Fall of Manerplaw

Fall of Manerplaw
Part of the Karen conflict
Date11 December 1994[1] – 27 January 1995[2][3]
(1 month, 2 weeks and 2 days)
LocationManerplaw, Kayin State, Myanmar
Result SLORC/DKBA victory
Territorial
changes		 Manerplaw is captured and occupied by the Tatmadaw and DKBA
Belligerents
Myanmar (SLORC)
DKBA		 Karen National Union
ABSDF
Commanders and leaders
Kyaw Than
Tun Hlaing
Maung Hla
U Thuzana
Pya Pya		 Bo Mya
Units involved

Tatmadaw

Karen National Liberation Army

  • 6th Battalion
  • 7th Battalion
Strength
4,000[1][2]–10,000[3]
400[3]		 Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown 10 killed, 50 wounded[2]
9,000[4]–10,000[5] civilians displaced

The Fall of Manerplaw occurred on 27 January 1995, when the village of Manerplaw was captured and occupied by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) and the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA). Manerplaw was the headquarters of two armed opposition groups, the Karen National Union (KNU) and the All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF).[2][1] The final military offensive by the Tatmadaw was met with little resistance, after the leadership of the DKBA provided the Tatmadaw with information on KNLA positions and tactics in Manerplaw.[2]

Background

The Karen people of Kayin State (also known as Karen State) in eastern Myanmar (also known as Burma) are the third largest ethnic group in Myanmar, consisting of 7% of the country's total population, and have fought for independence and self-determination since 1949.[6] The initial aim of the largest Karen opposition group, the Karen National Union (KNU), was to obtain independence for the Karen people. However, in 1976 they instead began to call for a federal union in Myanmar with fair Karen representation, and the self-determination of the Karen people.[7]

Up until the fall of Manerplaw, the village had been subjected to several military offensives by the Tatmadaw, and the surrounding area was the location of several alleged human right abuses by the military junta, including forced labour and extrajudicial punishment.[4]

Prelude

In December 1994, Buddhist and Christian factions of the Karen National Union (KNU) began to have disagreements on the construction of pagodas in Manerplaw. U Thuzana, a Karen Buddhist monk who ordered the construction and was then a member of the KNU, revolted against the organisation with others who were dissatisfied with the group's Christian-dominated leadership.[1] On 11 December 1994, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) clashed with Buddhist dissidents in Manerplaw. This ultimately led to a split in the KNU and the establishment of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) on 21 December 1994.[1][3] U Thuzana later brokered a deal with Major General Maung Hla, the southeastern regional commander of the Myanmar Army, and attempted to persuade Karen villagers to evacuate to DKBA protected refugee camps. U Thuzana also attempted to persuade Buddhist soldiers of the KNLA to defect to the DKBA and assist the Tatmadaw.[2]

Tatmadaw/DKBA offensive

In January 1995, 4,000[1][2] to 10,000[3] Tatmadaw and Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) soldiers advanced towards Manerplaw, capturing several nearby villages. The Min Yaw Kee ridge, which in 1992 had been fiercely defended by the KNLA, was captured without a single shot being fired. Soldiers from the DKBA assisted the Tatmadaw by providing information on KNLA positions and guiding them through the jungle to Manerplaw.[2] As the Tatmadaw and DKBA approached Manerplaw, an estimated 9,000[4] to 10,000[5] civilians fled from the village and its surrounding area, including from nearby refugee camps.

When the Tatmadaw and DKBA finally moved into Manerplaw on 27 January 1995, the leadership of the KNU ordered their soldiers to retreat and to raze the village;[3] the roughly 3,000 inhabitants of Manerplaw had already been evacuated by then.[8]

Aftermath

The battle generated an estimated 9,000[4] to 10,000[5] refugees, most of whom fled to refugee camps on the Myanmar–Thailand border. After capturing Manerplaw, the Tatmadaw advanced towards nearby villages it previously could not reach, eventually reaching the southern KNU stronghold of Kawmoora, which fell to Tatmadaw soldiers on 21 February 1995.[9]

A direct consequence of the fall of Manerplaw and its aftermath was that the KNU lost most of its income derived from local tax revenue, logging deals and cross-border trade, as the Tatmadaw captured several border towns.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Whither KNU?". www.hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "The Fall of Manerplaw. KHRG Commentary February 1995". KHRG. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Politics of Pressure: The 1990's and the Fall of Manerplaw". www.ibiblio.org. The Museum of Karen History and Culture. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Burma: Abuses Linked to the Fall of Manerplaw". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Smith, Martin John (1991). Burma: insurgency and the politics of ethnicity (2. impr. ed.). London: Zed Books. pp. 283–284. ISBN 0862328683.
  6. ↑ Smith, Martin (1991). Burma : insurgency and the politics of ethnicity (2. impr. ed.). London: Zed Books. ISBN 0862328683.
  7. ↑ "About | Official Karen National Union Webpage".
  8. ↑ "The history of Kawthoolei (Karen State): The KNU to fall of Manerplaw". Hartford Web Publishing. 1995. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  9. ↑ "Karen stronghold falls to the Burmese junta". Reuters. 21 February 1995.
  10. ↑ South, Ashley (2011). Burma’s Longest war. Anatomy of the Karen conflict. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Transnational Institute and Burma Center Netherlands. pp. 10, 14 and 16.

Coordinates: 17°43′30″N 97°44′06″E / 17.725°N 97.735°E / 17.725; 97.735

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.