George Washington Julian

George Julian
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Indiana's 4th district
In office
March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1871
Preceded by William S. Holman
Succeeded by Jeremiah M. Wilson
In office
March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1851
Preceded by Caleb Blood Smith
Succeeded by Samuel W. Parker
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Indiana's 5th district
In office
March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1869
Preceded by David Kilgore
Succeeded by John Coburn
Personal details
Born George Washington Julian
(1817-05-05)May 5, 1817
Centerville, Indiana, U.S.
Died July 7, 1899(1899-07-07) (aged 82)
Irvington, Indiana, U.S.
Political party Whig (Before 1848)
Free Soil (1848–1855)
Republican (1855–1872)
Liberal Republican (1872–1873)
Democratic (1873–1899)
Spouse(s) Anne Finch (1845–1860)
Laura Giddings (1863–1884)
Children 5

George Washington Julian (May 5, 1817 – July 7, 1899) was a politician, lawyer, and writer from Indiana who served in the United States House of Representatives during the 19th century. A leading opponent of slavery, Julian was the Free Soil Party's candidate for vice president in the 1852 election and was a prominent Radical Republican during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era.

Born in Wayne County, Indiana, he established a legal practice in Centerville, Indiana. He won election to the Indiana House of Representatives as a member of the Whig Party. He helped found the anti-slavery Free Soil Party and won election to the United States House of Representatives, but was defeated in his attempt to secure a second term. During his time in Congress, he became a staunch supporter of land reform policies such as the Homestead Acts. After leaving Congress, Julian served as the Free Soil Party's vice presidential nominee in 1852, and the ticket won 4.9% of the popular vote.

After the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Julian became a leader of Indiana's nascent Republican Party, and he won election to the United States House of Representatives in 1860. He helped secure passage of the 1862 Homestead Act and called for the abolition of slavery. He criticized many of President Abraham Lincoln's wartime policies and favored the Wade–Davis Bill over Lincoln's more lenient Reconstruction proposals. He voted in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States.

After the war, he emerged as a prominent critic of President Andrew Johnson, calling for Johnson's impeachment. Julian introduced a women's suffrage constitutional amendment in 1868. Julian lost his bid for re-nomination in 1870, and eventually resumed his legal practice in Indianapolis. He opposed the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant and became a leader of the Liberal Republicans. After Grant defeated Liberal Republican nominee Horace Greeley in the 1872 presidential election, Julian became a member of the Democratic Party. In 1885, President Grover Cleveland appointed him surveyor general of the New Mexico territory. Julian was the son-in-law of Ohio politician Joshua Reed Giddings and the father of Grace Julian Clarke, a women's suffrage advocate.

Early life and education

George Washington Julian was born on May 5, 1817,[1] near Centerville, in Wayne County, Indiana.[2] His Quaker parents, Isaac and Rebecca Julian, had come to Indiana from North Carolina. Isaac died when George was six years old, leaving Rebecca to raise six children.[3][4][5]

Julian received a common school education and especially enjoyed reading. At the age of eighteen Julian began a short-lived career as a schoolteacher, but he became dissatisfied with teaching and switched careers.[3][6] In 1839 a friend suggested that he become a lawyer.[7] Julian studied in the office Centerville attorney John S. Newman. He was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1840 and established a law practice in Greenfield, Indiana before moving back to Centerville to become the law partner with his older brother Jacob.[5][6][8]

Marriage and family

Julian married Anne Elizabeth Finch in May 1845, the same year he was elected to the Indiana General Assembly.[9] The couple had three children (Edward, Louis, and Frederick); two of them (Edward and Louis) died young.[4] Anne died of tuberculosis on November 15, 1860, at the age of thirty-four.[10] Frederick, who became an actor, died in 1911.[11]

