Fourteen Words

Fourteen Words, 14, or 14/88, is a reference to slogans coined by white supremacist David Lane,[1] a founding member of the terrorist organization The Order.[2] The terms were coined while he was serving a 190-year sentence in federal prison for his role in violating the civil rights of Jewish talk show host Alan Berg, who was murdered in June 1984.[3] The slogans were publicized through now-defunct 14 Word Press, founded in 1995 by Lane's wife to disseminate her husband's writings.[4][5]

Lane also used the phrasing in other pamphlets including the "14 points" of his White Genocide Manifesto and further in his 88 Precepts essay, stressing his support for racial and ethnic religions, opposition to universal religions (such as Christianity), his opposition to miscegenation, his anti-Americanism,[5] and support for racial separatism.[2][6][7] Many of his concepts, ideology and values, particularly the Fourteen Words slogan, are either inspired by or derived from Adolf Hitler's autobiographical book Mein Kampf.[8]

The terms were later adopted by white supremacists[2] and neo-Nazis,[2] white nationalists and identitarians, members of the far-right and alt-right, the most widely used variation being:

We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children.[9][10][11][12]

Another less commonly used variation is:

Because the beauty of the White Aryan woman must not perish from the earth.[13]

It is sometimes combined with 88, as in "14/88" or "1488" with the 8s representing the eighth letter of the alphabet (H), with "HH" standing for "Heil Hitler,"[12] or simply as a reference to Lane's 88 Precepts,[14] which when combined with "14" refer to Lane's white supremacist neo-Pagan religion, Wotansvolk.[15]

In 2018, although dismissed by the US government as a coincidence,[16] the Trump administration's United States Department of Homeland Security were accused of referencing both "88" in a document,[17] and the Fourteen Words by creating a similar fourteen-worded title,[18] starting with the same first three words ("We must secure"), in relation to illegal immigration and border control:

We Must Secure The Border And Build The Wall To Make America Safe Again.[19]

The slogan has been used in acts of white supremacist terrorism and violence.[2] It was central to the symbolism of 2008's Barack Obama assassination plot,[20] which intended to kill 88 African Americans, including future President Barack Obama (at that time the Democratic Party nominee), 14 of whom were to be beheaded.[21][22] Skinhead Curtis Allgier notably tattooed the words on to his body after his murder of corrections officer Stephen Anderson,[23] and Dylan Roof's race war-inspired Charleston church shooting was influenced by the slogan.

Origins

Scholars say the slogan was influenced by Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, which was also written from prison

A strong resemblance of the first definition to a statement in Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf has been pointed out, albeit not by Lane or by Fourteen Word Press. Scholars such as Barry Balleck have stated that Lane was almost certainly influenced by Hitler, specifically the following statement in Mein Kampf.[2]

What we must fight for is to safeguard the existence and reproduction of our race and our people, the sustenance of our children and the purity of our blood, the freedom and independence of the fatherland, so that our people may mature for the fulfillment of the mission allotted it by the creator of the universe. Every thought and every idea, every doctrine and all knowledge, must serve this purpose. And everything must be examined from this point of view and used or rejected according to its utility. (Vol. I, Chapter 8)[2]

Advocates

United Kingdom

  • Nick Griffin, a British politician, former British National Party leader and MEP, has stated his political idealogy can summed up by the Fourteen Words.[24] He has claimed that "everything I do is related to building a nationalist movement through which [...] those 14 words can be carried out".[25]
  • Colin Jordan (1923 – 2009), a leading figure in post-war neo-Nazism in Great Britain and longtime supporter of the 14 Words; contributed to Lane's book "Deceived, Damned & Defiant".[26]
  • Millennial Woes, a Scottish alt-right, neoreactionary political activist and YouTube personality, supports the slogan and has stated in 2017 that the "14 words used to be more controversial than they are nowadays".[27] Faith Goldy has claimed that he had encouraged her to recite the slogan in an interview.[28]
  • John Tyndall (1934 - 2005), was a British fascist political activist, who supported the Fourteen Words, along with his party The National Front,[29] which he was chairman of from 1972 to 1974.[30]

