Feinberg School of Medicine
 | |
| Type | Private |
|---|---|
| Established | 1859 |
Parent institution | Northwestern University |
| Endowment | US$1.9 Billion[1] |
| Dean | Eric G. Neilson[2] |
Academic staff | 4,000[3] |
| Students |
3,222 Total[4] 663 MD |
| 337 PhD Students | |
Other students |
391 Post-Doctoral Fellows 1,159 Residents and Fellows |
| Location |
Chicago, Illinois, USA 41°53′47″N 87°37′09″W / 41.8963°N 87.6193°WCoordinates: 41°53′47″N 87°37′09″W / 41.8963°N 87.6193°W |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | www.feinberg.northwestern.edu |
 | |
The Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, located in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago, in the U.S. state of Illinois and situated near Lake Michigan and the Magnificent Mile, is one of Northwestern University's 12 schools and colleges. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, multiple joint degree programs, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education.
The mission of the Feinberg School of Medicine is to educate the next generation of physicians and scientists. Feinberg ranked 20th among American medical schools for research by U.S. News & World Report in 2018.[5] It also is committed to patient care and community service.[6] Through clinical affiliates Northwestern Memorial Hospital, the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Feinberg faculty provide patient care to tens of thousands of individuals every year. Feinberg and its clinical affiliates are together a $5 billion academic medical enterprise.[7][8] The school employs 4,000 faculty members.[9]
History
Founded as the medical department of Lind University on October 11, 1859[10] and renamed the Chicago Medical College in 1863, the school affiliated with Northwestern University in 1870. In 1906, the name was changed to Northwestern University Medical School.[11] It had occupied buildings on the near south side of Chicago from 1863[12] until the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building was constructed in Streeterville in 1926.[13]
Northwestern University Medical School was renamed the Feinberg School of Medicine in 2002, reflecting a $75 million donation from the Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Foundation. Reuben Feinberg started to donate to the university after being hospitalized at Northwestern Memorial Hospital for a heart attack. The first donation, in 1988, was for $17 million to establish the Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute. A $10 million donation was subsequently sent in 1996 to establish the Frances Evelyn Feinberg Clinical Neurosciences Institute.
Northwestern was also affiliated with a medical school for women. The Woman's Hospital Medical College was established in 1870, and later changed its name to the Woman's Medical College of Chicago. It became affiliated with Northwestern University in 1892 as Northwestern University Woman's Medical School.[14] The Women’s Medical College closed in 1902.[15]
On September 1, 2013, Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, the medical school's physician's group, joined Northwestern Memorial HealthCare (NMHC), the health system that includes Northwestern Memorial Hospital, forming a new physician's group called Northwestern Medical Group. Together, NMHC and Feinberg jointly share the brand "Northwestern Medicine." [16][17]
On May 8, 2015, exactly 90 years after Northwestern University first broke ground on the Chicago campus, Feinberg broke ground on the Louis A. Simpson and Kimberly K. Query Biomedical Research Center. When complete, the building will add 600,000 square feet and 14 stories of research space to the downtown campus.[18]
Academic Medical Center
The Feinberg School of Medicine is part of the McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University. Other McGaw members include:
- Anne & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center (formerly VA Chicago Health Care System)
Feinberg medical students and McGaw residents receive their clinical training at these hospitals, where nearly all the attending staff members have faculty appointments at the Feinberg School of Medicine. Residents also train at affiliates such as John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Northwestern Medicine Lake Forest Hospital, Norwegian American Hospital, the Erie Family Health Center, MacNeal Hospital and Methodist Hospital in Gary, Indiana.
The medical school's primary teaching hospital is Northwestern Memorial Hospital, a 2,200,000-square-foot (200,000 m2) modern hospital that was completed in 1999.