On December 31, 1863, Julian married Laura Giddings, the daughter of Joshua Reed Giddings, an abolitionist and a U.S. congressman from Ohio. Julian and his second wife had two children, Grace and Paul. Laura died in 1885.[12][13] Paul became a civil engineer and died in 1929.[11] Grace, who became a women's suffrage advocate and clubwoman in Indianapolis, retained close ties to her father even after her marriage to Charles B. Clarke, an attorney who served as a U.S. deputy surveyor in the New Mexico Territory and also served in the Indiana Senate.[14][15] Grace died in 1938.[14]

Career

Julian was a member of five different parties during his political career. He served as a Whig member of the Indiana General Assembly and was elected to five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, one of them as a member of the Free Soil Party and four as a Republican. He was also the Free Soil Party's nominee for U.S. vice president in the 1852 election, but Julian and John P. Hale, the party’s presidential nominee, were defeated without winning a single electoral vote. Julian joined the Liberal Republicans in 1872 and supported the Democrats in 1877. He became a member of the Democratic Party in 1884. Julian is best known for his staunch opposition to slavery, as well as his support of land reform and women's suffrage.[16] Julian countered the frequent criticisms for switching his political alliances by arguing that the parties had altered their positions on political issues, especially slavery, while his views had remained unchanged.[6]

Whig

Julian began his political career in 1845. when he was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives as a Whig from Centerville.[3] Julian voted in favor of the Butler bill dealing with the large debts the state incurred as part of its major internal improvement projects, but the move cost him the party's support and the Whig nomination for a seat in the Indiana Senate in 1847.[6] Around this time Julian, who was raised a Quaker, began to change his religious views to Unitarianism.[17] He also became active in Indiana's antislavery movement.[6]

Free Soil party candidate

Julian helped found the Free Soil Party,[6] and was a delegate to the party's convention in Buffalo, New York, in 1848.[4] In December he announced his intention to run for Congress and won election as a Free Soil candidate to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1849.[6][18]

Julian's election came through a coalition with the Democratic Party in Indiana's Fourth Congressional District, the so-called "Burnt District," in the central-southeastern part of the state.[19] The selection seemed, on its face, peculiar. Indiana's Democratic Party was, if anything, less friendly toward antislavery views than its counterparts in Ohio or Illinois, although many of its members favored the exclusion of slavery from territories acquired from Mexico in the recent war. Julian's district was staunchly pro-Whig, and a Democratic nominee had little chance of winning. The district's large Quaker population made it one of the stronger antislavery districts as well. On economic issues Julian's positions leaned more toward the Democrats' doctrines than the Whigs'. He opposed high protective tariffs and had no interest in creating a new national bank. Julian received the support of the Democrats and won election to the Thirty-first Congress in 1849.[5][20] He was among a small bloc of about twelve votes consisting of Free Soilers and a few others.[21]

Julian's interest in land reform began in the 1840s and continued for the remainder of his life, although his most significant reform work in this area took place during his twelve-year career in the U.S. Congress.[22] Julian envisioned families working for themselves on farms that did not rely on slave labor and became concerned with U.S. land policies. On January 29, 1851, he delivered his first House speech in support of Andrew Johnson's homestead bill, but Congress failed to approve the legislation.[23]

By 1851, when Julian ran for re-election, the state's political conditions had changed significantly.[4][24] Under the influence of Indiana's U.S. Senator Jesse D. Bright and others, the state's Democratic Party had become more rigidly opposed to any congressional restriction on slavery in the Mexican cession and supported the Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Law.[25] In addition, a new state constitution had just been drafted that included a clause (Article XIII, Section 1) that prohibited blacks from migrating into the state.[24] (The clause was removed from the state's constitution by amendment in 1881.[26]) In this antislavery climate the Free Soil and Democratic coalition to elect Julian ran into serious difficulties. Julian found some Democratic support, but not the backing that he had enjoyed in the 1849 election, and he lost to Samuel W. Parker, a conservative Whig who had been his opponent in the 1849 election as well.[24][27]