United States

  • Andrew Anglin, an American white supremacist and founder of The Daily Stormer website, supports the Fourteen Words,[31] and has claimed that "we care not for our own egos or lives. We care only about the agenda, which is: We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children".[32]
  • Baked Alaska, an American alt-right/far right social media personality, supports the Fourteen Words[33] and has stated that there's "nothing wrong" with the slogan. Distancing himself from its creator, he claimed that "just because others have used them doesn't change the meaning".[34] He has frequently promoted the slogan on social media including with monetary receipts, polls, questions and memes.[35][36][37][38]
  • Craig Cobb, an American white nationalist and separatist, created the video sharing website Podblanc and started a business named after the 14 Words,[39] as well as tried to start a church named after Trump which later burned to the ground.[40]
  • Ann Coulter, an American conservative social and political commentator, writer, and lawyer, has been accused of promoting the slogan,[41] as well as celebrated by some fans and white supremacists for allegedly doing so.[42] In January 2017, she tweeted "14!", which was largely answered with "88" (in reference to 14/88) on her Twitter. Coulter has claimed the tweet was regarding Barack Obama's days left as President,[43] which was 15 days at the time.[44]
  • Harold Covington (September 14, 1953 – July, 2018), was an American white separatist leader and founder of the Northwest Front organization, based on the 14 Words.[45][46]
  • Nathan Damigo, an American white supremacist, leader of Identity Evropa and former US Marine, supports and promotes the slogan with his organization.[47][48]
  • April Gaede, an American white nationalist and neo-Nazi stage mom, whose daughters (Prussian Blue) used to sing under Resistance Records; distributed David Lane's cremated remains in "14 pyramids" to signify the 14 Words.[49][50][51]
  • Matthew Heimbach, an American white supremacist of the Traditionalist Workers Party, has based part of his party-platform on the "14 Words" and affirmed them at various speechings including one before the Council of Conservative Citizens.[52][53]
  • William Daniel Johnson, an American white nationalist, attorney, and chairman of the American Freedom Party, is an advocate of the 14 word slogan. He has stated that he and his organization "embrace principles that will secure the existence of our people and a future for our children".[8][54][55] He has claimed that Ron Paul withdrew his endorsement of him for a judgeship in California, after media reported that he was an advocate of the 14 Words.[56]
  • David Lane (1938 – 2007), was an American white supremacist leader and key member of the terrorist organization The Order. He is credited with creating and popularizing the Fourteen Words.[57] The ADL have described Lane's slogan as reflecting "the primary white supremacist worldview in the late 20th and early 21st centuries".[58]
  • Stephen McNallen, American neo-pagan leader and founder of the Asatru Folk Assembly, quoted the 14 Words verbatim[59] and based his own slogan "The existence of my people is not negotiable" as a simplified 14 Words.[60]
  • Tom Metzger, an American white separatist leader, founder of White Aryan Resistance and hosted the 14 Word writings of imprisoned David Lane; accused the United States government of murdering Lane at his death in 2007.[61][62]
  • Sarah Palin, an American politician, reality television personality, and former Governor of Alaska, has been accused of dog-whistle politics promoting the Fourteen Words,[63] after she appeared to tweet a reference to her followers.[64] Although the original content creators (the Young Conservatives) denied the link to the material, media speculated whether Palin intended to endorse the slogan.[65][66]
  • Jack Posobiec, an American alt-right conspiracy theorist and former naval intelligence officer, has repeatedly published information related to "1488" and has been reported as a supporter of the slogan.[67][68]
  • Billy Roper, an American white supremacist who corresponded with David Lane and founded a White power group called "White Revolution" based on the 14 Words.[69]
  • Richard B. Spencer, an American white supremacist and president of the National Policy Institute, supports the 14-worded slogan.[32] However, he has clarified that he'd prefer to merge the alt-right and alt-lite into one political force, claiming that "If I wanted to create a movement that was 1488 white nationalist, I would have done that."[70]
  • Vox Day, an American writer, video game designer, and alt-right activist, supports the 14 Words,[33] promoting the slogan in his Sixteen points of the Alt-Right,[71] which placed the sentence "we must secure the existence of white people and a future for white children" as the fourteenth point.[72]
  • weev, an American computer hacker and Internet troll, has shown his support for the slogan, referencing "1488" numerously in computer transactions,[73] as well as more explicitly discussing the topic on social media.[74][75]