In the 2017-2018 US News and World Report list of "Honor Roll" Hospitals, listing the top 20 medical centers in the United States, Northwestern Memorial Hospital was ranked 13th, and first in Illinois[19], Lurie Children's was ranked 7th best children's hospital in the country and first in Illinois and the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab was ranked first in the country for rehabilitation.[20]
Education
The Feinberg School of Medicine is home to 663 medical students. The class of students who graduated in 2018 are the 159th graduating class. For the 2017 entering class, 7,516 people applied for 161 seats. The median undergraduate GPA and MCAT score for successful applicants are 3.89 and 520 (37 for the old median), respectively.[21]
In 2012, Feinberg's entering medical students began a new curriculum, organized into three phases and emphasizing integration of four main curricular elements: science in medicine, clinical medicine, health & society, and professional development. The goal of the renewal process is to build a more learner-centered educational program that (1) fully integrates scientific principles in a clinical context; (2) stimulates inquiry and investigation; (3) has an assessment system that comprehensively evaluates student achievement in each of the core competencies; (4) reinforces a culture of learning, teamwork, and excellence; (5) is flexible and able to meet the unique needs of individual students as they learn and differentiate.[22]
For medical students, the school offers four-year dual degree programs, which combine the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree with a Master of Public Health (MPH), a Master of Arts in Medical Humanities and Bioethics (MA), a Master of Science in Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety (MS), or a Master of Business Administration (MBA). Students electing to pursue the additional degrees enroll in evening classes and graduate with both degrees. Two MD/PhD programs are offered, one in combination with Northwestern University's Graduate School (Medical Scientist Training Program) and one with the University's Institute for Neuroscience.
The school also offers graduate degree programs, some in combination with other Northwestern University professional schools:
- Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in basic science programs such as Biological Sciences and Clinical Psychology, and public health programs such as Health and Biomedical Informatics, Health Services and Outcomes Research, Epidemiology, and Translational Outcomes Science
- Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT)
- Master of Medical Science (MMSc) in Physician Assistant Studies
- Master of Public Health (MPH)
- Master of Science (MS) in programs such as Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Clinical Investigation, Genetic Counseling, Regulatory Compliance, or Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety
- Master of Medical Informatics (MMI)
- Master of Prosthetics and Orthotics (MPO)
Additionally, the school offers a BS/MD degree through the Honors Program in Medical Education (HPME), a seven-year combined undergraduate and medical school program.
Research
According to public financial data for Feinberg, support for competitive research grants from all external sources totaled $470,983,171 in academic year 2016-2017.[23] In 2016, Feinberg ranked 16th for NIH funding among American medical schools.[24] The medical school houses more than 30 Core Facilities, including a Bioinformatics Consulting Core, Genomics Core and Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Core.[25]
Faculty in the Research program at Feinberg study and mentor in a range of areas, including cancer biology, cell biology, chemical biology, drug discovery, developmental biology, evolutionary biology, genetics, genomics, medical biology, immunology, microbial pathogenesis, neurobiology, pharmacology, structural biology, biochemistry, epidemiology, behavioral sciences, preventive medicine, epidemiology, health outcomes, quality improvement, and translational sciences.
Recent Growth
In 2015, the University broke ground on a new research building on the Chicago campus [26]'. The new building will be connected to the existing Robert H. Lurie Medical Research Center. Northwestern’s plans include 300,000 to 500,000 square feet of research space with eventual build-out of approximately 1.2 million square feet. Additionally, more than 250,000 square feet of space in existing campus buildings will be converted to new laboratory space.[27]
Nobel Laureates
- John Eccles, an Australian neurophysiologist and philosopher, received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin for their fundamental work on the synapse. Eccles was a professor at Feinberg from 1966 to 1968.
- Robert Furchgott, a graduate of the class of 1940, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998 for his co-discovery of the role of nitric oxide as a signaling molecule.[28]
- Ferid Murad, an American pharmacologist and cell biologist, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998, along with Robert F. Furchgott and Louis J. Ignarro, for demonstrating that nitroglycerin and related drugs worked by releasing nitric oxide into the body, which relaxed smooth muscle by elevating intracellular cyclic GMP. Murad was an adjunct professor at Feinberg from 1988 to 1998.