In the 1852 presidential election, the Free Soilers (who had named themselves the Free Democracy Party) nominated John P. Hale of New Hampshire as its presidential candidate and found themselves in need of a midwestern man to balance the ticket. Although Julian did not attend the convention in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the party nominated him for the vice-presidency. Hale and Julian did not win any electoral votes and lost the election to Franklin Pierce and William R. King.[24] (Hale and Julian only received 155,210 popular votes, less than 5 percent of the total.[28]) Julian also lost a bid for election to Congress in 1854,[29] when the Kansas-Nebraska Act reopened the slavery debate and accelerated major changes in the country's political party system. Julian joined the People's Party, the precursor to the new Republican party in the state, and became the leader of its antislavery faction.[30]

Republican

In 1856 Julian was a delegate to the convention in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that established the Republican Party.[3][31] Julain served as chairman of the committee on national organization.[32] In 1860 he was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress, and won re-election in the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, and Forty-first Congresses,[5] serving from 1861 to 1871.[33] Julian, among the most radical of the U.S. House Republicans, was an ardent abolitionist who also became known for his support of civil rights, women's suffrage, and land reform.[3] Appointed to the congressional Committee on Public Lands in 1861, he also served as its chairman from 1863 to 1871.[3][34] In addition, Julian was chairman of the Expenditures in the Navy Department (Thirty-ninth Congress).[5]

During the American Civil War, Julian called for arming blacks[35] and for their enlistment as Union soldiers. In 1864, during the Thirty-eighth Congress, he was unsuccessful in his effort to repeal the Fugitive Slave Law.[36] (It was tabled by a 66 to 51 vote, but a similar bill became law two years later.) Julian also challenged the pleas that called for the war to be fought within constitutional limits. Taking the House floor to counter "the never-ending gabble about the sacredness of the Constitution," Julian told his colleagues, "It will not be forgotten that the red-handed murderers and thieves who sete this rebellion on foot went out of the Union yelping for the Constitution which they had conspired to overthrow by the blackest perjury and treason that ever contronted the Almighty." [37]

As a member of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War,[3][33] Julian investigated military as well as civil conduct. The committee had no policy-making function; however, it made recommendations for prosecution of the war and served an avenue for the radical Republicans to force their policies on the Abraham Lincoln administration.[32] The committee's most important objective was securing the dismissal of Union army general George B. McClellan, whom they falsely accused of being reluctant to advance on the Confederate army, when in fact McClellan had repeatedly attacked Robert E. Lee's Confederate army during Lee's 1862 Maryland campaign and was closing in on Lee's army in Virginia when he was relieved of command.[38]

Julian played an important role in securing passage of the Homestead Act in 1862. To Julian the legislation "was a magnificent triumph of freedom and free labor over slave power."[39] After discovering that the law contained many loopholes that favored land speculators, he introduced measures to correct the situation. Julian was also an outspoken critic of railroad land grants and adamantly opposed the Morrill Act, passed in 1862, that provided federal funds through grants to help establish agricultural and mechanical colleges.[39][40]

Although Julian did not dislike Lincoln personally, he opposed the president's policies, which were more moderate than his own. Lincoln's objective was to preserve the Union, while Julian's primary goal was to abolish slavery.[41][42] Julian was among the radical Republicans who feared that Lincoln would not issue the final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863.[43][44] "But he saw no way of escape," Julian wrote in his memoirs. "The demand for such an edict was wide-spread and rapidly extending in the Republican party....It was in yielding to [radical] pressure that he finally became the liberator of the slaves through the triumph of our arms which it ensured." [45]

Julian also supported the idea of confiscating property belonging to those who rebelled against the United States,[35] and joined other radicals to vote in favor of the Second Confiscation Act in 1862. Julian wanted the forfeited land to be divided into free homesteads and distributed among those who served in the Union military or others who aided the Union during the war. Black laborers would be among those eligible for the free homesteads. Julian also wanted these confiscations to be permanent, but Lincoln preferred to limit their duration.[46] On March 18, 1864, Julian introduced a House bill to establish homesteads on the confiscated lands in the South. It passed the House along party lines, with a vote of 75 to 64; however, U.S. Attorney General James Speed halted the confiscations before the Senate could take up the bill.[47]

