Chuan Leekpai

Chuan Leekpai
MPCh MWM TCW
ชวน หลีกภัย
20th Prime Minister of Thailand
In office
9 November 1997 – 9 February 2001
Monarch Bhumibol Adulyadej
Preceded by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
Succeeded by Thaksin Shinawatra
In office
20 September 1992 – 13 July 1995
Monarch Bhumibol Adulyadej
Preceded by Anand Panyarachun
Succeeded by Banharn Silpa-archa
Leader of the Opposition in House of Representatives of Thailand
In office
11 March 2001 – 3 May 2003
Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra
Preceded by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
Succeeded by Banyat Bantadtan
In office
21 December 1996 – 8 November 1997
Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
Preceded by vacant
Succeeded by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
In office
4 August 1995 – 27 September 1996
Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-archa
Preceded by Banharn Silpa-archa
Succeeded by vacant
Minister of Defence
In office
14 November 1997 – 5 February 2001
Prime Minister himself
Preceded by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
Succeeded by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
Leader of the Democrat Party
In office
26 January 1991 – 4 May 2003
Preceded by Bhichai Rattakul
Succeeded by Banyat Bantadtan
Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives
In office
26 August 1990 – 9 December 1990
Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan
Preceded by Arnat Arpapirom
Succeeded by Narong Wongwan
In office
19 December 1981 – 19 March 1983
Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda
Preceded by Sanan Kachornprasart
Succeeded by Narong Wongwan
Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand
In office
1988–1989
Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan
Minister of Public Health
In office
4 August 1988 – 29 December 1989
Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda
Preceded by Arnat Arpapirom
Succeeded by Narong Wongwan
Speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand
In office
4 August 1986 – 29 April 1988
Preceded by Uthai Pimchaichon
Succeeded by Panja Kesornthong
Minister of Commerce
In office
11 March 1981 – 19 December 1981
Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda
Preceded by Punnami Poonnasri
Succeeded by Punnami Poonnasri
Minister of Justice
In office
3 March 1980 – 5 March 1981
Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda
Preceded by Sutham Patrakom
Succeeded by Marut Bunnag
In office
25 September 1976 – 6 October 1976
Prime Minister Seni Pramoj
Preceded by Prasit Kanchanawat
Succeeded by Sena Rattamalai
Minister to the Office of the Prime Minister
In office
21 April 1976 – 23 September 1976
Prime Minister Seni Pramoj
Preceded by Preeda Patthanathabut
Nipon Sasithorn
Succeeded by Surin Matdit
Nithipat Chaleechan
Personal details
Born (1938-07-28) 28 July 1938
Mueang Trang, Trang, Siam
Nationality Thai
Political party Democrat Party
Domestic partner Pakdiporn Sucharitakul
Children Surabot Leekpai
Alma mater Thammasat University
Profession Lawyer
Signature
Military service
Allegiance  Thailand
Service/branch Volunteer Defense Corps
Years of service 1993-2001
Rank VDC Gen.[1]

Chuan Leekpai (Thai: ชวน หลีกภัย, RTGS: Chuan Likphai, pronounced [t͡ɕʰūa̯n lìːk.pʰāj]; Chinese: 呂基文; born 28 July 1938 in Trang) was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 20 September 1992 to 19 May 1995 and again from 9 November 1997 to 9 February 2001. He is a third-generation Thai Chinese of Hokkien descent.[2][3] His father's name was Niyom Leekpai and his mother's name was Tuan Leekpai. Chuan Leekpai has nine siblings and is the third child in the family. At a young age, Chuan moved to the temple school at Wat Amarintraram in Bangkok where he lived for six years. He went on to study law at Thammasat University, Bangkok. After he was graduated, he worked as a lawyer and then as a politician. He has one son, Surabot Leekpai, with Pakdiporn Sujaritkul (his common-law wife).

As the leader of the Democrat Party, Chuan was elected in 1992 after the abortive coup by General Suchinda Kraprayoon, thus becoming Thailand's first prime minister to come to power without either aristocratic or military backing. His first administration consisted of a five party coalition of the Democrat, New Aspiration, Palang Dhamma, Social Action, and Social Unity Parties until he was defeated in the 1995 election, but assumed power in late-1997 following the fall of the Chavalit Yongchaiyudh administration, which was held responsible for the economic crisis that beset Thailand in 1997. Although criticised as a slow actor and allowing numerous corruption scandals, Chuan managed to meet factional demands and extend Thailand's social security system.[4]

First term (1992-1995)

In the aftermath of Bloody May, the Democrat Party won a plurality of seats in the September 1992 elections, with 79 seats, compared to the Chart Thai Party with 77 seats. Chuan formed a coalition government with the Phalang Dharma and Ekkaparb parties.

