Pentium

Pentium logos
2005–06
2006–09
2009–11

Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel since 1993. In their form as of November 2011, Pentium processors are considered entry-level products that Intel rates as "two stars",[1] meaning that they are above the low-end Atom and Celeron series, but below the faster Core i3, i5, i7, i9, and high-end Xeon series.

As of 2017, Pentium processors have little more than their name in common with earlier Pentiums, which were Intel's flagship processor for over a decade until the introduction of the Intel Core line in 2006. They are based on both the architecture used in Atom and that of Core processors. In the case of Atom architectures, Pentiums are the highest performance implementations of the architecture. Pentium processors with Core architectures prior to 2017 were distinguished from the faster, higher-end i-series processors by lower clock rates and disabling some features, such as hyper-threading, virtualization and sometimes L3 cache.

The name Pentium is originally derived from the Greek word penta (πεντα), meaning "five", a reference to the prior numeric naming convention of Intel's 80x86 processors (8086–80486), with the Latin ending -ium.

In 2017, Intel splits Pentium into two line-ups, Pentium Silver aiming for low-power devices and shares architecture with Atom and Celeron and Pentium Gold aiming for entry-level desktop and using existing architecture, such as Kaby Lake or Coffee Lake

Overview

During development, Intel generally identifies processors with codenames, such as Prescott, Willamette, Coppermine, Katmai, Klamath, or Deschutes. These usually become widely known,[2] even after the processors are given official names on launch.

Brand Microarchitecture Desktop Laptop Server
Pentium
Pentium OverDrive		 P5P5 (0.8 µm)
P54C (0.6 µm)
P54CS (0.35 µm)
Pentium MMX
Pentium OverDrive MMX		 P55C (0.35 µm)
Tillamook (0.25 µm)
Pentium Pro P6P6 (0.5 µm)
P6 (0.35 µm)
Pentium II
Pentium II Xeon
Pentium II OverDrive
Mobile Pentium II		 Klamath (0.35 µm)
Deschutes (0.25 µm)		Tonga (0.25 µm)
Dixon (0.25 µm)
Dixon (0.18 µm)		Drake (0.25 µm)
Pentium III
Pentium III Xeon
Mobile Pentium III
Pentium III M		 Katmai (0.25 µm)
Coppermine (180 nm)
Tualatin (130 nm)		Coppermine (180 nm)
Tualatin(130 nm)		Tanner (0.25 µm)
Cascades (180 nm)
Pentium 4
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition		 NetBurstWillamette (180 nm)
Northwood (130 nm)
Gallatin (130 nm)
Prescott-2M (90 nm)
Prescott (90 nm)
Cedar Mill (65 nm)		Northwood (130 nm)
Prescott (90 nm)		Rebranded as Xeon
Pentium D
Pentium Extreme Edition		 Smithfield (90 nm)
Presler (65 nm)
Pentium M P6 basedBanias (130 nm)
Dothan (90 nm)
Pentium Dual-Core Yonah (65 nm)
CoreAllendale (65 nm)
Wolfdale-3M (45 nm)		Merom-2M (65 nm)
Pentium CoreWolfdale-3M (45 nm)Penryn-3M (45 nm)
NehalemClarkdale (32 nm)Arrandale (32 nm)
Sandy BridgeSandy Bridge (32 nm)
Ivy BridgeIvy Bridge (22 nm)
HaswellHaswell (22 nm)
BroadwellBroadwell (14 nm)
SkylakeSkylake (14 nm)Braswell; Goldmont
Kaby LakeKabylake (14 nm)Goldmont Plus (Gemini Lake)
Coffee LakeCoffeelake (14 nm)


A 100 MHz Pentium processor manufactured in 1996

The original Pentium branded CPUs were expected to be named 586 or i586, to follow the naming convention of prior generations (286, i386, i486). However, as the firm wanted to prevent their competitors from branding their processors with similar names (as AMD had done with their Am486), Intel filed a trademark application on the name in the United States, but was denied because a series of numbers was considered to lack trademark distinctiveness.[3]

Following Intel's prior series of 8086, 80186, 80286, 80386, and 80486 microprocessors, the firm's first P5-based microprocessor was released as the original Intel Pentium on March 22, 1993. Marketing firm Lexicon Branding was hired to coin a name for the new processor. The suffix -ium was chosen as it could connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a chemical element,[4] while the prefix pent- could refer to the fifth generation of x86.[3]

Due to its success, the Pentium brand would continue through several generations of high-end processors. In 2006, the name briefly disappeared from Intel's technology roadmaps,[5][6] only to re-emerge in 2007.[7]

In 1998, Intel introduced the Celeron[8] brand for low-priced microprocessors. With the 2006 introduction of the Intel Core brand as the company's new flagship line of processors, the Pentium series was to be discontinued. However, due to a demand for mid-range dual-core processors, the Pentium brand was repurposed to be Intel's mid-range processor series, between the Celeron and Core series, continuing with the Pentium Dual-Core line.[9][10][11]

In 2009, the "Dual-Core" suffix was dropped, and new x86 microprocessors started carrying the plain Pentium name again.