Other nations

  • Yury Biryukov, a Russian politician, lawyer and adviser to the Ukrainian President, posted 14/88 code through social media[76]
  • Faith Goldy, a Canadian right-wing writer and commentator, has recited[77] and supported[78] the Fourteen Words,[79][80] saying "I don't see that as controversial... We want to survive."[27] After being banned by Patreon for her advocacy of the slogan, Goldy defended her views, and gathered petition signatures in public on a document which replaced "white children" with "aboriginal children", to supposedly prove the slogan was not hate speech.[28]
  • Marian Kotleba, a Slovak politician and leader of the far-right Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia political party, has been accused of demonstrating support for the slogan,[81] with supposed reference to the Fourteen Words by making a €1,488 donation to charity,[82][83] which he is facing criminal charges for in Slovakia.[84]
  • Saga, a Swedish white nationalist singer-songwriter, long-time supporter of the 14 Words slogan and personal friend of Lane; turned his poetry into music format and released the CD On My Own which includes the song "Goodbye David Lane," a variant of "Candle in the Wind" as part of his euology.[85][86]
  • Varg Vikernes, a Norwegian National Socialist Black Metal musician and proponent of the white genocide conspiracy theory who regularly uses "14" and "88" numerology in the videos of his Thulean Perspective channel on Youtube.

2018 United States DHS press release

A press release issued in February 2018 on the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) website included a title with fourteen words similarly structured to the white supremacist phrase ("We Must Secure The Border And Build The Wall To Make America Safe Again").[19] The release also included a reference to the number '88' in the text: "On average, out of 88 claims that pass the credible fear screening, fewer than 13 will ultimately result in a grant of asylum". The similarity was widely shared on social media.[17][87] DHS dismissed the similarity as a conspiracy theory, and journalist Chris Hayes attributed the unusual use of 88 as a statistical artifact of how DHS processes asylum seekers.[16]


Skinhead murderer Curtis Allgier has tattoos of "14" and "88"[88]

The slogans and numerology of "14" and "88" have been used by many white supremacists, both before and after committing violence (such as in manifestos), as well as symbolically within criminal acts. These include Order-member David Lane, assassination attempters Paul Schlesselman and Daniel Cowart, and murderers Dylann Roof[89] and Curtis Allgier.[88] Allgier has "14" and "88" tattooed on his forehead above and to the sides of the words "skin" and "head" above his eyes in his mugshot.[88]

Murder of Alan Berg

The assassination of Jewish talk show host Alan Berg in June 1984, is considered as The Order's most infamous act of terrorism.[41][14] Order member Bruce Pierce served as the gunman in the murder and Lane the getaway driver.[90][91] During Lane's imprisonment on separate convictions (some relating to violating Alan Berg's civil rights) he created the Fourteen Words slogan. The number 14 continues to symbolize allegiance to the Aryan Nations' vision of a white homeland.[92]

Barack Obama assassination plot

"14/88" numerology was symbolically included in the Barack Obama assassination plot in October 2008.[20] Both Neo-Nazis, Schlesselman and Cowart were introduced to each other online by a mutual friend who shared their white supremacist beliefs.[93] Within a month of meeting, they had planned to kill the Democratic Party nominee by driving at their target and shooting from their vehicle. This was to be followed by a killing spree in which the men planned to kill 88 African Americans, 14 of whom were to be beheaded. They were targeting mostly children at an unidentified, predominantly black school.[21][94] Shortly after their arrest, their vehicle was discovered to have "14" and "88" written onto it.[14]

Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting

Mass-shooter Wade Michael Page, who killed six and wounded four members of the Sikh community in August 2012, had been a supporter of the Fourteen Words, and was found with "14" tattooed on his arm,[95] after committing suicide at the scene of the crime.[96][97] About a year before the shooting, Page has written on the internet regarding the slogan that "Passive submission is indirect support to the oppressors. Stand up for yourself and live the 14 words".[98]

