List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves

Foreign-exchange reserves (also called Forex reserves) are, in a strict sense, only the foreign-currency deposits held by national central banks and monetary authorities (See List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)). However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available.

These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g. the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the Pound sterling) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g. the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency. Some nations are converting foreign-exchange reserves into sovereign wealth funds, which can rival foreign-exchange reserves in size.

The list below is mostly based on the latest available IMF data, and while most nations report in U.S. dollars, a few nations in Eastern Europe report solely in Euros. And since all the figures below are in U.S. dollar equivalence, exchange rate fluctuations can have a significant impact on these figures.

Foreign-exchange reserves

Rank Country or region Foreign-exchange reserves
(Millions of US$)		 Figures as of
1 China3,087,000Sep 2018[1]
2 Japan1,256,018April 2018[2]
3  Switzerland800,389May 2018[3]
4 Saudi Arabia506,400July 2018[4]
5 Russia460,30013 July 2018[5]
6 Taiwan[6]460,441September 2018[7][8]
7 Hong Kong424,900Aug 2018[9]
8 India401,79021 Sep 2018[10]
9 South Korea401,100Aug 2018[11]
10 Brazil379,444July 2018[12]
11 Singapore288,044June 2018[13]
12 Thailand249,312April 2018[14]
13 Germany200,312September 2017[15]
14 France175,890December 2017[16]
15 Mexico173,022January 2018[17][18]
16 United Kingdom164,21031 March 2018[19]
17 Czech Republic144,142September 2018[20]
18 Italy143,183March 2016[21]
19 Iran132,60031 December 2017[22]
20 United States120,49327 July 2018[23]
21 Poland119,470March 2018[24]
22 Indonesia117,927August 2018[25]
23 Israel115,459September 2018[26]
24 Malaysia104,50031 July 2018[27]
25 Turkey98,385June 2018[28]
26 Algeria97,670December 2017[29]
27 United Arab Emirates89,79031 December 2017[22]
28 Canada83,130November 2016[30][31]
29 Philippines77,934August 2018[32][33]
– Europe (ECB)€62,944, 80,292.3928 February 2018[34][35]
– Europe (ECB - Eurosystem)€667,754, 857,965.128 February 2018[36][37]
30 Libya70,99031 December 2015[22]
31 Norway64,960March 2018[38][39]
32 Peru64,290January 2018[40]
33 Denmark64,016March 2016[41]
34 Vietnam63,000May 2018[42]
35 Sweden59,558February 2016[43]
36 Australia58,67631 March 2018[44]
37 Spain54,155March 2016[45]
38 Iraq54,06031 December 2015[22]
39 South Africa50,722December 2017[46]
40 Argentina50,61312 September 2018
41 Nigeria47,36125 April 2018[47]
42 Colombia46,798April 2016[22][48]
43 Azerbaijan44,000March 2018[49][50][51]
44 Egypt44,000April 2018[52]
45 Lebanon43,00031 November 2017[22]
46 Netherlands40,393April 2016[53]
47 Romania40,148April 2016[54]
48 Chile39,553March 2016[55]
49 Bangladesh32,951August 2018[56]
50 Hungary31,367March 2016[57]
51 Kazakhstan30,993February 2018[58]
52 Kuwait28,37031 December 2015[22]
53 Belgium24,861March 2016[59]
54 Austria24,758March 2016[60]
55 Bulgaria24,318March 2016[22][61]
56 Angola24,08031 December 2015[22]
57 Qatar24,030July 2017[22]
58 Morocco23,927February 2016[22][62][63]
59 New Zealand22,18331 March 2018[64]
60 Portugal21,328March 2016[65]
61 Macau, China19,330October 2016[66]
62 Oman17,54031 December 2015[22]
63 Ukraine17,1751 May 2017[67]
64 Jordan15,360August 2017[68]
65 Uzbekistan15,00031 December 2015[22]
66 Uruguay14,377February 2016[69]
67 Croatia14,307February 2016[22][70]
68 Turkmenistan13,62031 December 2015[22]
69 Bolivia12,818January 2016[71]
70 Cambodia12,300May 2018[72]
71 Serbia12,150February 2018[73]
72 Cuba12,10031 December 2015[22]
73 Finland10,552March 2018[74]
74 Venezuela9,591March 2018[75]
75   Nepal9,32915 July 2018[76]
76 Sri Lanka8,59031 Aug 2018 [77]
77 Myanmar8,46331 December 2015[22]
78 Kenya8,43627 Sep 2018[78]
79 Pakistan8,30705 Oct 2018[79]
80 Trinidad and Tobago8,111April 2018[80]
81 North Korea8,000November 2013[81]
82 Costa Rica7,784February 2016[82]
83 Guatemala7,658March 2016[83]
84 Botswana7,54631 December 2015[22]
85 Greece7,535March 2016[84]
86 Afghanistan7,50031 December 2017[85]
87 Tunisia6,714February 2016[86]
88 Dominican Republic6,459March 2017[87]
89 Iceland6,186April 2016[88]
90 Paraguay5,93931 December 2015[22]
91 Ghana5,88531 December 2015[22]
92 Bosnia and Herzegovina5,370December 2017[89]
93 Belarus4,8171 November 2016[90][91]
94 Ivory Coast4,71631 December 2015[22]
95 Bahrain4,65731 December 2015[22]
96 Mauritius4,498March 2016[92]
97 Tanzania4,07331 December 2015[22]
98 Honduras3,755March 2016[93]