In 2014, Intel released the Pentium 20th Anniversary Edition, to mark the 20th anniversary of the Pentium brand. The processors are unlocked and highly overclockable.

In 2017, Intel splits Pentium into two line-ups, Pentium Silver aiming for low-power devices and shares architecture with Atom and Celeron and Pentium Gold aiming for entry-level desktop and using existing architecture, such as Kaby Lake or Coffee Lake

Pentium-branded processors

Die of a Pentium processor

P5 microarchitecture based

The original Intel P5 or Pentium and Pentium MMX processors were the superscalar follow-on to the 80486 processor and were marketed from 1993 to 1999. Some versions of these were available as Pentium OverDrive that would fit into older CPU sockets.

Pentium

Core pProcessClock ratesL1 cacheFSBSocketRelease date
P50.8 µm60–66 MHz16 KB60–66 MHzSocket 4March 1993
P54C0.6 µm75–120 MHz16 KB50–66 MHzSocket 5October 1994
P54CS0.35 µm133–200 MHz16 KB60–66 MHzSocket 7June 1995
P55C0.35 µm120–233 MHz32 KB60–66 MHzSocket 7January 1997[12]
Tillamook0.25 µm166–300 MHz32 KB66 MHzSocket 7August 1997

P6 microarchitecture based

In parallel with the P5 microarchitecture, Intel developed the P6 microarchitecture and started marketing it as the Pentium Pro for the high-end market in 1995. It introduced out-of-order execution and an integrated second level cache on dual-chip processor package. The second P6 generation replaced the original P5 with the Pentium II and rebranded the high-end version as Pentium II Xeon. It was followed by a third version named the Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon, respectively. The Pentium II line added the MMX instructions that were also present in the Pentium MMX.

Versions of these processors for the Laptop market were initially named Mobile Pentium II and Mobile Pentium III, later versions were named Pentium III-M. Starting with the Pentium II, the Celeron brand was used for low-end versions of most Pentium processors with a reduced feature set such as a smaller cache or missing power management features.

Pentium Pro

CoreProcessClock ratesL2 cacheFSBSocketRelease date
P60.5 µm150 MHz256 KB60–66 MHzSocket 8November 1995
P60.35 µm166–200 MHz256–1024 KB60–66 MHzSocket 8

Pentium II

CoreProcessClock ratesL2 cacheFSBSocketRelease date
Klamath0.35 µm233–300 MHz512 KB66 MHzSlot 1May 1997
Deschutes0.25 µm266–450 MHz512 KB66–100 MHzSlot 1January 1998
Tonga0.25 µm233–300 MHz512 KB66 MHzMMC-2April 1998
Dixon0.25 µm266–366 MHz256 KB66 MHzMMC-2January 1999

Pentium III

CoreProcessClock ratesL2 cacheFSBSocketRelease date
Katmai0.25 µm450–600 MHz512 KB100–133 MHzSlot 1February 1999
Coppermine0.18 µm400–1.13 GHz256 KB100–133 MHzSlot 1, Socket 370, BGA2, µPGA2October 1999
Tualatin0.13 µm700–1.4 GHz512 KB100–133 MHzSocket 370, BGA2, µPGA2July 2001

Netburst microarchitecture based

In 2000, Intel introduced a new microarchitecture named NetBurst, with a much longer pipeline enabling higher clock frequencies than the P6 based processors. Initially, these were named Pentium 4 and the high-end versions have since been named simply Xeon. As with Pentium III, there are both Mobile Pentium 4 and Pentium 4 M processors for the laptop market, with Pentium 4 M denoting the more power-efficient versions. Enthusiast versions of the Pentium 4 with the highest clock rates were named Pentium 4 Extreme Edition.

The Pentium D was the first multi-core Pentium, integrating two Pentium 4 chips in one package and was available as the enthusiast Pentium Extreme Edition.