Charleston church shooting

After the Charleston mass-murder shooting in June 2015, Dylann Roof's ideology and apparent manifesto emerged in the media with multiple references to "1488",[99] these included several photos of Roof pictured alongside the numbers.[100] He symbolically brought 88 bullets to the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church to carry out the shooting, in which nine African Americans were killed.[101][102]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Michael, George (2009). "David Lane and the Fourteen Words". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 10 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1080/14690760903067986. ISSN 1469-0764.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Balleck, Barry (2018). Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups. United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 4. ISBN 978-1440852749.
  3. ↑ Thompson, A.C. (19 October 2017). "Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group's Campaign of Menace". propublica.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  4. ↑ "David Lane".
  5. 1 2 "David Lane". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  6. ↑ Biddiscombe, Perry (1998). Werwolf!: The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944–1946. note 58. ISBN 978-0-8020-0862-6.
  7. ↑ "The Truth about 88: New Book Reveals Secret Meaning of Neo-Nazi Codes". Spiegel Online. June 27, 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  8. 1 2 "The American Freedom Party (formerly American Third Position) is a political party initially established by racist Southern California skinheads that aims to deport immigrants and return the United States to white rule". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  9. ↑ Dunbar, Edward; Blanco, Amalio; CrËvecoeur-MacPhail, Desirée A. (2016-11-21). The Psychology of Hate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism: U.S. and Global Issues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 91–. ISBN 9781440839078. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  10. ↑ "Hate on Display: 14 words". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  11. ↑ Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard C. (2015-05-01). The Routledge History of Genocide. Routledge. pp. 211–. ISBN 9781317514848. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  12. 1 2 Ruiz, Stephen (January 11, 2017). "A Complete Dictionary of White Supremacist Slang and Symbols". Complex (magazine). Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  13. ↑ Gardell, Mattias. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. p. 69.
  14. 1 2 3 "Fourteen Words that spell racism". The Guardian. 28 October 2008.
  15. ↑ https://www.complex.com/life/2017/01/dictionary-of-white-supermacist-slang-symbols/numbers-abbreves-acronyms-one A Complete Dictionary of White Supremacist Slang and Symbols
  16. 1 2 "Homeland Security Officials Say Claims That Statement Mimics A White Supremacist Slogan Are Merely Conspiracy Theories". BuzzFeed. 29 June 2018. The February press release has a 14-word title, "We Must Secure The Border And Build The Wall To Make America Safe Again," which resembles the grammatical structure of a common white supremacist slogan
  17. 1 2 "Are '14' And '88' Nazi Dog Whistles In Border Security Document — Or Just Numbers?". The Forward. 28 June 2018.
  18. ↑ "Did Trump administration send a coded signal to neo-Nazis? Maybe not — but is that reassuring?". Salon (website). 6 July 2018.
  19. 1 2 "We Must Secure The Border And Build The Wall To Make America Safe Again". DHS. 15 February 2018. On average, out of 88 claims that pass the credible fear screening, fewer than 13 will ultimately result in a grant of asylum
  20. 1 2 Lichtblau, Eric (October 27, 2008). "Arrests in Plan to Kill Obama and Black Schoolchildren". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  21. 1 2 Date, Jack (2008-10-27). "Feds thwart alleged Obama assassination plot". ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
  22. ↑ Haberman, Maggie (2008-10-27). "ATF stops plot to kill Barack Obama". New York Post. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28.
