Kuurn Kopan Noot language

Kuurn Kopan Noot
	Dhauwurd Wurrung
	Gurnditjmara
Region	Victoria
Ethnicity	Gurnditjmara people
Extinct	(date missing)
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Kulinic Kuurn Kopan Noot; ;
Dialects	Kuurn-Kopan-Noot; Peek-Whurrung (Bi:gwurrung); Koort-Kirrup; Dhautgart/Keerray (wurru); Tjarcote (Djargurd Wurrung, Warrnambool)[1];
Language codes
ISO 639-3	gjm
Glottolog	warr1257[2]
AIATSIS[3]	S20 Dhauwurd Wurrung, S25 Keerray-Woorroong

Kuurn Kopan Noot, or Gurnditjmara (Kirurndit, Gu:nditj-mara), is an extinct language of Victoria (Australia). It had a number of dialects (see box at right), including Kuurn Kopan Noot proper.

Phonology

A likely phonemic inventory for the Warrnambool language is shown below.

Consonants
	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Stop	p	t̪	t	ʈ	c	k
Nasal	m	n̪	n	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Lateral		l̪	l	ɭ	ʎ
Rhotic			ɾ~r	ɽ
Approximant					j	w

Rhotic consonants were not distinguished in older sources. It is unclear to determine whether the retroflex consonant was a glide or a flap. Both were written as r.

Although most Australian indigenous languages use three vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, the amount of vowels are not clearly distinguished within the other sources for the Warrnambool language. There is some fluctuation between /i/ and /e/, and /u/ and /o/. Where there was a back vowel occurring before a syllable-final palatal, /o/ was used instead of /u/, to give a better idea of the more likely pronunciation (i.e. puroyn "night").^[4]

References

↑ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Warrnambool (Kuurn Kopan Noot)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Dhauwurd Wurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
↑ Blake, Barry J. (2003). The Warrnambool Language: A Consolidated Account of the Aboriginal Language of the Warrnambool Area of the Western District of Victoria based on Nineteenth-Century Sources. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

External links

Bibliography of Gunditjmara people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

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[1] Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Warrnambool (Kuurn Kopan Noot)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[AIATSIS-3] Dhauwurd Wurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)

[4] Blake, Barry J. (2003). The Warrnambool Language: A Consolidated Account of the Aboriginal Language of the Warrnambool Area of the Western District of Victoria based on Nineteenth-Century Sources. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.