Pentium 4

CoreProcessClock ratesL2 cacheFSB ratesSocketRelease date
Willamette 180 nm 1.3–2.0 GHz 256 KB 400 MT/s Socket 423, Socket 478 November 2000
Northwood 130 nm 1.6–3.4 GHz 512 KB 400 MT/s–800 MT/s Socket 478 January 2002
Gallatin130 nm3.2–3.46 GHz512 KB + 2 MB L3800–1066 MT/sSocket 478, LGA 775November 2003
Prescott90 nm2.4–3.8 GHz1 MB 533 MT/s–800 MT/s Socket 478, LGA 775 February 2004
Prescott-2M90 nm2.8–3.8 GHz2 MB800–1066 MT/sLGA 775February 2005
Cedar Mill65 nm3.0–3.6 GHz2 MB800 MT/sLGA 775January 2006

Pentium D

CoreProcessClock ratesL2 cacheFSB ratesSocketRelease date
Smithfield90 nm2.66–3.2 GHz2 MB533–800 MT/sSocket TMay 2005
Smithfield XE90 nm3.2 GHz2 MB800 MT/sSocket TMay 2005
Presler65 nm2.8–3.6 GHz4 MB800 MT/sSocket TJanuary 2006
Presler XE65 nm3.46–3.73 GHz4 MB1066 MT/sSocket TJanuary 2006

Pentium M microarchitecture based

In 2003, Intel introduced a new processor based on the P6 microarchitecture named Pentium M, which was much more power efficient than the Mobile Pentium 4, Pentium 4 M, and Pentium III M. Dual-core versions of the Pentium M were developed under the code name Yonah and sold under the marketing names Core Duo and Pentium Dual-Core. Unlike Pentium D, it integrated both cores on one chip. From this point, the Intel Core brand name was used for the mainstream Intel processors and the Pentium brand became a low-end version between Celeron and Core. All Pentium M based designs including Yonah are for the mobile market.

Pentium M

CoreProcessClock ratesL1 cacheL2 cacheFSBSocketRelease date
Banias130 nm900–1.7 GHz64 KB1 MB400 MT/sSocket 479March 2003
Dothan90 nm1.00–2.26 GHz64 KB2 MB400–533 MT/sFC-uBGAJune 2004

Pentium Dual-Core

CoreProcessClock ratesL1 cacheL2 cacheFSB ratesSocketRelease date
Yonah65 nm1.6–1.86 GHz64 KB1 MB533 MT/sSocket MJanuary 2007

Core microarchitecture based

The Pentium Dual-Core name continued to be used when the Yonah design was extended with 64-bit support, now named the Core microarchitecture. This eventually replaced all NetBurst based processors across the four brands, Celeron, Pentium, Core, and Xeon. Pentium Dual-Core processors based on the Core microarchitecture use the Allendale and Wolfdale-3M designs for desktop processors and Merom-2M for mobile processors.

Pentium Dual-Core

Pentium Dual Core logo
CoreProcessClock ratesL1 cacheL2 cacheFSB ratesSocketRelease date
Merom-2M65 nm1.46–2.16 GHz64 KB1 MB533–667 MT/sSocket PQ4 2007
Allendale65 nm1.6–2.4 GHz64 KB1 MB800 MT/sSocket 775June 2007
Wolfdale-3M45 nm2.2–2.7 GHz64 KB2 MB800 MT/sSocket 775August 2008

Pentium (2009)

CoreProcessClock ratesL1 cacheL2 cacheFSB ratesSocketRelease date
Wolfdale-3M45 nm2.8–3.2 GHz64 KB2 MB1066 MT/sSocket 775May 2009
Penryn-3M45 nm2.0–2.3 GHz64 KB1 MB800 MT/sSocket PJanuary 2009
Penryn-3M ULV45 nm1.3–1.5 GHz64 KB2 MB800 MT/sBGA 956September 2009
Penryn-L ULV 145 nm1.3–1.4 GHz64 KB2 MB800 MT/sBGA 956May 2009
CodenameBrand nameModel (list)CoresL2 cacheSocketTDP
Allendale Pentium Dual-Core E2xxx21 MBLGA 77565 W
Merom-2M Mobile Pentium Dual-Core T2xxx
T3xxx		21 MBSocket P35 W
Wolfdale-3M Pentium Dual-Core E2xxx21 MBLGA 77565 W
E5xxx2 MB
PentiumE6xxx
Penryn-3M Mobile Pentium T4xxx21 MBSocket P35 W
SU4xxx2 MBµFC-BGA 95610 W
Penryn-L SU2xxx15.5 W

In 2009, Intel changed the naming system for Pentium processors, renaming the Wolfdale-3M based processors to Pentium, without the Dual-Core name, and introduced new single- and dual-core processors based on Penryn under the Pentium name.

