List of converts to Judaism
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This article lists nations, groups or tribes, as well as individual people, who have converted to Judaism and have a Wikipedia article about them. This article does not differentiate between the different branches of Judaism. See also Who is a Jew? on issues related to the acceptance of conversions throughout the Jewish community.
Note that a number of prominent figures, such as Madonna, Demi Moore, have recently become followers of a "new age" version of Kabbalah, derived from the body of Jewish mystical teaching also called Kabbalah, but do not consider themselves – and are not considered – Jewish.[1]
Converted nations, groups or tribes
Converted nations, groups or tribes from Christianity
- Abayudaya[2]
- Bnei Menashe[3]
- Bene Ephraim, claim to be Jews who converted to Christianity, then converted back to Judaism[4]
- B'nai Moshe (Inca Jews)[5]
- San Nicandro Jews[6]
- Subbotniks
- Veracruz Jews[7]
Other converted nations, groups or tribes
- Idumeans, Edom, 2nd century BCE, conquered and converted by John Hyrcanus
- Ituraeans, Lebanon and Syria, 2nd century BCE, conquered and converted by John Hyrcanus
- Adiabene, northern Iraq, 1st century
- Helena, queen of Adiabene, from traditional Greek religion[9]
- Izates bar Monobaz, king of Adiabene, from a Persian or Mideastern religion[9]
- Symacho, wife of Izates bar Monobaz, from a Persian or Mideastern religion[10]
- Monobaz II, king of Adiabene, from a Persian or Mideastern religion[9]
- Nabataeans, many were forcefully converted by the Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus
- Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia (historical Khazaria), many of whom converted to Judaism en masse in the 8th and 9th centuries CE from a Khazar religion[11]
- Himyarite Kingdom, Yemen, 6th century
- Tub'a Abu Kariba As'ad, from Arabian religion, Himyarite king of Yemen; ruled Yemen 390–420 CE
- Dhu Nuwas, king of Yemen, from a Mideastern religion[13]
- Kingdom of Semien, Ethiopia, 4th century
- Multiple Berber tribes noted by Ibn Khaldun, including the Jarawa, and possibly the warrior queen Kahina and her tribe. northwest Africa, 7th century, disputed
Converted individuals
From Christianity
Former Christian clergy/theologians
- Robert de Reddinge (converted c.1275)
- Nicolas Antoine, French-Christian Protestant theologian
- William G. Dever, former evangelical minister who converted to Reform Judaism and became a world-renowned Bible scholar, though he says he no longer believes in God.[14]
- Géza Vermes, world-renowned historical Jesus research scholar, Orientalist and historian of religion, best known for being an eminent translator of the Dead Sea Scrolls;[15][16] a former Roman Catholic priest of Jewish descent, he rediscovered his Jewish roots, abandoned Christianity and converted to Liberal Judaism.[15][16]
- Ahuva Gray, former Protestant minister
- Asher Wade, former Methodist minister
- Ole Brunell, former Lutheran minister; Shlomo Ben Avraham "Ole" Brunell, former Lutheran minister from Finland and Australia; his wife Ruth (formerly Runa), two adult daughters, two teenage daughters, and a former son-in-law also converted
- John David Scalamonti, Catholic priest[17]
- Kenneth Cox, changed name to Abraham Carmel, former Catholic priest[18][19]
- Gavriel Aryeh Sanders, former evangelical minister[20][21]
Other Christians who converted to Judaism
Sammy Davis Jr., entertainer who converted while recovering from an automobile accident
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- Abraham ben Abraham, convert from the Potocki family, the famed "Ger Tzedek"
- Abraham of Augsburg
- Aluizio Abranches, Brazilian filmmaker
- Aquila of Sinope, Bible translator[22]
- Tom Arnold, actor[23]
- Rafael Cansinos Assens, Spanish poet, essayist, literary critic and translator
- Sarah Avraham, women's world Thai-boxing champion
- Moses ben Avraham Avinu
- Carroll Baker, American actress