Julian was initially supportive of a radical Republican challenge to Lincoln's nomination for re-election in 1864. He briefly joined the campaign to nominate U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, but severed his ties to Chase's nominating committee and supported Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election.[33][48] Julian opposed Lincoln's Reconstruction policy,[49] preferring the plans outlined in the Wade-Davis Bill of 1864,[50] and became a strong advocate of giving the former slaves voting rights.

In January 1865 Julian voted in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery in the United States.[51] He was proud of his role in that regard. Julian equated those who voted for the Amendment to the signers of the Declaration of Independence:

The greatest event of this century occurred yesterday in the passage of the Constitutional Amendment in the House. The spectacle during the vote was the most solemn and impressive I ever witnessed. The result for a good while remained in doubt, and the suspense produced perfect stillness. When it was certainly known that the measure had carried, the cheering in the hall and densely packed galleries exceeded anything I ever saw before and beggared description. Members joined in the shouting, and kept it up for some minutes. Some embraced one another, others wept like children. I never before felt as I then did, and thanked God for the blessed opportunity of recording my name where it will be honored as those of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. What a grand jubilee for the old battle-scarred Abolitionists. Glorious fruit of the war. I have felt, ever since the vote, as if I were in a new country. I seem to breathe better, and feel comforted and refreshed.[52]

Unlike many other radical Republicans, Julian wanted the former Confederates punished for their rebellion against the United States. He called for hanging Jefferson Davis. "And I would not stop with Davis," he told an Indianapolis crowd in November, 1865. "Why should I? There is old General Lee, as hungry for the gallows as Davis. [Applause.] ... I would hang liberally while I had my hand in." In 1865 a Cincinnati newspaper reported that Julian thought a score of former Confederate leaders should be executed and their estates should be confiscated. He went on to suggest that these lands should be parceled out to poor people, white and black, in the South, including Union soldiers and sailors.[53]

Six feet tall and broad shouldered with a bit of a stoop, Julian was impossible to miss. He also proved to be a challenge to his more moderate colleagues because of his unwillingness to compromise. In 1866 a reporter noticed Julian's "worn, scarred, seamed and earnest face" from the congressional galleries and remarked: "It is not a pleasant countenance to look upon, but rather grim and belligerent, touched perhaps with a little sense of weary sadness, which grows as you observe. Mr. Julian's head, face, and figure, is of the Round-head, Cromwellian type."[54] An 1868 Philadelphia newspaper described a Washington correspondent's observation of Julian at a congressional reception: "Nature was in one of her most generous moods when she formed him," he wrote, "for he towers above the people like a mountain surrounded by hills. He dwells in a higher atmosphere and snuffs a purer air than most Congressmen, and this may account for his always being found in the right place, never doubtful. People know just what George Washington Julian will do in any national crisis." [55]

Julian was one of the first to call for President Andrew Johnson's impeachment, although he was not chosen for the board of managers assigned to prosecute the case before the Senate. In 1867 Julian was appointed as one of the seven-person House committee tasked with drafting articles of impeachment against the president, but the U.S. Senate failed to pass the last impeachment article, allowing Johnson to complete his term in office.[3][56] Later, Julian considered the impeachment movement as an act of "party madness."[57] In his memoirs Julian was careful to downplay his role in recommending Johnson's impeachment.[58]