  23. ↑ Sanchez, Casey (August 23, 2007). "Face of Hate: Curtis Allgier". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  24. ↑ "BNP Leader Nick Griffin Slurred 'Jews and Paki' Police Officers While His House Was Searched". International Business Times. 7 May 2014.
  25. ↑ "Nick Griffin's vision for BNP-led Britain shown in 1990s police interviews". The Guardian. 6 May 2014.
  26. ↑ Colin Jordan and Britain's Neo-Nazi Movement: Hitler's Echo, Page 230
  27. 1 2 "How Free Speech Warriors Mainstreamed White Supremacists". GQ. 8 May 2018.
  28. 1 2 "Faith Goldy Defends Her Recital Of '14 Words'". Right Wing Watch. 29 May 2018.
  29. ↑ "We Watched Nazis Fight Anti-Fascists in England on Saturday". Vice Media. 14 September 2015.
  30. ↑ "Scottish election: National Front profile". BBC. 13 April 2011.
  31. ↑ "Andrew Anglin". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  32. 1 2 "Richard Spencer Is Making Common Cause with Neo-Nazis". Anti-Defamation League. 20 December 2016.
  33. 1 2 "From Alt Right to Alt Lite: Naming the Hate". Anti-Defamation League.
  34. ↑ "How to Tell If You're a Neo-Nazi". Gizmodo. 15 August 2017.
  35. ↑ "Verified no more, Twitter drops blue check from white nationalists' accounts". Southern Poverty Law Center. 16 November 2017.
  36. ↑ "The 'Ironic Nazi' Is Coming to an End". New York (magazine). 14 August 2017.
  37. ↑ "Alt-Right Grifter 'Baked Alaska' Is Plotting A Comeback On YouTube". Right Wing Watch. 3 May 2018.
  38. ↑ "Twitter Has Permanently Banned Alt-Right Troll Baked Alaska". BuzzFeed. 15 November 2017.
  39. ↑ "Craig Cobb".
  40. ↑ "Neo-Nazi bought church with plans to name it after Trump. A fire destroyed it". Washington Post.
  41. 1 2 "What Are the '14 Words' Everyone's Been Freaking Out About?". Haaretz. 6 January 2017.
  42. ↑ "Spreading hate: How white supremacists hijacked social media". The Independent. 10 January 2017.
  43. ↑ "Ann Coulter '14' Tweet Controversy: Neo-Nazis On Twitter Are Excited But Post Could Be About Obama". International Business Times. 5 January 2017.
  44. ↑ "Ann Coulter Clarifies '14!' Tweet Was Reference To Obama's Presidency Ending". HuffPost. 5 January 2017.
  45. ↑ "Dylann Roof and His Fascination with a Seattle-Based White Power Group".
  46. ↑ "Harold Covington Dies.Which Way the Northwest Front? ⋆ IREHR". 31 July 2018.
  47. ↑ "White power rally organizers are spreading hate to New York". New York Post. 19 August 2017.
  48. ↑ "Identity Evropa". Anti-Defamation League.
  49. ↑ "April Gaede".
  50. ↑ "Neo-Nazi Stage Mom Seeks a New Line of Work".
  51. ↑ https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2009/03/11/combat-18-accused-purloining-david-lanes-ashes COMBAT 18 ACCUSED OF PURLOINING DAVID LANE'S ASHES
  52. ↑ "What we know about Matthew Heimbach, Indiana white nationalist who helped promote Charlottesville".
  53. ↑ "Matthew Heimbach".
  54. ↑ "Donald Trump's White-Supremacist Delegate May Be Here to Stay". Vanity Fair (magazine). 11 May 2016.
  55. ↑ "White Power "American Third Position" Party Seeks Toehold in Arizona". Phoenix New Times. 21 May 2010.
  56. ↑ ""Fertile Ground": White Nationalists Organize Within Tea Party". Media Matters. 3 August 2011.
  57. ↑ "The Secret History of White Power". The New York Times. 19 May 2018.
  58. ↑ "14 Words". Anti-Defamation League.
  59. ↑ "Neo-Volkisch".
  60. ↑ Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism, page 283
  61. ↑ https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2007/terrorist-14-words-author-dies-prison TERRORIST, '14 WORDS' AUTHOR, DIES IN PRISON
  62. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303446060_This_is_War_Tom_Metzger_White_Aryan_Resistance_and_the_Lone_Wolf_Legacy This is War! Tom Metzger, White Aryan Resistance, and the Lone Wolf Legacy
  63. ↑ "Did Sarah Palin Really Tweet a Neo-Nazi Slogan? Seems Not". The Daily Beast. 7 July 2017.
  64. ↑ "Sarah Palin is catching heat for tweeting a reference commonly associated with white supremacy and neo-Nazis". Business Insider. 7 July 2017.
