Koszalin

Koszalin
Koszalin Market Square

Flag
Coat of arms
Koszalin
Koszalin
Coordinates: 54°12′N 16°11′E / 54.200°N 16.183°E / 54.200; 16.183Coordinates: 54°12′N 16°11′E / 54.200°N 16.183°E / 54.200; 16.183
Country Poland
Voivodeship West Pomeranian
County city county
Established 11th century
Town rights 1266
Government
 • Mayor Piotr Jedliński
Area
 • Total 98.33 km2 (37.97 sq mi)
Elevation 32 m (105 ft)
Population (31 Dec 2014)
 • Total 108,605
 • Density 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code 75-900, 75-902, 75-007, 75-016
Area code(s) +48 94
Vehicle registration ZK
Website www.koszalin.pl

Koszalin ([kɔˈʂalʲin] ( listen); (German: Köslin,[1] Kashubian: Kòszalëno), is a city in Western Pomerania in north-western Poland. It is located 12 kilometres (7 miles) south of the Baltic Sea coast, and intersected by the river Dzierżęcinka. Koszalin is also a county-status city and capital of Koszalin County of West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Previously, it was a capital of Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998). The current mayor of Koszalin is Piotr Jedliński.[2]

History

Early times

Koszalin is first mentioned in 1108 in the Chronicle of Greater Poland (Kronika Wielkopolska) which relates that duke Boleslaw Krzywousty captured and subjugated multiple Pomeranian cities including Kołobrzeg, Kamień, Wolin and Koszalin.

In 1214, Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania, made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land to the Norbertine monastery in Białoboki near Trzebiatów. New, mostly German, settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248, the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin.[3]

On 23 May 1266, Kammin bishop Hermann von Gleichen granted a charter to the village, granting it Lübeck law, local government, autonomy and multiple privileges. When in 1276 the bishops became the sovereign in neighboring Kołobrzeg, they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from Koszalin.[3]

The city obtained direct access to the Baltic Sea when it gained the village of Jamno (1331), parts of Lake Jamno, a spit between the lake and the sea and the castle of Unieście in 1353. Thence, it participated in the Baltic Sea trade as a member of the Hanseatic League, which led to several conflicts with the competing seaports of at Kołobrzeg and Darłowo. From 1356 until 1417/1422, the city was part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast.

Middle Ages

Coat of arms from ca. 1400-1800, showing the head of John the Baptist.

In 1534 during the Protestant Reformation, the city became mostly Lutheran under the influence of Johannes Bugenhagen. In 1568, Johann Friedrich, Duke of Pomerania and bishop of Cammin, started constructing a residence.[4] After the 1637 death of the last Pomeranian duke, Bogislaw XIV, the city passed to his cousin, Bishop Ernst Bogislaw von Croÿ of Kammin. Occupied by Swedish troops during the Thirty Years' War, the city was granted to Brandenburg-Prussia after the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Stettin (1653), and with all of Farther Pomerania became part of the Brandenburgian Pomerania.

As part of the Kingdom of Prussia, "Cöslin" was heavily damaged by a fire in 1718, but was rebuilt in the following years. It was occupied by French troops in 1807 after the War of the Fourth Coalition. Following the Napoleonic wars, the city became the capital of Fürstenthum District (county) and Regierungsbezirk Cöslin (government region) within the Province of Pomerania. The Fürstenthum District was dissolved on 1 September 1872 and replaced with the Cöslin District on December 13.

Coat of arms of Köslin from 1800-1939

It became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany. The railroad from Stettin (Szczecin) through "Cöslin" and Stolp (Słupsk) to Danzig (Gdańsk) was constructed from 1858-78. A military cadet school created by Frederick the Great in 1776 was moved from Kulm (Chełmno) to the city in 1890.

Modern times

After the Nazis had closed down Dietrich Bonhoeffer's seminar in Finkenwalde (a suburb of Stettin, now Szczecin) in 1937, Bonhoeffer chose the town as one of the sites where he illegally continued to educate vicars of the Confessing Church.[5] During the Second World War Köslin was the site of the first school for the "rocket troops" created on orders of Walter Dornberger, the Wehrmacht's head of the V-2 design and development program.[6]

After World War II

Main Post Office in Koszalin

On 4 March 1945, the city was captured by the Red Army. According to the post-war Potsdam Agreement, Köslin, re-names as Koszalin, became part of Poland. Most of the town's native German population fled or was expelled to the remainder of post-war Germany. The city was resettled by Poles from Central and pre-war Eastern Poland and Kashubians.[7]

Initially, the city was considered to become the capital of the voivodeship created from the former German province east of the Oder-Neisse line, which nevertheless was assigned to Szczecin (Szczecin voivodeship, 1945–1950). In 1950 this voivodeship was divided into a truncated Szczecin Voivodeship and Koszalin Voivodeship. In years 1950-75 Koszalin was the capital of the enlarged Koszalin Voivodeship sometimes called Middle Pomerania due to becoming the fastest growing city in Poland. In years 1975-98 it was the capital of the smaller Koszalin Voivodeship.