Although Julian's primary political goal in the 1850s and 1860s was the abolition of slavery and challenging its expansion into the western United States, he was a longtime supporter of women's enfranchisement. Julian had espoused the cause of women's suffrage as early as 1847. As Julian explained in his memoirs, "the subject was first brought to my attention in a brief chapter on 'the political non-existence of woman,' in Miss [Harriett] Martineau’s book on 'Society In America,' which I read in 1847. She there pithily states the substance of all that has since been said respecting the logic of woman's right to the ballot, and finding myself unable to answer it, I accepted it. On recently referring to this chapter I find myself more impressed by its force than when I first read it."[59] While campaigning in 1853 Julian invited Frances Dana Barker Gage and Emma R. Coe, early advocates for woman suffrage, to lecture in his hometown of Centreville.[60] Julian was also close friends with Lucretia Mott, co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention. Following the Civil War and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, Julian returned to the issue of woman's rights. In 1868 he proposed a constitutional amendment on women's suffrage,[3] but it was defeated.

Julian was detested by Democrats and many moderate Republicans, who saw in him a fanaticism embarrassing to the Republicans as a whole. "He uses vinegar when he might scatter sugar," a Republican newspaper in Ohio complained. The report also noted the congressman had a prickly personality and little tolerance for his opponents. The new report explained that those who crossed him discovered his "unfortunate temper and his determination to fight to the bitter end."[61] Among Julian's numerous political adversaries was Oliver P. Morton, the powerful Republican governor of Indiana. Morton's views on the treatment of former Confederates was similar to Julian's, but Morton came late to the cause of black suffrage. As late as 1865 Morton had given a speech arguing that southern blacks were not yet fitted for the vote. Where Julian had broken early with Johnson, Morton continued to support Johnson into early 1866, hoping to prevent a party split between Congress and the president. In 1867 Morton gerrymandered Julian's district, which was strongly antislavery and unshakeable in its support for the congressman, by replacing several of its most radical counties with pro-Democratic ones.[62][63] As a result, Julian had a hard fight and barely won re-election in 1868,[33] amid accusation of voting fraud in Richmond, Indiana.[64]

In 1869 Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment giving black the right to vote,[65] and Julian persuaded himself that the fight against slavery had been won. As his memoirs noted, some of the most prominent and consistent enemies of slavery—Salmon P. Chase, Charles Sumner, and Horace Greeley, especially—had been all but forced out of the Republican Party that they had helped to create.[66] In his bid for re-election to Congress in 1870, Julian faced a strong conservative challenger, Judge Jeremiah M. Wilson, for the nomination. Among the eleven Republican newspapers in Indiana's Fourth District, only three backed Julian, the remaining eight supported his opponent. Julian lost in the Republican primary and withdrew from the race.[62][67] Julian supported the Republicans in the fall election, but his endorsement of the winning nominee lagged until late in the campaign and he did not actively campaign for the party's candidate.[68]

Liberal Republican

In 1872, two years after his defeat in the Republican primary for reelection to Congress, Julian joined the Liberal Republicans and became one of its leaders. Julian and other Republicans were "disgusted" by the corruption in Ulysses S. Grant's administration.[3][24][62] At the Liberal Republican convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 1, 1872, Horace Greeley received the party's nomination for president. Julian was among the contenders for the vice presidential nomination; however, Benjamin Gratz Brown emerged from the convention as the party's vice presidential nominee on the second ballot.[69] Julian, who supported Greeley in the 1872 presidential election, received five electoral votes for the vice-presidency,[5] but Grant won the presidential election and his running mate, Henry Wilson, won the vice presidential race.[70]

After Grant's reelection, Julian left Washington, D.C., and returned to Centerville. In 1873 the former congressman and his family settled in Irvington, a suburban community east of downtown Indianapolis, where he remained active in politics and practiced law.[71][72]

Democrat

When the Liberal Republicans remerged with the Republicans, Julian did not join them. Instead, he supported the Democrats.[72] Julian shared Democratic views on the tariff, on currency questions, and on the fight against the railroads, land speculators, and monopolists. He also opposed the abuses of patronage power. Julian supported the Democratic ticket in 1877. Although Julian would not have put the issue in these terms, he became convinced that reconciliation between North and South was of a higher priority than the use of national power to ensure that black southerners maintained their right to vote.

