Flathead Indian Reservation

Flathead Indian Reservation
Indian reservation
View northeastward across Hungry Horse Reservoir onto the Flathead Range, Montana

Flag

Location of Flathead Indian Reservation and territory, Montana
Country United States
State Montana
Counties Lake, Sanders, Missoula, and Flathead
Established 1855
Government
 • Governing Body Tribal Council
Area
 • Total 1,938 sq mi (5,020 km2)
Population (2010)
 • Total 28,359
Time zone UTC-7 (MST)
 • Summer (DST) UTC-6 (MDT)
Salish men near tipis (1903, Flathead Reservation, Montana)

The Flathead Indian Reservation, located in western Montana on the Flathead River, is home to the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai, and Pend d'Oreilles Tribes - also known as the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation. The reservation was created through the July 16, 1855, Treaty of Hellgate, and reservation has land on four of Montana's counties: Lake, Sanders, Missoula, and Flathead.[1] The Flathead Indian Reservation, west of the Continental Divide, consists of 1,938 square miles (5,020 km2) (1,317,000 acres (533,000 ha)) of forested mountains and valleys.[2]

History

Native Americans have lived in Montana for more than 14,000 years, based on archaeological findings. The Bitterroot Salish came from the West Coast, whereas the Kootenai lived mostly in the interior of present-day Idaho, Montana, and Canada. The Kootenai left artifacts in prehistoric time. One group of the Kootenai in the northeast lived mainly on bison hunting. Another group lived on the rivers and lakes of the mountains in the west. When they moved east, they could rely less on salmon fishing, but turned to eating plants and bison. During the 18th century, the Salish and the Kootenai tribes shared gathering and hunting grounds.[3] As European-American settlers entered the area, the peoples came into conflict.

In 1855 the United States (US) made the Treaty of Hellgate, by which it set aside a reservation solely for the Flathead. Although the tribe opposed European-style allotments and farming, the US Congress passed the 1904 Flathead Allotment Act. After allotments of land to individual households of members on the tribal rolls, the government declared the rest "surplus" and opened the reservation to homesteading by whites. United States Senator Joseph M. Dixon of Montana played a key role in getting this legislation passed. Its passage caused much resentment by the Flathead, and the allotment of reservation lands remains "a very sensitive issue". The Flathead would like to regain control of their reservation lands.[4]

The area was favorably compared to the Yakima River Valley in Washington State. Thousands of acres on the reservation were reserved for town sites, schools and the National Bison Range. The Flathead were given first choice of either 80 or 160 acres of land per household. The rest was made open to whites in 1910. A total of 81,363 applications by whites were received for 1,600 parcels of land. The applications were placed in plain brown envelopes, piled onto a pallet, and three young girls drew 6,000 of them, choosing who would have a chance to homestead on the land. The first 3,000 were notified in the spring and the second 3,000 were notified in the fall. But, lottery winners took only 600 tracts, leaving 1,000 tracts still open. These were taken in what the tribe considers a subsequent "land grab". According to their treaty, the tribes have the right to off-reservation hunting, but the state believed it could regulate those activities. State game wardens were responsible for the confrontation that led to four deaths, what is known as the Swan Valley Massacre of 1908.[4][3]

Geography and ecology

On the Flathead Reservation, 1913

All but the northern tip of Flathead Lake is part of the reservation. Flathead Lake lies in the northeast corner of the reservation, with most of the reservation to the south and west of the lake.[5] Part of the Mission Mountains range is on the reservation. The western end of the range is protected by the Mission Mountains Tribal Wilderness and the eastern end of the range is protected by the Mission Mountains Wilderness. Parts of the Bob Marshall Wilderness are nearby.[6]

Recent years have seen a decline in the numbers of native fish species, which includes: bull trout, westslope cutthroat trout, northern whitefish, and northern pikeminnow. Non-native species includes: yellowstone cutthroat trout, brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, lake whitefish, black bullhead, kokanee salmon, yellow perch, northern pike, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass.[7]

Hunting furbearing animals is prohibited. Hunting of these birds by non-natives is permitted: Hungarian partridge, pheasants, ducks, geese, mergansers, and coots.[7] Other animals that can not be hunted by non-natives are: elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, grizzly bear, and moose. Wolves, bison, swans, and falcons are also present.[8]