- Elizabeth Banks, American actress (Banks has stated that she studied with rabbis, and practices Judaism, though "I did not have my mikveh, so technically I’m not converted", and added, "Frankly, because I’m already doing everything [practicing religious rituals], I feel like I’m as Jewish as I’m ever going to be".)[24][25]
- Anne Beatts, American comedy writer
- Polly Bergen, American actress and singer
- Dany Boon, French comedian[26]
- Elizabeth Brewster, Canadian poet[27]
- May Britt, actress[28]
- Geraldine Brooks, Pulitzer Prize-winning Australian-American journalist and author
- Campbell Brown, American television news reporter (lapsed Roman Catholic)
- Drew Bundini Brown, assistant trainer of former heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali
- Sarah Brown, actress[29]
- Ken Burgess, musician
- Eddie Butler, Israeli singer
- Anne Buydens, German-American producer, wife of Kirk Douglas
- Yisrael Campbell, comedian (lapsed Roman Catholic)
- Kate Capshaw, actress (ex-Methodist)[30]
- Abraham Carmel, ex-Roman Catholic priest[31]
- Nell Carter, singer and actress[32] l
- Cristian Castro, Mexican pop singer(from Roman Catholicism; reverted to Catholicism after divorce)
- Elizabeth Jane Caulfield, linguist and musician
- Connie Chung, American television journalist[33][34]
- Catherine Coulson, actress
- Warder Cresson, politician
- Jim Croce, singer/songwriter[35]
- William Holmes Crosby Jr., physician, considered one of the founders of modern hematology
- Sammy Davis Jr., entertainer[36]
- Zooey Deschanel, actress, singer, entrepreneur
- Natalie Dessay, French soprano
- William G. Dever, archaeologist[37]
- Jacqueline du Pré, cellist[38]
- Patricia Duff, political activist and United States Democratic Party fundraiser
- Miss Elizabeth, also known as Elizabeth Ann Hulette, U.S. professional wrestling manager
- Hank Eng, Chinese-American politician[39]
- Isla Fisher, model and actress[40] (ex-Methodist)
- Luke Ford, journalist[41]
- Maureen Forrester, Canadian opera singer
- Aaron Freeman, journalist and comedian (lapsed Roman Catholic)[42]
- Capers Funnye (ex-Methodist)
- Steve Furness, American football player
- Natan Gamedze, former Protestant, linguist and a Swazi royal, now a black Haredi rabbi[43][44]
- Scott Glenn, American actor
- Lord George Gordon, nobleman and politician[45]
- Reuben Greenberg, police chief of Charleston, South Carolina[46]
- Lars Gustafsson, Swedish professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas[47]
- Daryl Hall, American musician
- Mike Hanopol, Filipino musician
- Mary Hart (born 1950), American television personality, long-time host of the entertainment program Entertainment Tonight[48]
- Morris Hatalsky, American professional golfer
- Anthony Heald, American actor
- Henry Hill, American mobster
- Carolivia Herron, writer of children's and adult literature[49]
- Monica Horan, actress[33]
- Joel Horlen, American baseball player[50][51]
- Martha Hyer, actress
- Jenna Jameson, adult entertainer and entrepreneur
- Carolyn Jones, actress[33][52]
- Thomas Jones (lapsed Roman Catholic)
- Jon Juaristi, Spanish writer[53]
- Skip Jutze, American major league baseball player
- Semei Kakungulu
- Felicity Kendal, British actress[54]
- Cameron Kerry, politician, brother of John Kerry (lapsed Roman Catholic)[55]
- Jamaica Kincaid, author[56]
- John King, American television journalist (lapsed Roman Catholic)
- Mathilde Krim, Ph.D., founding Chairman of amfAR, association for AIDS research
- Lenny Kuhr, Dutch singer-songwriter
- Anthony Lake, American diplomat, political figure, and academic
- Dr. Laura, American radio personality[33]
- Nahida Lazarus, German author, essayist, scholar, and literary critic
- Natasha Leggero, American actress and comedian
- John Lehr, American film and television actor and comedian
- Julius Lester, son of a Methodist minister and a children's author (ex-Methodist)[57]
- Joan Lunden, American journalist, author and television host
- Elliott Maddox, American former Major League Baseball player[58]
- Richard Marceau, Canadian politician
- Sam McCullum (born 1952), NFL football wide receiver
- Anne Meara (1929–2015), American comedian and actress, partner and wife of Jerry Stiller (lapsed Roman Catholic)[59]
- Adah Isaacs Menken, stage actress[60]
- Anastassia Michaeli, Russian-born former member of the Israeli Knesset
- Marilyn Monroe, actress (ex-Christian)[61]
- Santa Montefiore, novelist[62]
- Tommy Mottola, American record producer
- Françoise Mouly, French artist, designer, and art editor of The New Yorker
- Jeff Newman, American Major League Baseball catcher
- Martha Nussbaum, American philosopher and academic[63]
- Bob Nystrom, Canadian former NHL player[64]
- Arieh O'Sullivan, American-born Israeli journalist
- Lorna Patterson, American film, stage and television actress
- Rebecca Pidgeon, Scottish-American actress, singer and songwriter
- Bob Plager, Canadian retired professional NHL ice hockey defenceman
- Moses Prado, professor of the classic languages at the University of Marburg
- Helen Reddy, Australian American singer and actress
- Roger Rees, actor
- Reuel Abraham, German pilot in Hitler's army, then became a Jew and citizen of Israel[65]
- Mandy Rice-Davies, British model and showgirl
- Mary Doria Russell, American author (lapsed Roman Catholic)[66]
- Jackie Sandler, American actress
- Bärbel Schäfer, German television presenter and talk show host[67]
- Norma Shearer, American actress
- Joseph J. Sherman, businessman[68][69][70]
- Shyne, Belizean–American rapper[71]
- Karol Sidon, Czech Orthodox rabbi, writer and playwright
- Daniel Silva, American author of thriller and espionage novels[72]
- Chris Smith, American-Israeli basketball player[73]
- Willie "the Lion" Smith, American pianist and composer
- June Squibb, American actress
- Dubrovin Stanislav
- Kim Stanley, American actress[74]
- Venetia Stanley, socialite[75]
- Joseph Abraham Steblicki (lapsed Roman Catholic)
- Margo Stilley, American film actress[76]
- Annette Taddeo, businesswoman and politician
- Elizabeth Taylor, actress (ex-Christian Scientist)[77]
- Karen Tintori, American author of fiction and nonfiction (lapsed Roman Catholic)
- Andre Bernard Tippett, American Hall of Fame former football linebacker for the New England Patriots (ex-Baptist)[78]
- Jacob Tirado (ca. 1540–1620), co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam
- Ivanka Trump, American businesswoman, fashion designer, author and reality television personality
- Bob Tufts, American former Major League Baseball pitcher
- Ike Turner, American musician, bandleader, talent scout, and record producer; son of a Baptist minister
- Alex Tyus, American-Israeli professional basketball player
- Chris Van Allsburg, children's writer[79]
- Conrad Veidt, German actor[33]
- Jackie Wilson, American soul singer
- Mare Winningham, actress, singer (lapsed Roman Catholic)[80]
- Katarzyna Weiglowa, Polish martyr
- Steve Yeager, American baseball player[58]
- Nikki Ziering, model[81]
Not from Christianity
From atheism and/or agnosticism
- Christian B. Anfinsen, Nobel prize-winning chemist (Orthodox Judaism)[82]
- Will Herberg, social philosopher and sociologist of religion, Jewish theologian, former atheist and Marxist of Jewish ancestry, raised atheist[83]
- Suzy Menkes, fashion journalist
- Hilary Putnam, philosopher raised in a Jewish-atheist home
- Mary Doria Russell[84]
- Anna Silk, Canadian actress[85]
- Mare Winningham[86][87]
From Black Hebrew Israelitism
- Eddie Butler, Israeli singer, converted to Orthodox Judaism
- Capers Funnye
From Islam
- Nissim Baruch Black (born Damian Jamohl Black), American rapper and music producer, raised Muslim but converted to Christianity before converting to Judaism
- Avraham Sinai, Lebanese member of Hezbollah who had an Orthodox conversion and lives as a Haredi Jew in Tsfat[88]
From Druzism
- Michael Netzer, American comic book artist
From other Middle Eastern religions
From Greco-Roman religion
- Aquila of Sinope (Acylas), from traditional Greek religion[91]
- Paulina Beturia, from traditional Roman religion
- Flavia Domitilla, from traditional ancient Roman religion (possibly to Jewish Christianity, as she is also a Christian saint)