Julian became a member of the Democratic Party in 1884,[72] and continued his support of women's suffrage, temperance, and land reform. In 1885 President Grover Cleveland appointed Julian surveyor general of New Mexico. Julian served in that capacity from July 1885 until September 1889.[5][24]

Later years

Unlike many old radicals, Julian prospered in retirement. His work on the federal lands committee in the U.S. House made Julian much in demand as a legal counsel in land cases, earning him substantial legal fees.

In his later years Julian lived in Indianapolis, where he settled in the Irvington community, and remained active in politics and focused on literary pursuits.[71][73] Julian wrote several works on the era's political scene and a biography of his father-in-law, Joshua R. Giddings.[73] Political Recollections (1884), Julian's memoir, is based in part on his diaries, some of which have since been lost. His recollections are unusually truthful and, on occasion, he noted his own mistakes. For the most part the memoirs reflect Julian's principles, as well as his own steadfast belief that his position was right and nearly everyone else's was wrong. Julian maintained that his political positions were accurate and his motives were sincere.[74]

Death and legacy

Julian died on July 7, 1899, in Irvington. His remains are interred at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana.[71]

While representing Indiana's citizens in the U.S. Congress, Julian became known for his strong character and for his antislavery agitation during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era. Less known were his interests in land reform and women's suffrage.[33][73] An obituary published at the time of Julian's death described the radical politician as a "doctrinaire rather than a statesman" and remembered him as an "eloquent speaker," a "forceful writer", and a "powerful champion" of the causes he favored.[73] Julian was also characterized as an "impatient," "arrogant," and "self-righteous" reformer who was hardworking and remained steadfast in his beliefs.[74]

Indianapolis Public School Number 57 was named in Julian's honor.[75]

Selected published works

  • The Rebellion, The Mistakes of the Past, The Duty of the Present (1863)
  • Homesteads for Soldiers on the Lands of Rebels (1864)
  • Sale of Mineral Lands (1865)
  • Radicalism and Conservation––The Truth of History Vindicated (1865)
  • The Rights of Pre-emptors on the Public Lands of the Government Threatened, The Conspiracy Exposed (1866)
  • Suffrage in the District of Columbia (1866)
  • Regeneration before Reconstruction (1867)
  • Speeches on Political Questions (1872)
  • Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872 (1884)
  • The Rank of Charles Osborn as an Anti-slavery Pioneer (1891)
  • The Life of Joshua R. Giddings (1892)

Julian's daughter, Grace Julian Clarke, collected and published a book of his speeches, Later Speeches on Political Questions: With Select Controversial Papers (1889), as well as George W. Julian: Some Impressions (1902), a volume of her own recollections of him. She also wrote George W. Julian (1923), a biography of her father that became the first volume in the Indiana Historical Commission's Indiana biography series.[14]

