Contrasting and categorization of emotions

Basic emotions

• William James in 1890 proposed four basic emotions: fear, grief, love, and rage, based on bodily involvement.^[5]
• Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.^[6] Wallace V. Friesen and Phoebe C. Ellsworth worked with him on the same basic structure.^[7]
• Richard and Bernice Lazarus in 1996 expanded the list to 15 emotions: aesthetic experience, anger, anxiety, compassion, depression, envy, fright, gratitude, guilt, happiness, hope, jealousy, love, pride, relief, sadness, and shame, in the book Passion and Reason.^[8][9]
• Psychologists identify 34 categories of emotion: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt, craving, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire and surprise.^[10] This was based on 2185 short videos intended to elicit a certain emotion. These were then modelled onto a "map" of emotions.^[11]

Contrasting basic emotions

A 2009 review^[12] of theories of emotion identifies and contrasts fundamental emotions according to three key criteria for mental experiences that:

1. have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain;
2. are a response to some event or object that is either real or imagined;
3. motivate particular kinds of behavior.

The combination of these attributes distinguishes emotions from sensations, feelings and moods.

HUMAINE's proposal for EARL

The emotion annotation and representation language (EARL) proposed by the Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion (HUMAINE) classifies 48 emotions.^[13]

Parrott's emotions by groups

A tree-structured list of emotions was described in Shaver et al. (1987),^[14] and also featured in Parrott (2001).^[15]

Plutchik's wheel of emotions

Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions. Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent.^[16]

In 1980, Robert Plutchik constructed diagram of emotions visualising eight basic emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation. The wheel was inspired by Plutchik's Ten Postulates^[17][18] Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).^[19][20][21] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust

Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger

Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust

Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ≠ Surprise

Emotions can be mild or intense;^[22] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Plutchik's wheel in Venn format

Jessica Hagy wrote on her blog that Plutchik's wheel of emotions gave a demonstration on emotions, but needed more levels of intensity in the emotion combinations. She observed that the wheel was a Venn diagram format, and expanded the primary dyads.^[23]

The Hourglass of Emotions

Advanced emotions formed from two sentic dimensions.

The 2012 book The Hourglass of Emotions was based on Robert Plutchik's model, but categorised the emotions into four sentic dimensions. It contrasted anger, anticipation, joy, and trust as positive emotions, and fear, surprise, sadness and disgust as negative.^[24]

,

The Book of Human Emotions

Tiffany Watt Smith listed 154 different worldwide emotions and feelings.^[25]

Mapping facial expressions

Scientists map twenty-one different facial emotions^{[27][28] [29]} expanded from Paul Ekman's six basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise: