Koinjmal tribe

The Koinjmal were an indigenous Australian people of the state of Queensland.

Country

The Koinjmal's traditional lands covered an estimated 1,600 square miles (4,100 km2), taking in the western slopes of Pine Mountain in the Normanby Range (Pine Mountain) to the Styx. They occupied the coastal strip from Broad Sound northwards to Cape Palmerston and took in St. Lawrence. Their inland extensions went as far as the Coast Range, and, to the south, ended around Marlborough. Ecologically, they worked large areas of mangrove mudflats, and employed bark canoes to navigate these shoreline zones.[1]

Social organization

The Koinjmal consisted of several hordes the name of at least one of which is known.

  • Mamburra.[1]
  • Bauwiwarra. (This may, alternatively, have been a horde of the Darumbal)[2]

According to an early Rockhampton informant, W. H. Flowers, responding to a request for information by A. W. Howitt, the Koinjmal were divided into two moieties, the Yungeru and the Witteru, each in turn subdivided into two sections, creating 4 sub-classes:[3]

The Yungeru were split into the Kurpal (Eaglkehawk totem) and the Kuialla (Laughing jackass totem): the Witteru. divided into the Karilbura and Munaal, which had several totems, including the wallaby, Curlew, Hawk, Clearwater and Sand.[4]

Marriage

According to Flowers, marriages were contracted early, in infancy, when a girl's parents would arrange her marriage to an elder man, who, after the ceremony of betrothal would supply her regularly with game and fish, while scrupulously avoiding going near the camp of her parents or speaking to the mother.[5]

The ceremony was finalized in the following manner:

The parents having painted the girl and dressed her hair with feathers, her male cousin[lower-alpha 1] takes her to where her future husband is sitting cross-legged in silence, and seats her at his back, and close to him. He who has brought the girl after a time removes the feathers from her hair and places them in the hair of her future husband, and then leads the girl back to her parents.[5]

The actual marriage was sealed by a simulated kidnapping of the young girl.

when a girl who has been promised is considered to be old enough for marriage by her father, he sends the girl as usual with the other women to gather yams or other food, and he tells the man to whom he has promised her, who, then painting himself, takes his weapons and follows her, inviting all the unmarried men in the camp to assist him. When they come up with the women he goes forward alone, and telling the girl he has come for her he takes her by the wrist or hand. The women at once surround her and try to keep her from him. She tries to escape, and if she does not like him she bites his wriest, this being an understood sign that she refuses him.[7]

History

Some Koinjmal hordes could be found living beyond their traditional lands, at places like Yaamba and Bombandy, at the beginning of the 20th century, but this displacement was the consequence of white encroachments, which drove them to push south of their homeland.[1]

Alternative names

  • Koinbal. (meaning people of the plains)
  • Kooinmerburra.
  • Kuinmurbura.
  • Kungmal.
  • Kungalburra.[1]

Some words

  • kuinmur. (a plain)

Notes

  1. ↑ Since descent was on the mother's side, Howitt inferred that 'cousin' here referred to the mother's brother's son.[6]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 Tindale 1974, p. 176.
  2. ↑ Tindale 1974, p. 167.
  3. ↑ Howitt 1884, p. 336.
  4. ↑ Howitt 1884, p. 335.
  5. 1 2 Howitt 1889, p. 118.
  6. ↑ Howitt 1889, p. 118, note.
  7. ↑ Howitt 1889, p. 123.

References

  • Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
  • Howitt, A. W. (1884). Palmer, Edward, ed. "Notes on Some Australian Tribes". Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 13: 335–347. JSTOR 2841896.
  • Howitt, Alfred William (1889). "On the organisation of Australian tribes". Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria. 1 (2): 96–137.
  • Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.
  • Moore, Clive (1990). "Blackgin's Leap: A Window into Aboriginal-European Relations in the Pioneer Valley, Queensland in the 1860s" (PDF). Aboriginal History. 14 (1): 61–79.
  • Muller, Frederic (1887). "Broad Sound, Yaamba, Maryborough, and St. Lawrence" (PDF). In Curr, Edward Micklethwaite. The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent. 3. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 52–53.
  • Smyth, Robert Brough (1878). The Aborigines of Victoria: with notes relating to the habits of the natives of other parts of Australia and Tasmania (PDF). 1. Melbourne: J. Ferres, gov't printer.
  • Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Koinjmal (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press.
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