Notes

  1. ↑ David J. Bodenhamer and Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 855. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
  2. ↑ Centreville was renamed Centerville in 1893. See Gray, Ralph D. (1977). Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates, 1836–1940. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. p. 32, note 1. ISBN 1-885323-29-8.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 856.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Leslie H. Southwick (1998). Presidential Also-Rans and Running Mates, 1788 Through 1996 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company. p. 235. ISBN 9780786403103.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Julian, George Washington, (1817 – 1899)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Linda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair, eds. (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-87195-387-2.
  7. ↑ Grace Julian Clarke (1931). George W. Julian. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Commission. pp. 45–48.
  8. ↑ Seldon, p. 32.
  9. ↑ Seldon, p. 44.
  10. ↑ Patrick W. Riddleberger, (1966). George Washington Julian, Radical Republican. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. p. 134.
  11. 1 2 Riddleberger, p. 312, footnote 1.
  12. ↑ Seldon, pp. 44, 53.
  13. ↑ Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boyer, eds. (1971). Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. 3. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. pp. 341–42. ISBN 0-67462-731-8.
  14. 1 2 3 Blanche Foster Boruff, compiler (1941). Women of Indiana: A Work for Newspaper and Library Reference. Indianapolis: Indiana Women's Biography Association. pp. 134, 262.
  15. ↑ Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 62.
  16. ↑ Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 194–95.
  17. ↑ Mary Elizabeth Seldon, "George W. Julian: A Political Independent" in Gray, Ralph D. (1977). Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates, 1836–1940. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. p. 33. ISBN 1-885323-29-8.
  18. ↑ When Julian became a Free Soil Party candidate for the U.S. Congress in 1848, Julian's brother asked him to dissolve their law partnership. See Seldon, p. 35.
  19. ↑ Indiana's pro-Whig Fourth Congressional District received its nickname as the "Burnt District" because Democratic influence had been "burned out" of it. See Seldon, p. 31.
  20. ↑ Riddleberger, pp. 16-49.
  21. ↑ Seldon, p. 36.
  22. ↑
    • James L. Roark (March 1968). "George W. Julian: Radical Land Reformer". Indiana Magazine of History. Bloomington: Indiana University. 64 (1): 25. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  23. ↑ Roark, pp. 28– 29.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gugin and St. Clair, eds. p. 195.
  25. ↑ Riddleberger, pp. 80–81.
  26. ↑ Jacob Piatt Dunn Jr. (1919). Indiana and Indianans: A History of the Aboriginal and Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood. I. Chicago and New York: American Historical Society. pp. 443–45, 471–73.
  27. ↑ Riddleberger, pp. 79–83.
  28. ↑ Seldon, p. 39.
  29. ↑ Seldon, p. 40.
  30. ↑ Riddleberger, pp. 94–95.
  31. ↑ The People's Party changed its name to the Republican Party in 1858. See Riddleberger, p. 111.
  32. 1 2 Riddleberger, p. 111.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Southwick, p. 236.
  34. ↑ Roark, pp. 31, 34.
  35. 1 2 Riddleberger, p. 180.
  36. ↑ Riddleberger, p. 185.
  37. ↑ George W. Julian (1884). Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872. Jansen, McClurg and Company. p. 215.
  38. ↑ Riddleberger, pp. 155, 159–63.
  39. 1 2 Roark, p. 32.
  40. ↑ Riddleberger, p. 170.
  41. ↑ Seldon, p. 42.
  42. ↑ Roark, pp. 30–31.
  43. ↑ Riddleberger, p. 179.
  44. ↑ Julian and others believed that Lincoln had only issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation because he had been forced to do so by popular demand, and Lincoln's real aim was to deport black Americans to some other country.
  45. ↑ Julian, Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872, p. 227.
  46. ↑ Roark, p. 33.
  47. ↑ Roark, pp. 35–37.
  48. ↑ Riddleberger, pp. 198–200.
  49. ↑ Seldon, p. 47.
  50. ↑ Riddleberger, pp. 201–2.
  51. ↑ "House Vote #480 in 1865: To Pass S.J. Res. 16. (P. 531-2)". GovTrack (Civic Impulse, LLC). Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  52. ↑ Grace Giddings; Julian Clarke; George W. Julian (December 1915). "George W. Julian's Journal: The Assassination of Lincoln". Indiana Magazine of History. Bloomington: Indiana University. 11. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  53. ↑ Cincinnati Gazette, November 21, 1865.
  54. ↑ "Observer". Worcester Spy. June 14, 1866.
  55. ↑ "Olivia". Philadelphia Press. March 3, 1868.
  56. ↑ Seldon, p. 50.
  57. ↑ Seldon, p. 51.
  58. ↑ Julian, Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872, pp. 314-19.
  59. ↑ Julian, Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872, p. 324.
  60. ↑ Clarke, George W. Julian, p. 149.
  61. ↑ Cincinnati Gazette, February 14, 1870.
  62. 1 2 3 Seldon, p. 52.
  63. ↑ Julian, Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872, pp. 303–4.
  64. ↑ Cincinnati Gazette, February 7, 1870.
  65. ↑ Seldon, p. 49.
  66. ↑ Julian, Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872, pp. 345–52.
  67. ↑ Cincinnati Gazette, February 14, March 1, April 13, 1870.
  68. ↑ Winchester (Randolph County) Journal, October 19, November 2, 1870.
  69. ↑ Southwick, p. 350.
  70. ↑ Greeley died on November 29, 1872, before the Electoral College could meet, and his sixty-six electoral votes for president were allocated among the other presidential candidates. See Southwick, pp. 337–38.
  71. 1 2 3 Douglas A. Wissing; Marianne Tobias; Rebecca W. Dolan; Anne Ryder (2013). Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780871953018.
  72. 1 2 3 Seldon, p. 53.
  73. 1 2 3 4 Seldon, p. 54.
  74. 1 2 Roark, p. 27.
  75. ↑ "W. H. Bass Photo Company Collection: Public School no. 57, George W. Julian (Bass #B900)". Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-12-01.