Rankings
In 2018, Feinberg was ranked 20th among American medical research schools by U.S. News & World Report.[29] The school is ranked 16th in the National Institutes of Health funding rankings among all American Medical Schools.[30]
The school's major affiliated teaching hospitals rank in U.S. News and World Report's Best Hospitals 2017-2018 as follows:[31]
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, ranked 1st in the nation for physical medicine and rehabilitation hospitals
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, ranked 7th in the nation for children's hospitals
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, ranked 13th in the nation of America's Best Hospitals
Notable alumni
- Mary Harris Thompson, Class of 1870, ad eundem, first female surgeon in Chicago and first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital. Founder of the Mary Thompson Hospital[32]
- Roswell Park, Class of 1876, surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY, is named[33]
- Franklin H. Martin, Class of 1880, founder of the American College of Surgeons and founding editor of Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics[34]
- John Addison Fordyce, Class of 1881, American dermatologist whose name is associated with Fordyce's spot, Angiokeratoma of Fordyce, Brooke–Fordyce trichoepithelioma, Fordyce's disease, Fordyce's lesion, and Fox–Fordyce disease
- Daniel Hale Williams, Class of 1883, performed the first successful pericardial heart surgery in America; only African-American charter member of the American College of Surgeons
- Charles Horace Mayo, Class of 1888, founder of Mayo Clinic
- Carlos Montezuma, Class of 1889, one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school, and founder of the Society of American Indians
- Joseph Bolivar DeLee, Class of 1891, among the first American physicians to specialize in obstetrics and gynecology, author of major textbook, Principles and Practice of Obstetrics, for seven editions
- Anne Hazen McFarland, Class of 1891 Woman's Medical College, physician specializing in neurology, medical journal editor[35][36]
- Isaac Arthur Abt, Class of 1891, among the first American physicians to specialize in pediatrics, author of the major pediatric textbook of the first decades of the 20th century[37]
- George E. Hoyt, Class of 1892, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and the Wisconsin State Senate
- Howard T. Ricketts, Class of 1897, discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever[38]
- Henry Stanley Plummer, Class of 1898, internist, endocrinologist and one of the founding partners of the Mayo Clinic. Considered to be the architect of the modern medical practice. The Plummer Building on the Mayo Clinic campus was named after him, as were Plummer-Vinson Syndrome and Plummer’s nails.
- Allen B. Kanavel, Class of 1899, founder, regent, and president of the American College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery[39]
- Julius Hess, Class of 1899, a pediatrician considered the father of American neonatology. In 1922, he published the first textbook on prematurity and birth defects, and started the first premature infant station in the United States.
- Loyal E. Davis, Class of 1918, American neurosurgeon, Chairman of the Department of Surgery at Northwestern University Medical School, President of the American College of Surgeons, and adoptive father of former First Lady of the United States Nancy Reagan[40]
- Theodore K. Lawless, Class of 1919, African-American dermatologist and philanthropist; advanced the treatment of leprosy and syphilis
- Alfred Bitini Xuma, Class of 1926, surgeon in Johannesburg and later president (1940–49) of the African National Congress, preceding Nelson Mandela. The first black South African to graduate from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (1932)[41]
- J. Roscoe Miller, Class of 1930, president, Northwestern University 1949-1969; dean, Northwestern University Medical School, 1941-1949
- William S. Kroger, Class of 1931, pioneer in the use of hypnosis in medicine and co-founder and founder of medical societies and academies dedicated to furthering psychosomatic medicine and medical hypnosis.
- Roger W. Robinson, Class of 1935, a cardiologist who recognized the role of cholesterol and diet in atherosclerotic heart disease and later demonstrated that heparin prevents arterial clots.
- John Patrick Spiegel, Class of 1939, American psychiatrist, and expert on violence and combat stress and the 103rd president of the American Psychiatric Association.
- Robert F. Furchgott, Class of 1940, 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide
- Cheddi Jagan, Class of 1946: President of Guyana from 1992–1997
- Ralph S. Paffenbarger, Class of 1947, epidemiologist, leader of the College Alumni Health Study in the 1960s, which established the health benefits of exercise, considered the father of the modern fitness movement
- Quentin D. Young, Class of 1947, leader in public health policy and medical and social justice issues; founded Physicians for a National Health Program and co-founded the Medical Committee for Human Rights,
- Kermit E. Krantz, Class of 1948, Distinguished University Professor of Medicine, University of Kansas. Developed the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz (MMK) and invented the expandable tampon. Namesake of the Arey/Krantz Museum of Anatomy at the Feinberg School of Medicine.