- Titus Flavius Clemens, consul, great-nephew of the Roman Emperor Vespasian, from traditional Roman religion (possibly to Jewish Christianity, as he is also a Christian saint)
- Fulvia, wife of Emperor Tiberius' close friend, Saturninus, from traditional Roman religion
- Onkelos, Hebrew scholar and translator, from ancient Roman religion[92]
From Samaritanism
From Shinto
- Setzuso Kotsuji, son of a Shinto priest, and a professor in Japan (converted from Shinto to Christianity and then from Christianity to Judaism)
From Hinduism
List of conversions named in the Bible
- Bithiah, from traditional Egyptian religion
- Jethro, priest of Midian and father-in-law of Moses,[93] from a Mideastern religion
- Makeda, queen of Sheba, from a Mideastern or Ethiopian religion[94]
- Osenath, from the ancient Egyptian religion (her name relates to Anat)
- Ruth, great-grandmother of King David, from a Near Eastern religion[95]
- Yael, from Canaanite or another Near Eastern religion
- Zipporah, from a Mideastern or northern African religion
Undetermined former religion
Converts who later left the faith or were expelled
- Cristian Castro, Grammy Award-nominated Mexican pop singer[96] (reverted to Roman Catholicism after divorcing his Jewish wife)
- Uriel da Costa, philosopher shunned for heresy[97]
- Polemon II, king of Cilicia, converted to marry the Jewish princess Berenice; later relapsed[98]
See also
References
- ↑ Goldstein, Evan R. (8 April 2011). "Is Madonna Jewish?". Wall Street Journal.
- ↑ "A History of the Abuyudaya Jews of Uganda".
- ↑ "Rabbi backs India's 'lost Jews'". BBC News. April 1, 2005. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
- ↑ Kulanu: Bene Ephraim of Andhra Pradesh, South India Archived 2007-11-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Converting Inca Indians in Peru Archived 2008-07-08 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "bet-debora.net – Frauenperspektiven im Judentum".
- ↑ Kulanu: Claim Mexico playing host to a Lost Tribe Archived 2007-11-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Jewish Encyclopedia "Obadiah was a proselyte of Edomite origin."
- 1 2 3 "IZATES – JewishEncyclopedia.com".
- ↑ "ANANIAS OF ADIABENE – JewishEncyclopedia.com".
- ↑ "Medieval Quotes About Khazar Judaism (Khazar Jews)".
- ↑ Fordham University
- ↑ Jewish Encyclopedia "If the contradictory and sometimes legendary accounts of the personality of Dhu Nuwas given by the Arabian writers can be trusted, he was not a Jew by birth, but embraced Judaism after ascending the throne, taking the name of "Joseph."
- ↑ "Losing Faith: Who Did and Who Didn't How Scholarship Affects Scholars". Biblical Archaeology Society. March 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- 1 2 Barr, Robert (12 May 2013). "Geza Vermes, renowned Jesus scholar, dies at 88". Times of Israel. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- 1 2 Ivry, Benjamin (15 May 2013). "Geza Vermes, Hungarian Bible Scholar Who Returned to Jewish Roots, Dies at 88". The Forward. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ↑ Scalamonti, John David (1992). Ordained to be a Jew : a Catholic priest's conversion to Judaism. Hoboken, NJ: Ktav. ISBN 978-0-88125-412-9.
- ↑ Carmel, Abraham (1993). So strange my path : a spiritual pilgrimage (Rev. ed.). New York: Bloch Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8197-0040-7.
- ↑ Bernstein, Fred. "Onetime Catholic Priest Abraham Carmel Celebrates His 25th Year as An Orthodox Jew". People.com. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ↑ Sanders, Gavriel Aryeh. http://ministersjourney.blogspot.com/. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "About Gavriel". 10 July 2008.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, art. Aquila of Sinope
- ↑ "Tom Arnold".
- ↑ "Jewish Actress Elizabeth Banks Discusses Her Conversion With Marc Maron – Jewcy". 17 January 2013.
- ↑ "Episode 352 – Elizabeth Banks".
- ↑ Le Figaro Magazine which states "as though his conversion to Judaism in 2002 had paradoxically made him closer to his Pas-de-Calais roots".