The Penryn core is the successor to the Merom core and Intel's 45 nm version of their mobile series of Pentium microprocessors. The FSB is increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz and the voltage is lowered. Intel released the first Penryn Core, the Pentium T4200, in December 2008. In June 2009, Intel released the first single-core processor to use the Pentium name, a Consumer Ultra-Low Voltage (CULV) Penryn core named Pentium SU2700.

In September 2009, Intel introduced the Pentium SU4000 series together with the Celeron SU2000 and Core 2 Duo SU7000 series, which are dual-core CULV processors based on Penryn-3M and using 800 MHz FSB. The Pentium SU4000 series has 2 MB L2 cache but is otherwise basically identical to the other two lines.

Nehalem microarchitecture based

The Nehalem microarchitecture was introduced in late 2008 as a successor to the Core microarchitecture, and in early 2010, a new Pentium G6950 processor based on the Clarkdale design was introduced based on the Westmere refresh of Nehalem, which were followed by the mobile P6xxx based on Arrandale a few months later.

CoreProcessClock ratesL2 cacheL3 cacheI/O busSocketRelease date
Clarkdale32 nm2.8 GHz512 KB3 MBDMISocket 1156January 2010
Arrandale32 nm1.2–1.86 GHz512 KB3 MBDMISocket 988
BGA		Q2 2010
CodenameBrand nameL3 cacheSocketTDPFeatures
Clarkdale Pentium G6xxx3 MBLGA 115673 WIntegrated GPU
Arrandale Pentium P6xxx3 MBLGA 115635 WIntegrated GPU
Pentium U5xxxBGA18 W

On January 7, 2010, Intel launched a new Pentium model using the Clarkdale chip in parallel with other desktop and mobile CPUs based on their new Westmere microarchitecture. The first model in this series is the Pentium G6950. The Clarkdale chip is also used in the Core i3-5xx and Core i5-6xx series and features a 32 nm process (as it is based on the Westmere microarchitecture), integrated memory controller and 45 nm graphics controller and a third-level cache. In the Pentium series, some features of Clarkdale are disabled, including AES-NI, hyper-threading (versus Core i3), and the graphics controller in the Pentium runs at 533 MHz, while in the Core i3 i3-5xx series they run at 733 MHz, and Dual Video Decode that enables Blu-ray picture-in picture hardware acceleration, and support for Deep Color and xvYCC. The memory controller in the Pentium supports DDR3-1066 max, the same as the Core i3 i3-5xx series.[13] The L3 cache is also 1 MB less than in the Core i3-5xx series.

Sandy Bridge microarchitecture based

The Sandy Bridge microarchitecture was released in the Pentium line on May 22, 2011.

  • aAll models share the following details: 2 cores, 2 logical processors (4 on Pentium 3xx with hyper-threading), CPUID signature 206A7, family 6 (06h), model 42 (02Ah), stepping 7 (07h)
  • bTranslation lookaside buffer (TLB) and cache 64-byte prefetching; data TLB0 2-MB or 4-MB pages, 4-way associative, 32 entries; data TLB 4-KB pages, 4-way set associative, 64 entries; instruction TLB 4-KB pages, 4-way set associative, 128 entries, L2 TLB 1-MB, 4-way set associative, 64-byte line size; shared 2nd-level TLB 4 KB pages, 4-way set associative, 512 entries.
  • cAll models feature: on-chip floating-point unit, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), Intel VT-x, Smart Cache.
  • dAll models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2
  • eHD Graphics (Sandy Bridge) contain 6 EUs and HD Graphics 2000, but does not support these technologies: Intel Quick Sync Video, InTru 3D, Clear Video HD, Wireless Display, 3D Video, or 3D graphics acceleration.
CodenameBrand nameaL3 cachebSocketTDPFeaturesc,d
Sandy Bridge Pentium 3xx3 MBLGA 115515 Whyper-threading, ECC
Pentium 9x72 MBBGA102317 WIntegrated GPU
Pentium B9x02 MBrPGA988B35 WIntegrated GPU
Pentium G6xxT[14]3 MB,
8-way set associative,
64 byte line size		LGA 115535 WIntegrated GPUe
Pentium G6xx[15]65 W
Pentium G8xx[16][17]3 MB,
12-way set associative,
64 byte line size
Sandy Bridge-ENPentium 140x5 MBLGA 135640–80 WECC, AVX, TXT, Intel VT-d, AES-NI

Ivy Bridge microarchitecture based

Currently, there exist Ivy Bridge models G2010, G2020, G2120, G2030, and G2130. All are dual core and have no hyper-threading or Turbo Boost.

