Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation
| Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation | |
|---|---|
| Range |
U+12400..U+1247F (128 code points) |
| Plane | SMP |
| Scripts | Cuneiform |
| Symbol sets |
Numeric signs Fractions Punctuation |
| Assigned | 116 code points |
| Unused | 12 reserved code points |
| Unicode version history | |
| 5.0 | 103 (+103) |
| 7.0 | 116 (+13) |
| Note: [1][2] | |
In Unicode, the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script is covered in three blocks in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP):
- U+12000–U+123FF Cuneiform
- U+12400–U+1247F Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation
- U+12480–U+1254F Early Dynastic Cuneiform
The sample glyphs in the chart file published by the Unicode Consortium[3] show the characters in their Classical Sumerian form (Early Dynastic period, mid 3rd millennium BCE). The characters as written during the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE, the era during which the vast majority of cuneiform texts were written, are considered font variants of the same characters.
Organization
The final proposal for Unicode encoding of the script was submitted by two cuneiform scholars working with an experienced Unicode proposal writer in June 2004.[4] The base character inventory is derived from the list of Ur III signs compiled by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative of UCLA based on the inventories of Miguel Civil, Rykle Borger (2003), and Robert Englund. Rather than opting for a direct ordering by glyph shape and complexity, according to the numbering of an existing catalogue, the Unicode order of glyphs was based on the Latin alphabetic order of their 'main' Sumerian transliteration as a practical approximation.
Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation block
- See also list of cuneiform signs.
The following table allows matching of Borger's 1981 and 2003 numbering with Unicode characters [5] The "primary" transliteration column has the glyphs' Sumerian values as given by the official glyph name, slightly modified here for legibility by including traditional assyriological symbols such as "x" rather than "TIMES". The exact Unicode names can be unambiguously recovered by prefixing, "CUNEIFORM [NUMERIC] SIGN", replacing "TIMES" for "x", "PLUS" for "+" and "OVER" for "/", "ASTERISK" for "*", "H" for "Ḫ", "SH" for "Š", and switching to uppercase.
| Sign | Code point | Name | Borger (2003) | Borger (1981) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𒐀 | U+12400 | two AŠ | 002 | 2 | 2, = U+1212C |
| 𒐁 | U+12401 | three AŠ | 004 | 3, EŠ6 | |
| 𒐂 | U+12402 | four AŠ | 215 | 124,42 | 4, LIMMU2, LIMM2, TAB.TAB |
| 𒐃 | U+12403 | five AŠ | 216 | 5, IA7, TAB.TAB.AŠ | |
| 𒐄 | U+12404 | six AŠ | 217 | 6, AŠ4, TAB.TAB.TAB | |
| 𒐅 | U+12405 | seven AŠ | 218 | 7, IMIN2, TAB.TAB.TAB.AŠ | |
| 𒐆 | U+12406 | eight AŠ | 219 | 8, USSU2, TAB.TAB.TAB.TAB | |
| 𒐇 | U+12407 | nine AŠ | 220 | 9, ILIMMU2, TAB.TAB.TAB.TAB.AŠ | |
| 𒐈 | U+12408 | three DIŠ | 834 | 593 | 180, EŠ5 |
| 𒐉 | U+12409 | four DIŠ | 851; 852; 853 | 316 | 240, ZA, LIMMU5, NIGIDALIMMU, = U+1235D |
| 𒐊 | U+1240A | five DIŠ | 861 | 598a | 300, IA2 |
| 𒐋 | U+1240B | six DIŠ | 862 | 598b | 360, AŠ3 |
| 𒐌 | U+1240C | seven DIŠ | 863 | 598c | 420 |
| 𒐍 | U+1240D | eight DIŠ | 864 | 598d | 480 |
| 𒐎 | U+1240E | nine DIŠ | 540 | ||
| 𒐏 | U+1240F | four U | 713 | 474 | 40, NIMIN |
| 𒐐 | U+12410 | five U | 714 | 475 | 50, NINNU |
| 𒐑 | U+12411 | six U | 715 | 476 | 60 |
| 𒐒 | U+12412 | seven U | 716 | 477 | 70 |
| 𒐓 | U+12413 | eight U | 717 | 478 | 80 |
| 𒐔 | U+12414 | nine U | 718 | 479 | 90 |
| 𒐕 | U+12415 | one GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐖 | U+12416 | two GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐗 | U+12417 | three GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐘 | U+12418 | four GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐙 | U+12419 | five GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐚 | U+1241A | six GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐛 | U+1241B | seven GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐜 | U+1241C | eight GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐝 | U+1241D | nine GEŠ2 | |||