- John A. D. Cooper, Class of 1951, first president of the Association of American Medical Colleges
- Thomas E. Starzl, Class of 1952, performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004
- Joseph P. Kerwin, first physician in space, flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA
- Edmond I. Eger II, MD, Class of 1955, developed the potency concept of minimum alveolar concentration for anesthetic gasses. He also identified opportunities for new drugs to be used as anesthesia, including isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane.[42][43]
- Alan R. Nelson, Class of 1958, president of the American Medical Association (1989–90) and the World Medical Association (1991–92)
- Robert Michels, Class of 1958, a psychiatrist who became chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Weill-Cornell Medical College in 1974, served as Chairman of the Payne-Whitney Psychiatric Clinic in Manhattan for 17 years, and then served as Dean and Provost at Cornell from 1991-1996
- Myles Cunningham, Class of 1958, president of the American Cancer Society, 1997
- Sandra F. Olson, Class of 1963, GME 1969, first woman president of American Academy of Neurology, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society, and the Chicago Neurological Society
- Irun Cohen, Class of 1963, immunologist at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel.
- Joseph Silva, Class of 1966, dean, University of California–Davis School of Medicine, 1997-2005
- Eugene A. Bauer, Class of 1967, vice president for medical affairs and dean, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1995-2001
- Jay Perman, Class of 1972, president, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 2010 – present, dean, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 2004-2010
- C. Richard Schlegel, Class of 1972, developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) (administered as Gardasil) to prevent cervical cancer[44]
- David J. Skorton, Class of 1974, president of the University of Iowa 2003-2006, president of Cornell University 2006-2015, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 2015–present
- Joseph A. Walder, Class of 1975, founder and CEO of Integrated DNA Technologies, the largest supplier of custom nucleic acids in the United States
- Francisco González-Scarano, Class of 1975, neurologist working on the neurotropism of viruses, and dean of the University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio, Texas
- Diane E. Meier, Class of 1977, American geriatrician, MacArthur Fellow, and internationally recognized expert on palliative medicine
- Steven J. Corwin, Class of 1979, president and CEO of The New York and Presbyterian Hospital[45]
- Ora Hirsch Pescovitz, Class of 1979, former executive vice president for medical affairs, University of Michigan; CEO, University of Michigan Health System, president of Oakland University
- Andrew E. Senyei, Class of 1979, inventor, venture capitalist, and entrepreneur, founder of biotech and genetics companies
- Deborah Asnis, Class of 1981, infectious disease specialist, discovered and reported first human cases of West Nile virus in the United States.[46]
- David J. Smith, Class of 1981, Read Admiral, joint staff surgeon/chief medical advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; United States delegate to the North American Treaty Organization Council of Medical Directors
- Boris Lushniak, Class of 1981, Rear Admiral, deputy U.S. Surgeon General
- Michael Parmacek, Class of 1981, chair of the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
- James P. Kelly, Class of 1983, director, National Intrepid Center of Excellence
- Peter G. Traber, Class of 1984, president, Baylor College of Medicine, 2003-2008
- Michael Barratt, Class of 1985, NASA mission specialist, 2000–present; member International Space Station Expeditions 19 and 20, 2009; on final flight of Discovery 2011 STS 133.
- Harold Paz, GME 1985 and 1986, vice president and dean, Penn State Hershey Medical College
- Debi Thomas, Class of 1997: 1988 Olympic Figure Skating Bronze Medalist and orthopedic surgeon
References
- ↑ "About the Endowment". Northwestern University website. Northwestern University. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ↑ "Welcome from the Dean : Feinberg School of Medicine: Feinberg School of Medicine: Northwestern University". Feinberg.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ↑ "Faculty Overview". Northwestern University. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ↑ "Our StudentsFeinberg School of Medicine: Feinberg School of Medicine: Northwestern University". Feinberg.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ↑ "Best Medical Schools | Research Rankings | Top Medical Schools for Research | US News Best Graduate Schools". Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
- ↑ "Then & Now". 2008 Annual Report. Northwestern University. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ↑ "Revenues and Expenditures: Market Value of Endowments by Type". Year: 2012. AAMC. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ↑ Herman, Bob (July 18, 2016). "Suburban expansion fuels Northwestern Memorial's finances". Crain's Chicago Business. Crain's. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "About Feinberg". Feinberg web site. Northwestern University. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ↑ Jones, Samuel J. (1896). History of Northwestern University Medical School (Chicago Medical College). In: Medical and dental colleges of the West. Chicago: Oxford Pub. Co. p. 162.
- ↑ "Our History 1901-1920". Northwestern University. Northwestern University. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ↑ Arey, Leslie B. (1979). Northwestern University Medical School 1859-1979. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University. p. 53.