CodenameBrand nameL3 cacheSocketTDPNotes
Ivy BridgeG2010, G2020, G2030, G2120,[18] G21303 MBLGA 115555 Ww/o hyper-threading

Haswell microarchitecture based

Several Haswell-based Pentium processors were released in 2013, among them the G3258 "Anniversary Edition", first released in 2014 by Intel to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the line. As with prior-generation Pentium processors, Haswell and Haswell Refresh-based parts have two cores only, lack support for hyper-threading, and use the LGA1150 socket form factor.

Broadwell microarchitecture based

It was launched in Q1 2015 using a 14 nm process (e.g. the dual-core 1.9 GHz Intel Pentium 3805U with 2 MB cache). It used the FCBGA1168 socket.

Skylake microarchitecture based

Supporting up to 64 GB RAM. Features like Intel VT-x, Turbo Boost, Intel vPro, Hyper-Threading are not available.

Integrated graphics are provided by Intel HD Graphics 510, utilizing a maximum of 1.7 GB of memory, for resolutions up to 4096×2304 @ 60 Hz using Display Port supporting up to 3 displays.[19]

Kaby Lake

In Q1 2017 Intel released the Kaby Lake-based Pentium G4560; it is the first Pentium-branded CPU since the Netburst-based Pentium 4 to support hyper-threading, a feature available in some "Core"-branded products. Features include a clock speed of 3.5 GHz with four threads, 3 MB of L3 cache and Intel HD 610 integrated graphics.

Pentium compatible Intel processors

Due to its prominence, the term "Pentium compatible" is often used to describe any x86 processor that supports the IA-32 instruction set and architecture. Even though they do not use the Pentium name, Intel also manufactures other processors based on the Pentium series for other markets. Most of these processors share the core design with one of the Pentium processor lines, usually differing in the amount of CPU cache, power efficiency or other features. The notable exception is the Atom line, which is an independent design.

  • Celeron, a low-end version
  • Core, the mainstream version including Core 2 and Core i7, now placed above Pentium
  • Xeon, a high-end version used in servers and workstations
  • A100 (discontinued), an ultra-mobile version of Pentium M
  • EP80579, a system-on-a-chip based on Pentium M
  • Atom, current ultra-mobile processors
  • Xeon Phi, a high-end version used in servers and workstations (Processor|Profile|Coprocessor)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Processor Rating". UK: Intel. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  2. ↑ Names of processors, IA State
  3. 1 2 Colapinto, John (October 3, 2011). "Famous names". The New Yorker. pp. 38–43. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  4. ↑ Burgess, John (October 20, 1992). "Intel's fifth-generation chip no longer goes by the numbers". Washington Post.
  5. ↑ "Intel "Conroe-L" Details Unveiled". DailyTech. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
  6. ↑ Thatcher, Michelle; Brown, Rich (April 23, 2008). "The multicore era is upon us". cnet.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  7. ↑ "Intel to unify product naming scheme". TG Daily. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  8. ↑ "Microprocessor Hall of Fame". Intel. Archived from the original on July 6, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
  9. ↑ Brown, Rich; Michelle Thatcher (April 23, 2008). "The multicore era is upon us: How we got here – Where we stand today". CNET Asia. Archived from the original on September 15, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2009.
  10. ↑ Shilov, Anton. "Intel Readies Pentium E2000-Series Processors". X-bit labs. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  11. ↑ "Intel to unify product naming scheme". TG Daily. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Intel introduces The Pentium Processor With MMX Technology". Intel. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Intel® Core™ i3-350M Processor (3M Cache, 2.26 GHz) Product Specifications".
  14. ↑ "CPU ID: SR05T Intel Pentium Dual-Core G620T". cpu-world.com. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  15. ↑ "SR05R Intel Pentium Dual-Core G620". cpu-world.com. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  16. ↑ "SR05P Intel Pentium Dual-Core G840". cpu-world.com. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  17. ↑ "SR05Q (Intel Pentium Dual-Core G850)". cpu-world.com. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  18. ↑ "Intel® Pentium® Processor G2120 (3M Cache, 3.10 GHz) Product Specifications".
  19. ↑ http://www.legitreviews.com/intel-pentium-g4400-processor-review-skylake_179724#Vlmrcqx5btey503o.99
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