99 Latvia3,520March 2016[62][94]
100 Panama3,37831 December 2015[22]
101 Brunei3,3662015[95]
102 Ireland3,347March 2016[62][96]
103 Albania3,188March 2016[22][62][97]
104 El Salvador3,172March 2016[98]
105 Ethiopia3,11331 December 2015[22]
106 Zambia2,96831 December 2015[22]
107 Uganda2,90931 December 2015[22]
108 Slovakia2,879January 2016[22][99]
109 Georgia2,760October 2016[62][100][101]
110 Jamaica2,740February 2016[22][62][102]
111 Cameroon2,71431 December 2015[22]
112 Mozambique2,58231 December 2015[22]
113 Nicaragua2,520April 2016[22][62][103]
114 Ecuador2,49631 December 2015[22]
115 Macedonia2,480February 2016[22][62][104]
116 Republic of the Congo2,24431 December 2015[22]
117 Moldova2,09825 November 2016[105][106][107]
118 Senegal2,01231 December 2015[22]
119 Armenia2,008May 2018[108]
120 Yemen1,97831 December 2015[22]
121 Kyrgyzstan1,944October 2016[22][62][109][110]
122 Haiti1,91931 December 2015[22]
123 Gabon1,87831 December 2015[22]
124 Curaçao1,7912015[95]
125 Papua New Guinea1,73831 December 2015[22]
126 Namibia1,69031 December 2015[22]
127 Lithuania1,227April 2016[62][111]
128 Democratic Republic of the Congo1,21631 December 2015[22]
129 Equatorial Guinea1,20531 December 2015[22]
130 Bhutan1,1032015[95]
131 Luxembourg1,077March 2016[22][62][112]
132 Laos1,05831 December 2015[22][95]
133 Niger1,0392015[95]
133 Mongolia1,039October 2016[113]
135 Rwanda1,03031 December 2015[22]
136 Mauritania9692012[95]
137 Fiji91931 December 2015[22]
138 Lesotho90431 December 2015[22]
139 Bahamas89631 December 2015[22][95]
140 Kosovo89030 September 2015[22][95][114]
141 Cyprus889March 2016[22][62][115]
142 Slovenia870April 2016[62][116]
143 Madagascar83231 December 2015[22]
144 Aruba8162015[95]
145 Syria77331 December 2015[22]
146 Montenegro7342015[22][95]
147 Benin73231 December 2015[22][95]
148 Malawi69331 December 2015[22][95]
149 Malta671March 2016[22][62][117]
150 Barbados65831 December 2015[22]
151 Mali6242015[95]
152 Sierra Leone6212015[95]
153 Guyana60131 December 2015[22]
154 Maldives5762015[22][95]
155 Togo57431 December 2015[22][95]
156 Seychelles555March 2016[22][62][118]
157 Swaziland54831 December 2015[22][95]
158 Liberia5232015[95]
159 Solomon Islands5202015[95]
160 Cape Verde49531 December 2015[22][95]
161 Estonia494March 2016[22][62][119]
161 Tajikistan49431 December 2015[22]
163 Palestine464March 2016[62][120]
164 Timor-Leste4382015[95]
165 Belize43731 December 2015[22][95]
166 San Marino3922014[95]
167 Chad38331 December 2015[22]
168 Djibouti3652015[95]
169 Antigua and Barbuda3562015[95]
170 Zimbabwe33931 December 2015[22][95]
171 Burkina Faso33331 December 2016[22]
172 Guinea-Bissau3322015[95]
173 Suriname33031 December 2015[22][95]
174 Saint Lucia3182015[95]
175 Saint Kitts and Nevis2882015[95]
176 Vanuatu25131 December 2016[22][95]
177 Guinea24431 December 2016[22][95]
178 South Sudan2302015[95]
179 Central African Republic2142015[95]
180 Eritrea21331 December 2016[22]
181 Comoros2012015[95]
182 Grenada1982015[95]
183 Tonga18131 December 2016[22][95]
184 Sudan16731 December 2016[22][95]
185 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines16531 December 2016[22][95]
186 Samoa13931 December 2015[22][95]
187 Federated States of Micronesia1352015[95]
188 Burundi10031 December 2016[22]
189 Dominica10031 December 2016[22]
190 Gambia9231 December 2016[22]
191 São Tomé and Príncipe6831 December 2016[22]
192 Montserrat5131 December 2015[22]
193 Somalia302014[22]

Notes

  1. ^ Hong Kong and Macau report separate figures.
  2. ^ Indian reports are released on a weekly basis with the figures being of the previous week.
  3. ^ The Iranian government does not report the foreign exchange reserves as a matter of policy and all figures are estimates calculated by international or foreign institutes, which are occasionally endorsed by Iranian officials without disclosing the exact numbers.

Currency composition of foreign-exchange reserves

IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB).[121]

Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)
(US Dollars, Billions)[121]
No.CurrencyQ4 2016Q1 2017Q2 2017Q3 2017Q4 2017
1United StatesUSD5,501.985,713.355,909.136,124.736,281.54
2European UnionEUR1,610.871,703.131,847.191,933.682,018.54
3JapanJPY332.93399.85427.79435.67490.14
4United KingdomGBP365.85377.89409.48434.08454.55
5CanadaCAD163.14167.49178.77192.85202.82
6AustraliaAUD142.30156.28162.31171.22180.00
7ChinaRMB90.7895.42100.00108.37122.80
8SwitzerlandCHF13.6914.4515.6016.3118.15
Other currencies199.51208.28209.55228.81250.08
Unallocated Reserves2,293.612,063.281,859.041,650.321,406.34
Total10,714.6810,899.4211,118.8611,296.0511,424.95

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