| 𒐞 | U+1241E | one GEŠU | 824 | 534 | GEŠ2.U; 600 or 70 |
| 𒐟 | U+1241F | two GEŠU | 1200 or 80 | ||
| 𒐠 | U+12420 | three GEŠU | 1800 or 90 | ||
| 𒐡 | U+12421 | four GEŠU | 2400 or 100 | ||
| 𒐢 | U+12422 | five GEŠU | 3000 or 110 | ||
| 𒐣 | U+12423 | two ŠAR2 | |||
| 𒐤 | U+12424 | three ŠAR2 | |||
| 𒐥 | U+12425 | three ŠAR2 variant form | |||
| 𒐦 | U+12426 | four ŠAR2 | |||
| 𒐧 | U+12427 | five ŠAR2 | |||
| 𒐨 | U+12428 | six ŠAR2 | |||
| 𒐩 | U+12429 | seven ŠAR2 | |||
| 𒐪 | U+1242A | eight ŠAR2 | |||
| 𒐫 | U+1242B | nine ŠAR2 | |||
| 𒐬 | U+1242C | one ŠARU | 653 | 409 | 36,000 |
| 𒐭 | U+1242D | two ŠARU | 72,000 | ||
| 𒐮 | U+1242E | three ŠARU | 108,000 | ||
| 𒐯 | U+1242F | three ŠARU variant form | 108,000 | ||
| 𒐰 | U+12430 | four ŠARU | 144,000 | ||
| 𒐱 | U+12431 | five ŠARU | 180,000 | ||
| 𒐲 | U+12432 | ŠAR2 x GAL.DIŠ | 651 | 408 | 216,000 |
| 𒐳 | U+12433 | ŠAR2 x GAL.MIN | 652 | 408 | 432,000 |
| 𒐴 | U+12434 | one BURU | 662 | 350,8 | U gunû |
| 𒐵 | U+12435 | two BURU | |||
| 𒐶 | U+12436 | three BURU | |||
| 𒐷 | U+12437 | three BURU variant form | |||
| 𒐸 | U+12438 | four BURU | |||
| 𒐹 | U+12439 | five BURU | |||
| 𒐺 | U+1243A | EŠ16 | 505 | 3, = U+1203C | |
| 𒐻 | U+1243B | EŠ21 | 210 | 3 | |
| 𒐼 | U+1243C | LIMMU | 859; 860 | 4, NIG2, GAR, NINDA | |
| 𒐽 | U+1243D | LIMMU4 | 506 | 4 | |
| 𒐾 | U+1243E | ||||
| 𒐿 | U+1243F | ||||
| 𒑀 | U+12440 | AŠ9 | 536 | 6, EŠ16.EŠ16 | |
| 𒑁 | U+12441 | IMIN3 | 537 | 7, UMUN9 | |
| 𒑂 | U+12442 | IMIN | 863 | 7 | |
| 𒑃 | U+12443 | IMIN variant form | 866 | 7 | |
| 𒑄 | U+12444 | USSU | 867 | 8 | |
| 𒑅 | U+12445 | USSU3 | 538 | 8 | |
| 𒑆 | U+12446 | ILIMMU | 868 | 9 | |
| 𒑇 | U+12447 | ILIMMU3 | 539 | 9, EŠ16.EŠ16.EŠ16 | |
| 𒑈 | U+12448 | ILIMMU4 | 577 | 9 | |
| 𒑉 | U+12449 | DIŠ / DIŠ / DIŠ | 865v | 9 | |
| 𒑊 | U+1244A | two AŠ tenû | 593 | ||
| 𒑋 | U+1244B | three AŠ tenû | 629 | ||
| 𒑌 | U+1244C | four AŠ tenû | 854 | 379; 380 | ZA tenû, ERIM tenû |
| 𒑍 | U+1244D | five AŠ tenû | |||
| 𒑎 | U+1244E | six AŠ tenû | |||
| 𒑏 | U+1244F | one BAN2 | 122 | = U+12047 | |
| 𒑐 | U+12450 | two BAN2 | |||
| 𒑑 | U+12451 | three BAN2 | |||
| 𒑒 | U+12452 | four BAN2 | |||
| 𒑓 | U+12453 | four BAN2 variant form | |||
| 𒑔 | U+12454 | five BAN2 | |||
| 𒑕 | U+12455 | five BAN2 variant form | |||
| 𒑖 | U+12456 | NIGIDAMIN | 847, 848 | ||
| 𒑗 | U+12457 | NIGIDAEŠ | 850 | ||
| 𒑘 | U+12458 | one EŠE3 | = U+12041, U+12300 | ||
| 𒑙 | U+12459 | two EŠE3 | = U+12049 | ||
| 𒑚 | U+1245A | one third | 826 | 571 | ŠUŠANA |
| 𒑛 | U+1245B | two thirds | 832 | 572 | |
| 𒑜 | U+1245C | five sixths | 838 | 573 | KINGUSILA |
| 𒑝 | U+1245D | one third variant form | |||
| 𒑞 | U+1245E | two thirds variant form | |||
| 𒑟 | U+1245F | one eighth | |||
| 𒑠 | U+12460 | one quarter | |||
| 𒑡 | U+12461 | Old Assyrian one sixth | 630 | Kültepe only | |
| 𒑢 | U+12462 | Old Assyrian one quarter | |||
| 𒑰 | U+12470 | Old Assyrian word divider | |||
| 𒑱 | U+12471 | vertical colon | 592 | Glossenkeil | |
| 𒑲 | U+12472 | diagonal colon | 592 | Glossenkeil | |
| 𒑳 | U+12473 | diagonal tricolon | |||
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation block:
| Version | Final code points[lower-alpha 1] | Count | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5.0 | U+12400..12462, 12470..12473 | 103 | L2/00-128 | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2000-03-01), Scripts from the Past in Future Versions of Unicode | |
| L2/00-153 | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2000-04-26), Further comments on historic scripts | ||||
| L2/00-398 | Snyder, Dean (2000-11-07), Cuneiform: From Clay Tablet to Computer | ||||
| L2/00-419 | N2297 | Everson, Michael (2000-11-20), Legacy cuneiform font implementations and the ICE project | |||
| L2/03-162 | N2585 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen (2003-05-25), Basic principles for the encoding of Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform | |||