- ↑ Arc Poetry review of "Jacob's Dream" which states "Brewster is fascinated with her newly adopted faith of Judaism—poems about Jewish holy days and heritage are sprinkled throughout"
- ↑ "May Britt Joins Jewish Faith", The New York Times, October 18, 1960, p. 46
- ↑ Q&A with Sarah Brown "Judaism, for me, is more a spiritual thing than a religion, but I feel that I have a Jewish soul. I didn't convert because of my marriage; I just always felt like there was a Jewish soul inside of me just dying to get out."
- ↑ New York Times
- ↑ "Onetime Catholic Priest Abraham Carmel Celebrates His 25th Year as An Orthodox Jew : People.com".
- ↑ Chicago Sun Times via "Find Articles." Archived 2015-10-19 at the Wayback Machine.: Said of her conversion "I needed to know where God was, and I went back to the basics."
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Converted to Judaism".
- ↑ "Happy Birthday, Connie Chung, Award-Winning Journalist".
- ↑ Interview with Croce's Cousin http://www.netporch.com/sa/
- ↑ Jewish Virtual Library
- ↑ Shanks, Hershel. "Losing Faith: How Scholarship Affects Scholars". Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 2007.
- ↑ A Publishers Weekly review of Jacqueline Du Pre: A Biography by Carol Easton states she was "the daughter of anti-Semitic parents who herself converted to Judaism and at age 21 married Jewish pianist-conductor Daniel Barenboim."
- ↑ "Democratic Convention Notes: Meet Chinese Jewish candidate Hank Eng".
- ↑ Gensler, Howard (November 27, 2006). "'Borat' to wed Aussie actress Isla Fisher". Retrieved November 29, 2006.
- ↑ Luke Ford, XXX-Communicated: A Rebel Without a Shul. iUniverse, Inc., 2004. ISBN 0-595-66441-5
- ↑ "AARONFREEMAN.COM".
- ↑ "美白肌になる為の紫外線対策: 美白肌になる為の紫外線対策".
- ↑ "Compass: COMPASS: THE BLACK JEW OF ROYAL SWAZILAND – ABC TV".
- ↑ "GORDON, LORD GEORGE – JewishEncyclopedia.com".
- ↑ The movie Shalom y'all
- ↑ "Contemporary Jewish Writing in Sweden -- Lars Gustafsson Bio".
- ↑ Hart – "Thought there are no Jewish Republicans in show biz? Well, Bush contributors include... host Mary Hart, who’s a convert to Judaism..."
- ↑ Her website
- ↑ Horlen, Joe : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum
- ↑ The Big Book of Jewish Sports People by Peter Horvitz page 53
- ↑ "Carolyn Jones (I) – News".
- ↑ "Los nuevos conversos... al judaísmo".
- ↑ Times Online interview: She says in the interview "I converted to Judaism in 1983. I am not a deeply religious person but it is a vital part of my life. It shapes my beliefs, and how I look at the world."
- ↑ Seattle Times Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ judaism+-wikipedia&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=25 Beth Israel
- ↑ Lester, Julius. "Home – Julius Lester".
- 1 2 "Jewish Baseball Players".
- ↑ O'Toole, Lesley (December 22, 2006). "Ben Stiller : 'Doing comedy is scary'". London: The Independent. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- ↑ Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco Archived 2012-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. states of her marriage, "Adah was not at all interested in home or family; in fact, the only thing she shared sincerely with him was his religion–she adopted the Jewish faith and remained steadfast in it until her death."
- ↑ "1961: End of the road for Monroe and Miller". bbc.co.uk. 24 January 1961.
- ↑ The Independent Feb 7, 2005; online here Findarticles Archived 2009-04-14 at the Wayback Machine. accessed Dec 11, 2006
- ↑ The Nation
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
- ↑ Lawrence Jeffrey Epstein (1989). A treasury of Jewish anecdotes. p. 5,6. ISBN 978-0-87668-890-8. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ↑ Interview at Book Browse "I am a Jew by choice and Italian by heritage. Shortly after I converted to Judaism, I came across a book by Alexander Stille called Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families Under Fascism."
- ↑ User, Super. "Bärbel Schäfer: Knallharte Diskussionen mit Michel Friedmann".
- ↑ Ariey Ariley (May 29, 2014). "Yosef the Holy Avreich" (in Hebrew). Jerusalem, Israel: Mishpacha. Retrieved Sep 30, 2014.
