Hydrophone

A hydrophone

A hydrophone (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ = water[1] and φωνή = sound[1]) is a microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound. Most hydrophones are based on a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to a pressure change. Such piezoelectric materials, or transducers, can convert a sound signal into an electrical signal since sound is a pressure wave. Some transducers can also serve as a projector, but not all have this capability, and some may be destroyed if used in such a manner.

A hydrophone can "listen" to sound in air but will be less sensitive due to its design as having a good acoustic impedance match to water, which is a denser fluid than air. Likewise, a microphone can be buried in the ground, or immersed in water if it is put in a waterproof container, but will give similarly poor performance due to the similarly bad acoustic impedance match.

History

A hydrophone being lowered into the North Atlantic

The earliest widely-used design was the Fessenden oscillator, an electrodynamically driven clamped-edge circular plate transducer (not actually an oscillator) operating at 500, 1000, and later 3000 Hz and developed from 1912 onwards. Originally marketed as an underwater telegraph, rather than as sonar, it later became very successful. The American Museum of Safety, an organization for ships' captains, awarded its Canadian inventor, Reginald Fessenden, the "Scientific American Magazine Gold Medal of Safety" in 1929.[2] Some Fessenden oscillators were still in use during World War II.

During World War I the New Zealand physicist Sir Ernest Rutherford led pioneer research in England into hydrophones using piezoelectric devices, and his only patent was for a hydrophone device. The acoustic impedance of piezoelectric materials facilitated their use as underwater transducers. Late in World War I convoy escorts used the piezoelectric hydrophone to detect U-boats, greatly impacting the effectiveness of submarines.. Airships of the Royal Naval Air Service engaged in anti-submarine warfare experimented with dipping hydrophones in 1918.[3]

From late in World War I until the introduction of active sonar in the early 1920s, hydrophones were the sole method for submarines to detect targets while submerged; they remain useful today.

Directional hydrophones

A small single cylindrical ceramic transducer can achieve near perfect omnidirectional reception. Directional hydrophones increase sensitivity from one direction using two basic techniques:

Focused transducers

This device uses a single transducer element with a dish or conical-shaped sound reflector to focus the signals, in a similar manner to a reflecting telescope. This type of hydrophone can be produced from a low-cost omnidirectional type, but must be used while stationary, as the reflector impedes its movement through water. A new way to direct is to use a spherical body around the hydrophone. The advantage of directivity spheres is that the hydrophone can be moved within the water, ridding it of the interferences produced by a conical-shaped element

Arrays

Multiple hydrophones can be arranged in an array so that it will add the signals from the desired direction while subtracting signals from other directions. The array may be steered using a beamformer. Most commonly, hydrophones are arranged in a "line array" but may be in two- or three-dimensional arrangements.

SOSUS hydrophones, laid on the seabed and connected by underwater cables, were used, beginning in the 1950s, by the U.S. Navy to track movement of Soviet submarines during the Cold War along a line from Greenland, Iceland and the United Kingdom known as the GIUK gap.[4] These are capable of clearly recording extremely low frequency infrasound, including many unexplained ocean sounds.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  2. ↑ Frost, Gary Lewis (July 2001). "Inventing Schemes and Strategies: The Making and Selling of the Fessenden Oscillator". Technology and Culture. 42 (3): 462–488. doi:10.1353/tech.2001.0109.
  3. ↑ Report AIR 1/645/17/122/304 - National Archives Kew. Airship Hydrophone experiments.
  4. ↑ Mackay, D.G. "Scotland the Brave? US Strategic Policy in Scotland 1953-1974". Glasgow University, Masters Thesis (research). 2008. Accessed 12 October 2009.

References

  • Pike, John (1999). SOSUS. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
  • Watlington, Frank (1979). How to build & use low-cost hydrophones. ( ISBN 0830610790)
  • Unknown. hydrophone. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
  • Unknown. (2005) Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary: Term 'hydrophone'. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
  • Onda Corporation (2015). 'Hydrophone Handbook'.
  • Report AIR 1/645/17/122/304 - National Archives Kew. Airship Hydrophone experiments.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.