As a result of the Local Government Reorganization Act (1998) Koszalin became part of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (effective 1 January 1999) regardless of an earlier proposal for a new Middle Pomeranian Voivodeship covering approximately the area of former Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–75).

Landmarks

The city borders on Chełmska hill (German: Gollenberg), a site of pagan worship in prehistory, and upon which is now built the tower "sanctuary of the covenant", which was consecrated by Pope John Paul II in 1991, and is currently a pilgrimage site.

Koszalin's most distinctive landmark is St. Mary's cathedral (Marienkirche), dating from the early 14th century. Positioned in front of the cathedral is a monument commemorating John Paul II's visit to the city.

Demographics

Before World War II the population of the town was composed of Protestants, Jews and Catholics.

Number of inhabitants in years 1740-2017
YearPop.±% p.a.
17402,535—    
17822,933+0.35%
17913,071+0.51%
17943,286+2.28%
18123,802+0.81%
18164,636+5.08%
18316,541+2.32%
YearPop.±% p.a.
18438,114+1.81%
18529,398+1.65%
186111,303+2.07%
190020,417+1.53%
192528,810+1.39%
194033,587+1.03%
195018,690−5.69%
YearPop.±% p.a.
196044,449+9.05%
197062,212+3.42%
198095,490+4.38%
1990109,002+1.33%
2000108,899−0.01%
2010107,948−0.09%
2017107,670−0.04%

Climate

Koszalin has a humid continental climate (Dfb). The winters are cold but not freezing cold, and the summers are warm and sunny.

Climate data for Koszalin
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6)		 2.0
(35.6)		 5.8
(42.4)		 10.7
(51.3)		 16.6
(61.9)		 19.7
(67.5)		 20.8
(69.4)		 21.0
(69.8)		 17.3
(63.1)		 12.5
(54.5)		 6.4
(43.5)		 2.6
(36.7)		 11.4
(52.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 2.2
(36)		 6.1
(43)		 11.5
(52.7)		 15.0
(59)		 16.5
(61.7)		 16.2
(61.2)		 12.9
(55.2)		 8.9
(48)		 4.1
(39.4)		 0.4
(32.7)		 7.6
(45.8)
Average low °C (°F) −3.9
(25)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 2.3
(36.1)		 6.8
(44.2)		 10.4
(50.7)		 12.3
(54.1)		 12.0
(53.6)		 9.5
(49.1)		 5.9
(42.6)		 1.9
(35.4)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 4.3
(39.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.69)		 30
(1.18)		 35
(1.38)		 39
(1.54)		 55
(2.17)		 72
(2.83)		 88
(3.46)		 74
(2.91)		 82
(3.23)		 62
(2.44)		 69
(2.72)		 55
(2.17)		 704
(27.72)
Average rainy days 10.9 7.9 8.4 8.1 8.9 9.0 11.3 9.4 11.1 9.5 12.6 11.6 118.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 37.2 61.6 108.5 159.0 235.6 231.2 213.9 210.8 135.1 93.0 39.3 27.9 1,553.1
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[8]

Notable People

Ewald Christian von Kleist
Rudolf Clausius
Sebastian Mila, 2014
Joanna Majdan, 2007

early times

19th C

20th C

Sports

Major corporations

  • Zakład Energetyczny Koszalin SA
  • Brok Brewery SA
  • JAAN Nordglass Autoglass
  • TWIP Foundation

Education

International relations

Koszalin is twinned with:[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Former Territory of Germany" (in German). 2017-11-14.
  2. ↑ "Interview with Mr. Piotr Jedliński, Mayor of Koszalin, Poland". CEOWORLD Magazine. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  3. 1 2 Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H. Beck, 2007, p. 113, ISBN 3-406-54986-1
  4. ↑ Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.61, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
  5. ↑ Peter Zimmerling, Bonhoeffer als praktischer Theologe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006, p.59, ISBN 3-525-55451-6
  6. ↑ p.37, Dornberger
  7. ↑ W. Seidel: Das Land und Volk der Kassuben. In: Preußische Provinzialblätter N.F. 2 (1852), p. 104.
  8. ↑ "Hong Kong Observatory". Hong Kong Observatory. December 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  9. ↑ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 15, Kleist, Ewald Christian von retrieved 11 October 2018
  10. ↑ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 6, Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel retrieved 11 October 2018
  11. ↑ "Miasta partnerskie". Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  12. ↑ "Twin Cities". Kristianstads kommun. 2015-04-15. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-06-06.

Media

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.