Demographics

The population of the reservation was 28,324 as of the 2010 census, an 8% increase over the 2000 census, but 19,221 non-Indians outnumbered 9,138 Indians by 2-1.[9][10] The largest community on the reservation is the city of Polson, which is also the county seat of Lake County. The seat of government of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation is Pablo.[11]

Economy

Séliš Ksanka Ql’ispé Dam in 2018
KwaTaqNuk resort, Polson

The tribes derive income from selling timber and from operating a variety of businesses:

  • the Gray Wolf Peak casino in the south of the reservation between Arlee and Evaro,[12]
  • the KwaTaqNuk ("where the water leaves the lake") resort and casino in Polson,[13]
  • S&K Technologies, a defense technology firm with its headquarter in St. Ignatius and five subsidiary companies in the US and Saudi Arabia[14]
  • S&K Electronics in Pablo, an electronics manufacturer established in 1984,[15]
  • S&K Holding, a leasing and financing firm[16]

Since 2015, the tribes are the first (and only) Indian nation in the US to own and operate a hydroelectric dam, the Seli’š Ksanka Qlispe’ Dam (formerly Kerr Dam).[17][18][19] Salish Kootenai College is located in Pablo and offers two- and four-year degrees.[20][5]. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation also operate and maintain Mission Valley Power, a federally owned electricity provider.[21]

Points of interest

Communities

There are 26 places (including CDPs) on the reservation that are officially recognized by the Census Bureau. Only 8 of them are majority Flathead. Whites own about 1/3 of the land on the reservation. Previously whites owned most of the reservation but the tribe has been steadily buying back the land over many years.[22]

See also

Further reading

  • Ronan, Peter (1890). Historical sketch of the Flathead Indian Nation from the year 1813-1890: embracing the history of the establishment of St. Mary's Indian Mission in the Bitter Root Valley, Mont.: with sketches of the missionary life of Father Ravalli and other early missionaries: wars of the Blackfeet and Flatheads and sketches of history, trapping and trading in the early days. Helena, MT: Journal Publishing Co. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  • Smead, William Henry (1905). Land of the Flatheads; a sketch of the Flathead Reservation, Montana, its past and present. Missoula, MT: Press of the Daily Missoulian. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  • Broderick, Therese (1909). The brand, a tale of the Flathead reservation. Seattle: Alice Harriman Company. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  • Jones, Tom (1909). The last of the buffalo: comprising a history of the buffalo herd of the Flathead Reservation, and an account of the Great Round Up, with illustrations. Cincinnati, Ohio: Publisher Scenic Souvenirs. Retrieved 2014-03-01.

References

  1. ↑ "Local and Social Services" (PDF). Lake County, Montana. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  2. ↑ "Flathead Indian Reservation". Online Highways. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  3. 1 2 "The Montana Dinosaur Trail". Montana Dinosaur Trail. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  4. 1 2 "Flathead Reservation Marks Century of White Settlement". The Missoulian. September 26, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "S'elish-Ktunaxa-Flathead". Visit Montana. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  6. ↑ "The Mission Mountains". Big Sky Fishing. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  7. 1 2 "Flathead Indian Reservation Fishing, Bird Hunting, and Recreation Regulations". Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2011. includes detailed map of the reservation
  8. ↑ "Conserving Wildlife (and Culture) on the Flathead Indian Reservation". Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks via Montana Outdoors. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  9. ↑ "Flathead CCD". United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  10. ↑ "Census shows growth at 4 Montana reservations". Helena Independent Record. March 28, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  11. ↑ "Historic Saint Mary's Mission". Saint Mary's Mission. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  12. ↑ http://www.graywolfpeakcasino.com
  13. ↑ http://www.kwataqnuk.com
  14. ↑ http://www.sktcorp.com/companies/
  15. ↑ http://www.skecorp.com/
  16. ↑ http://skholdingcompany.com/
  17. ↑ Missoulian: CSKT to pay $18.3M for Kerr Dam; new name planned, 5March 2014
  18. ↑ High Country News: Montana tribes will be the first to own a hydroelectric dam, 25 November 2013
  19. ↑ Missoulian: Federal commission OKs 2nd new name for former Kerr Dam, 10 November 2015
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Flathead Indian Reservation". Montana Kids. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  21. ↑ Mission Valley Power Operations Manual, Introduction, page 7
  22. ↑ "Flathead Reservation". Anishinabe History. Retrieved July 15, 2011.

Coordinates: 47°29′59″N 114°16′46″W / 47.49972°N 114.27944°W / 47.49972; -114.27944

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