References

  • Bodenhamer, David J., and Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 855–56. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
  • Boruff, Blanche Foster, compiler (1941). Women of Indiana: A Work for Newspaper and Library Reference. Indianapolis: Indiana Women's Biography Association. pp. 134, 262.
  • Clarke, Grace Giddings Julian (1923). George W. Julian. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Commission.
  • Clarke, Grace; Giddings Julian; George W. Julian (December 1915). "George W. Julian's Journal: The Assassination of Lincoln". Indiana Magazine of History. Bloomington: Indiana University. 11. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  • Dunn Jr., Jacob Piatt (1919). Indiana and Indianans: A History of the Aboriginal and Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood. I. Chicago and New York: American Historical Society.
  • Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair, eds. (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87195-387-2.
  • "House Vote #480 in 1865: To Pass S.J. Res. 16. (P. 531-2)". GovTrack (Civic Impulse, LLC). Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  • James, Edward T., Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boyer, eds. (1971). Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. 3. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. pp. 341–42. ISBN 0-67462-731-8.
  • Julian, George W. (1884). Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872. Jansen, McClurg and Company.
  • Riddleberger, Patrick W. (1966). George Washington Julian, Radical Republican. Indiana Historical Collections. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau.
  • Roark, James L. (March 1968). "George W. Julian: Radical Land Reformer". Indiana Magazine of History. Bloomington: Indiana University. 64 (1): 25–38. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  • Seldon, Mary Elizabeth, "George W. Julian: A Political Independent," in Gray, Ralph D. (1977). Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates, 1836–1940. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. ISBN 1-885323-29-8.
  • Southwick, Leslie H. (1998). Presidential Also-Rans and Running Mates, 1788 Through 1996 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company. ISBN 9780786403103.
  • United States Congress. "George Washington Julian (id: J000280)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-04-15
  • "W. H. Bass Photo Company Collection: Public School no. 57, George W. Julian (Bass #B900)". Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  • Wissing, Douglas A., Marianne Tobias, Rebecca W. Dolan, and Anne Ryder (2013). Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780871953018.
  • "George Washington Julian". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  • Julian Speech on the Slavery Question, Indiana Historical Society collections
  • Works by or about George Washington Julian at Internet Archive
  • Works by George Washington Julian at Project Gutenberg
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Caleb Blood Smith		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Indiana's 4th congressional district
1849–1851		 Succeeded by
Samuel W. Parker
Preceded by
David Kilgore		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Indiana's 5th congressional district
1861–1869		 Succeeded by
John Coburn
Preceded by
John F. Potter		 Chair of the House Public Lands Committee
1863–1871		 Succeeded by
John H. Ketcham
Preceded by
William S. Holman		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Indiana's 4th congressional district
1869–1871		 Succeeded by
Jeremiah M. Wilson
Party political offices
Preceded by
Charles Francis Adams Sr.		 Free Soil nominee for Vice President of the United States
1852		 Party dissolved
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