| L2/03-415 | N2545 | Snyder, Dean (2003-11-01), Proposal to Encode the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform Script in the UCS | |||
| L2/03-393R | N2664R | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2003-11-03), Preliminary proposal to encode Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS | |||
| L2/03-416 | Anderson, Lloyd (2003-11-03), The Cuneiform Encoding Proposal -- a View of its Current Status | ||||
| L2/04-080 | Tinney, Steve (2004-01-24), Rationale for changes to N2664R | ||||
| L2/04-036 | N2698 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2004-01-29), Revised proposal to encode Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS | |||
| L2/04-041 | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-01-29), Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script | ||||
| L2/04-059 | Feuerherm, Karljürgen (2004-01-30), Short Response to L2/04-041 "Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script" | ||||
| L2/04-063 | Gewecke, Tom (2004-01-30), Re: Cuneiform at UTC | ||||
| L2/04-056 | Veldhuis, Niek (2004-01-31), Letter re "Cuneiform Unicode" | ||||
| L2/04-057 | Jones, Charles E. (2004-02-01), Letter re "Cuneiform" | ||||
| L2/04-058 | Michalowski, Piotr (2004-02-01), Letter re "cuneiform unicode" | ||||
| L2/04-064 | Cooper, Jerry (2004-02-01), Letter re "unicode proposal" | ||||
| L2/04-066 | Durusau, Patrick (2004-02-02), Letter re "Proposal N2698" | ||||
| L2/04-081 | Black, Jeremy (2004-02-02), Letter re "cuneiform Unicode proposal" | ||||
| L2/04-086 | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-02-03), Notes for verbal presentation to UTC meeting, 3 February 2004 | ||||
| L2/04-099 | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-02-09), Unification of cuneiform numbers | ||||
| L2/04-225 | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-06-07), Proposed modifications to introductory text of N2798 = L204-189 Proposal for Cuneiform Encoding | ||||
| L2/04-189 | N2786 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2004-06-08), Final proposal to encode Cuneiform script | |||
| L2/04-223R | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-06-11), Proposed modifications to delete and add signs to N2798 = L204-189 Proposal for Cuneiform Encoding | ||||
| L2/04-354 | McGowan, Rick (2004-09-20), Cuneiform Properties | ||||
| L2/05-135 | Tinney, Steve (2005-05-10), Corrections to N2786 | ||||
| L2/05-174 | Everson, Michael (2005-07-28), Irish comments on Cuneiform | ||||
| L2/12-328 | Anderson, Deborah (2012-10-16), Numeric value fixes for two cuneiform characters | ||||
| 7.0 | U+12463..1246E, 12474 | 13 | L2/12-002 | N4178R | Everson, Michael; Tinney, Steve (2012-01-16), Proposal for additions and corrections to Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform |
| L2/12-207R | N4277R | Everson, Michael; Tinney, Steve (2012-07-31), Proposal for additions and corrections to Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform | |||
| |||||
See also
References
- Rylke Borger, Assyrisch-Babylonische Zeichenliste, 2nd ed., Neukirchen-Vluyn (1981)
- Rylke Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster (2003). *Michael Everson, Karljürgen Feuerherm, Steve Tinney, "Final proposal to encode the Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS", ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2786 (2004).
- ↑ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
- ↑ "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
- ↑ Cuneiform Unicode.org chart (PDF)
- ↑ Unicode cuneiform
- ↑ (after Anderson's sign list)
External links
- cuneiformsigns.org by Lloyd Anderson
- Cuneiform Unicode.org chart (PDF)
- Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation Unicode.org chart (PDF)
Font packages
- Akkadian (reproduces the Sumerian (3rd millennium BC) glyphs given in the Unicode (reference chart), by George Douros.
- (in German) FreeIdgSerif (branched off FreeSerif), encodes some 390 Old Assyrian (2nd millennium BC) glyphs used in Hittite cuneiform.
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