprecated parameter |class= (help)
  8. ↑ "Ross 458(AB) c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  9. ↑ Exoplanet.eu. (2018). The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — FW Tau b. [online] Available at: http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/fw_tau_b/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2018].
  10. ↑ Tauri, F. (2018). FW Tauri. [online] Universe Guide. Available at: https://www.universeguide.com/star/fwtau [Accessed 21 Feb. 2018].
  11. ↑ http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/cvso_30_c/%7Ctitle=Planet CVSO 30 c|Retrieved 02 November 2017
  12. ↑ "ESO's SPHERE Unveils its First Exoplanet". www.eso.org. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  13. ↑ Chauvin et. al. (2017). "Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP 65426". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 605. arXiv:1707.01413. Bibcode:2017A&A...605L...9C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731152.
  • "Candidates detected by imaging". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  • "Exoplanets Data Explorer". Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  • https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1624a/ - Retrieved 2016-06-16
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