- ↑ Arey, Leslie B. (1979). Northwestern University Medical School, 1859-1979 (PDF). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University. p. 223.
- ↑ Smith, Avis; Marie J. Mergler; et al. (1896). Eliza H. Root; H. G. Cutler, eds. Woman's Medical School, Northwestern University: (Woman's Medical College of Chicago): the institution and its founders: class histories, 1870-1896. Chicago: H.G. Cutler.
- ↑ "Our History 1901-1920". Northwestern University. Northwestern University. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ↑ "Med school docs join Northwestern Memorial". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ↑ Wang, Andrew (2013-02-19). "ChicagoBusiness.com". N'western Memorial gives largest grant to namesake university. Crain's. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ↑ Dunne, Nora. "Groundbreaking Launches Simpson-Querrey Biomedical Research Center". Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine News Center. Northwestern University. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
- ↑ "Three Northwestern Medicine Hospitals Ranked Among "America's Best Hospitals" by U.S. News & World Report - Media Relations - Northwestern Medicine". News.nm.org. 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ↑ "Best Hospitals National Rankings". US News & World Report. August 8, 2017.
- ↑ "Entering Class Profile". Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ↑ Thomas, John X., Jr.; Green, Marianne; Sanguino, Sandra; Curry, Raymond H. (September 2010). "Northwestern University The Feinberg School of Medicine". Academic Medicine. 85 (9): S211–S214. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181e8da5d. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ↑ "Research Facts". Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Northwestern University. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ↑ "NIH Reporter". NIH Reporter. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ↑ "Feinberg School of Medicine Cores Program". Northwestern University. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ↑ Neamt, Ioana. "Northwestern Breaks Ground on New Biomedical Research Center in Streeterville". Commercial Property Executive. Commercial Property Executive. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- ↑ "Northwestern Medicine Plans $1B Research Investment: Northwestern University News". Northwestern.edu. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ↑ Rabelink AJ (December 1998). "Nobelprijs Geneeskunde en Fysiologie 1998 vanwege de betekenis van stikstofmonoxide als signaalmolecuul" [Nobel prize in Medicine and Physiology 1998 for the discovery of the role of nitric oxide as a signalling molecule]. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde (in Dutch). 142 (52): 2828–30. PMID 10065255. INIST:9912174.
- ↑ "Best Medical Schools: Research". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ↑ Roskoski, Jr., Robert. "Ranking Tables of NIH Funding to US Medical Schools". Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research. Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ↑ "Best Hospitals". US News & World Report. U.S. News & World Report L.P. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ↑ Waite, Lucy (1904). Mary Harris Thompson, MD. Chicago: Beers & Co. pp. 57–62.
- ↑ Hill, Henry W. (1923). Municipality of Buffalo, New York: a History 1720-1923, v. IV. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co.
- ↑ "Portrait of Franklin H. Martin, MD, FACS (1857-1935)". Facs.org. 2005-05-01. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ↑ Bateman, Newton; Selby, Paul (1906). Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. 2 (Public domain ed.). Munsell Publishing Company.
- ↑ Watson, Irving Allison (1896). Physicians and Surgeons of America: (Illustrated). A Collection of Biographical Sketches of the Regular Medical Profession (Public domain ed.). Republican Press Association.
- ↑ Wiedemann HR (March 1993). "The pioneers of pediatric medicine. Isaac Arthur Abt (1867-1955)". European Journal of Pediatrics. 152 (3): 177. doi:10.1007/BF01956138. PMID 8444239.
- ↑ "Howard T. Ricketts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ↑ Phemister, Dallas (August 1938). "Allen B. Kanavel 1874–1938". Annals of Surgery. 108 (2): 161–162. doi:10.1097/00000658-193808000-00001.
- ↑ "Dr. Loyal Davis". loyaldavis.com. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ↑ Limb, Peter. "Xuma, Alfred Bitini (1893–1962), politician and physician in South Africa". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ↑ Grady, Denise. "Dr. Edmond Eger II, 86, Dies; Found Way to Make Anesthesia Safer". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ↑ "Giant of Anesthesia – Ted Eger – Has Passed Away". University of California, San Francisco. UCSF. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ↑ "Faculty Directory". Georgetown.edu. Georgetown University. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ↑ "Executive Profile". Bloomberg. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ↑ Roberts, Sam (2015-09-15). "Dr. Deborah Asnis, Who Sounded Alert on West Nile Virus Outbreak, Dies at 59". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-10-10.