Dictyoptera

Dictyoptera
Temporal range: Carboniferous–Recent 300–0 Ma
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Clade:Euarthropoda
Class:Insecta
(unranked):Polyneoptera
Superorder:Dictyoptera
Orders

Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
Mantodea (mantids)
†Alienoptera

Zebra Cockroach, a Temnopteryx species, family Ectobiidae
Termite queen with soldiers

Dictyoptera (from Greek δίκτυον diktyon "net" and πτερόν pteron "wing") is an insect superorder that includes two extant orders of polyneopterous insects: the order Blattodea (termites and cockroaches together)[1]) and the order Mantodea (mantises), along with one extinct order, the Alienoptera. While all modern Dictyoptera have short ovipositors, the oldest fossils of Dictyoptera have long ovipositors, much like members of the Orthoptera.

Classification and phylogeny

The use of the term Dictyoptera has changed over the years, and while largely out of use for much of the last century, it is becoming more widely used. It has usually been considered a superorder, with Isoptera, Blattodea and Mantodea being its three orders. In some classifications, however, Dictyoptera is shifted to order status and in others the class Isoptera has been subsumed under Blattodea while retaining Dictyoptera as a superorder. Regardless, in all classifications the constituent groups are the same, just treated at different rank. Termites and cockroaches are very closely related, with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus Cryptocercus.[2][3]

Based on genetic evidence, the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids and the enigmatic groups Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea. If the Dictyoptera are considered a superorder these three orders might be included in it.[4]

Evolutionary relationships based on Eggleton, Beccaloni & Inward (2007), are shown in the cladogram:[5] The cockroach families Lamproblattidae and Tryonicidae are not shown but are placed within the superfamily Blattoidea. The cockroach families Corydiidae and Ectobiidae were previously known as the Polyphagidae and Blattellidae.[6]

Dictyoptera

 

Blattodea

 

Blattoidea

Termitoidae (Termites)

 

 

 

 

Termitidae

 
 

Rhinotermitidae

 
 
 

Kalotermitidae

 
 
 

 

Termopsidae

 
 

Hodotermitidae

 
 
 
 

Mastotermitidae

 
 
Cryptocercoidae

Cryptocercidae (brown-hooded cockroaches)

 
 
 

Blattidae (Oriental, American and other cockroaches)

 
 
Blaberoidea

 

 

Blaberidae (Giant cockroaches)

 
 

Ectobiidae (part)

 
 
 

Ectobiidae (part)

 
 
 
Corydiodea

 

Corydiidae (Sand cockroaches, etc)

 
 

Nocticolidae (Cave cockroaches, etc)

 
 
 
 

 

Mantodea (Mantises)

 
 

†Alienoptera

 
 
 
Praying mantis in defense position.
Deimatic behaviour of the mantis Oxyopsis sp.

References

  1. ↑ Beccaloni, G. W. 2014. Cockroach Species File Online. Version 5.0 World Wide Web electronic publication.
  2. ↑ Lo et al., 2000
  3. ↑ Legendre, Frederic; et al. (2015). "Phylogeny of Dictyoptera: Dating the Origin of Cockroaches, Praying Mantises and Termites with Molecular Data and Controlled Fossil Evidence". PLOS ONE. 10: e0130127. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130127. PMC 4511787. PMID 26200914.
  4. ↑ Cameron et al., 2006
  5. ↑ Eggleton, P., Beccaloni, G. & Inward, D. 2007. Invited reply: Response to Lo et al. Biology Letters, 3(5): 564–565 [Published online 14 August 2007. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0367]
  6. ↑ Beccaloni, G. W.; Eggleton, P. (2011). "Order Blattodea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness". Zootaxa. 3148: 199–200.

Sources

  • Cameron, Stephen L.; Barker, Stephen C. & Whiting, Michael F. (2006): Mitochondrial genomics and the new insect order Mantophasmatodea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.020 (HTML abstract)
  • Lo, N.; Tokuda, G.; Watanabe, H.; Rose, H.; Slaytor, M.; Maekawa, K.; Bandi, C.; Noda, H. (2000). "Evidence from multiple gene sequences indicates that termites evolved from wood-feeding cockroaches". Current Biology. 10 (13): 801–804. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00561-3. PMID 10898984.
  • Inward, D.; Beccaloni, G.; Eggleton, P. (2007). "Death of an order: a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study confirms that termites are eusocial cockroaches" (PDF). Biology Letters. 3: 331–335. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0102. PMC 2464702. PMID 17412673.
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