  65. ↑ "Sarah Palin invokes popular white supremacist phrase to praise Trump speech". The Daily Dot. 7 July 2017.
  66. ↑ "Did Sarah Palin accidentally tweet out a white supremacist slogan?". The Week. 7 July 2017.
  67. ↑ "Replying to @JackPosobiec". Cody Johnston (journalist). 24 July 2018.
  68. ↑ "Florida State Rep. Wants Attacking "Political Affiliation" to Be Hate Crime". Miami New Times. 28 September 2017.
  69. ↑ "Billy Roper".
  70. ↑ "My Journey to the Center of the Alt-Right". HuffPost. 3 November 2016.
  71. ↑ "Online alt-right to use facial recognition to track anti-fascists". Hope Not Hate. 22 May 2017.
  72. ↑ "The Sci-Fi Roots of the Far Right—From 'Lucifer's Hammer' to Newt's Moon Base to Donald's Wall". The Daily Beast. 17 September 2017.
  73. ↑ "How neo-Nazis and right-wing extremists profit from bitcoin". Business Insider. 11 January 2018.
  74. ↑ "Twitter blocks promoted tweets by notorious white supremacist". The Guardian. 7 May 2015.
  75. ↑ "This Is The Daily Stormer's Playbook". HuffPost. 13 December 2017.
  76. ↑ "Ukraine President's Adviser Writes 'Heil Hitler' Neo-Nazi Symbol on Facebook".
  77. ↑ "Ann Coulter Retweets White Nationalist Charlotesville Leader Who Attacked Trump With Syria Conspiracy Theory". Newsweek. 16 April 2018.
  78. ↑ "How badly is the Bundy case screwed up? Media gear up for voting-rights assault; Faith Goldy recites, embraces the '14 Words'; and more". Southern Poverty Law Center. 21 December 2017.
  79. ↑ "Open letter petitions U of T to rescind Faith Goldy's student leadership award". The Varsity. 26 March 2018.
  80. ↑ "Why We Can't Welcome Faith Goldy". Arthur (newspaper). 27 March 2018.
  81. ↑ "Kotleba of ĽSNS charged with extremism". The Slovak Spectator. 30 July 2018.
  82. ↑ "Le " Führer " slovaque de Banska Bystrica inquiété par la justice". Le Monde. 2 August 2017.
  83. ↑ "Slovak far-right leader charged with promoting extremism". The Times of Israel. 28 July 2018.
  84. ↑ "Police charge leader of Slovak far-right party with extremism". Reuters. 28 July 2017.
  85. ↑ "thisissaga.com". Thisisaga. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  86. ↑ "BNP Media" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-09-19.
  87. ↑ Kalmbacher, Colin (28 June 2018). "Twitter Explodes After Homeland Security Headline Appears to Mimic '14-Words' Neo-Nazi Slogan". lawandcrime.com. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  88. 1 2 3 Reavy, Pat (June 28, 2007). "Tattoos tell a tale of intimidation". Deseret News. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  89. ↑ Siemaszko, Corky (December 9, 2016). "Dylann Roof's Videotaped Confession Stuns Courtroom". NBCNews.com. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  90. ↑ "Hatewatch".
  91. ↑ "Terrorist, '14 Words' Author, Dies in Prison". Southern Poverty Law Center. 1 October 2017.
  92. ↑ https://timeline.com/white-supremacist-rural-paradise-fb62b74b29e0 Welcome to Hayden Lake, where white supremacists tried to build their homeland
  93. ↑ Baird, Woody; DeMillo, Andrew (2008-10-30). "Authorities say skinhead plot wasn't fully formed". Associated Press. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  94. ↑ Lichtblau, Eric (2008-10-27). "Arrests in plan to kill Obama and black schoolchildren". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
  95. ↑ "The Sikh Temple Shooter's Racist Tattoos, Deciphered". Mother Jones (magazine). 6 August 2012.
  96. ↑ "Wade Michael Page and the rise of violent far-right extremism". The Guardian. 8 August 2012.
  97. ↑ "Wade Michael Page Became A Radical Racist In The US Army". Business Insider. 10 August 2012.
  98. ↑ "Cracking Wisconsin Gunman's Secret Racist Tattoo Code". ABC News. 7 August 2012.
  99. ↑ "The Deeply Racist References in Dylann Roof's Apparent Manifesto, Decoded". Mother Jones (magazine). 20 June 2015.
  100. ↑ "Charleston church massacre: Things we learned from shooter Dylann Roof's racist manifesto". The Daily Telegraph. 21 June 2015.
  101. ↑ "These are the new symbols of hate". CNN. 22 February 2017.
  102. ↑ "Federal jury sentences Dylann Roof to death". USA Today. 11 January 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.