- ↑ Deutsch, Gloria. "Yearning for acceptance". Features (07/26/2012). Jerusalem Post.
Joseph Joel Sherman has traveled a long road, from devout Christian to even more devout Jew – and in fact he has not yet arrived at his destination, to be accepted as a fully-fledged Orthodox Jew – although he is well on the way.
- ↑ "Intelligently and Enthusiastically Crowning Hashem". The Seymour J. Abrams Jerusalem World Center, headquarters of OU Israel. Retrieved Sep 30, 2014.
- ↑ "WordPress.com". Archived from the original on 2012-02-22.
- ↑ pine, dan. "Novelist takes on Vatican secrecy with new spy thriller – j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California". Archived from the original on 2009-02-17.
- ↑ Ex-Knick Chris Smith converts to Judaism, signs deal in Israel - NY Daily News
- ↑ from biography "Female Brando: The Legend of Kim Stanley" by Jon Krampner, 2006
- ↑ Men.", Godfrey Hodgson; Godfrey Hodgson Is A. British Journalist Whose Latest Book Is "all Things To All (3 April 1983). "BUSY LOVE LETTERS". YTimes.com.
- ↑ Stilley – "...the former model, raised a Christian in Conway, S.C., recently announced that she is converting to Judaism. Even her rabbi is befuddled.... "The first thing that attracted me to Judaism was the undeniable family strength that has held Jewish people and culture together for 3,000 years. . . Jews, whether religious or not, know where they have come from and what they would wish for their future, and this certainty is based on fact, not faith.... "I will not be a perfect Jew, nor will Judaism make me perfect. But I know that Judaism will give me faith, support, knowledge, and history. I am not Jewish because I choose to be. I am Jewish because there is no other choice for me.""
- ↑ In her book Elizabeth Takes Off, Taylor writes, "[Conversion to Judaism] had absolutely nothing to do with my past marriage to Mike [Todd] or my upcoming marriage to Eddie Fisher, both of whom were Jewish. It was something I had wanted to do for a long time."
- ↑ "Profile at Jewishsports.com". Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ↑ Jewish Bulletin of Northern California:On being asked about Christmas, because of the Santa Claus related The Polar Express, he stated "We have a Jewish household. I converted when I married Lisa."
- ↑ Jewish Bulletin of Northern California: "After Winningham observed her first Yom Kippur that year, she knew she had to convert, and did so March 3, 2003, accompanied by an entourage of friends and relatives."
- ↑ Entertainment Weekly
- ↑ "The Christian B. Anfinsen Papers: Biographical Information".
- ↑ Novak, David (1 January 1989). "Review of From Marxism to Judaism: Collected Essays of". Journal of Law and Religion. 7 (1): 247–250. doi:10.2307/1051200. JSTOR 1051200.
- ↑ Broderick, Damien (1 January 2000). Transrealist Fiction: Writing in the Slipstream of Science. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31121-5.
- ↑ Cohen, Mike. TV’s Lost Girl converts to Judaism, Jewish Tribune, August 23, 2011. Accessed October 18, 2011.
- ↑ admin. "Actress-singer Mare Winningham an unlikely Jewish soul – j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California".
- ↑ "500 Error".
- ↑ "A Martyr from Lebanon: Life in the Shadow of Danger"
- ↑ "ABTALION, POLLION – JewishEncyclopedia.com".
- ↑ "SHEMAIAH (SAMAIAS, SAMEAS) – JewishEncyclopedia.com".
- ↑ Jewish Encyclopedia "He was by birth a Gentile from Pontus, and is said by Epiphanius to have been a connection by marriage of the emperor Hadrian and to have been appointed by him about the year 128 to an office concerned with the rebuilding of Jerusalem as "Ælia Capitolina." At some unknown age he joined the Christians, but afterward left them and became a proselyte to Judaism."
- ↑ "ONḲELOS – JewishEncyclopedia.com".
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ↑ "SHEBA, QUEEN OF – JewishEncyclopedia.com".
- ↑ "BBC – Religions – Judaism: Converting to Judaism".
- ↑ EsMas.com Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more". Archived from the original on 2007-08-13.
- ↑ (Josephus, Jewish Antiquities xx. 7, § 3
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