Key policies of Chuan's first administration included:

  • Engagement with Burma. As with all previous administrations, the Chuan government employed a policy of constructive engagement with the military government of Burma, provoking much criticism.[5]
  • Reforestation. A huge five million rai reforestation programme in honour of King Bhumibol's 50th anniversary of accession to the throne (1996) was initiated in 1994. The reforestation programme was officially declared a failure, with less than 40 percent of the target realised. The director-general of the RFD was suspended from his post for alleged corruption.[6]
  • Emphasis on national economic stability, decentralisation of the administrative powers to the rural provinces, fostering income, opportunity and economic development distribution to the regions.

The first Chuan administration fell when members of the cabinet were implicated in profiting from Sor Phor Kor 4-01 land project documents distributed in Phuket Province. Fierce public and press criticism and dissolution of parliament were the reasons for his administration's downfall.[7]

Second term (1997-2001)

With United States President Bill Clinton in Wellington, New Zealand at the APEC summit, 1999

Chuan became prime minister for the second time on 9 November 1997, replacing Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, with a shaky line-up of a six party coalition and 12 independent defectors from a seventh party, Prachakorn Thai. The ruling coalition increased its 20-seat majority in October 1998, by including the Chart Pattana Party.

Economic reform

Chuan's second government enacted several economic reforms for which it was severely criticised. Chuan's "bitter medicine" policies brought little economic relief in the years following the 1997 economic crisis, particularly at the grassroots level. Opinions emerged that the Democrats were only helping big financial institutions and making the country more dependent of foreign investors. Nevertheless, many of the reforms recommended by the IMF were in line with the policies of market economies such as Australia and New Zealand. The subsequent government's economic growth was based even more strongly on selling national assets and private organisations abroad such as the Shin Corporation, while most of its economic gains were built on the frugality of the Democrat policy platform. Thai Rak Thai painted the Democrats as having "open contempt" for the plight of the common Thai which set off a revenge vote against the party during the 2001 election, which gave a landslide victory to Thaksin Shinawatra.[8]

Human rights

Chuan's second government came under fire for the violent arrest of 223 villagers protesting the Pak Mun Dam. Historian Nidhi Iawsriwong noted that "the present situation is as worse as that of the May event (the bloody crackdown of anti-government protesters in 1992). We have a tyrannical government that is arrogant and not accountable to the public. This is dangerous because the government still sees itself as legitimate and claims that it is democratic. In fact, it is as brutal as the military government".[9]

In March 1999, Chuan nominated Thanom Kittikachorn to the post of honorary royal guard to King Bhumibol Adulyadej, provoking widespread criticism. Thanom turned down the appointment[10] Thanom was one of the "three tyrants" who ruled Thailand from 1963 to 1973 and ordered the massacre of pro-democracy students on 14 October 1973, after which he was ordered to step down and be exiled by King Bhumibol Adulyadej.

In April 2000, the editor in chief of the Chiang Mai daily newspaper Pak Nua was shot and seriously wounded in an attempted murder, but recovered. The editor believed that his repeated critical reporting on the government led to the assault.[11]

Corruption

Although generally regarded as relatively clean and honest when compared to other Thai administrations, Chuan's government found itself plagued with corruption scandals and rumours. Key cases of corruption included:

  • Rakkiat Sukhthana, Health Minister, was charged with taking a five million baht (US$125,000) bribe from a drug firm and forcing state hospitals to buy medicine at exorbitant prices. After being found guilty, he jumped bail and went into hiding.
  • Suthep Thaugsuban, Minister of Transport and Communications, whose brokering of illegal land deals caused the fall of the Chuan 1 government, was linked to abuse of funds in setting up a co-operative Surat Thani Province.[12]
  • The "edible fence" seed scandal, in which massive overpricing of seeds distributed to rural areas happened. The Deputy Minister of Agriculture was forced to resign.[13]
  • The Salween logging scandal, where up to 20,000 trees were felled illegally in the Salween forest in Mae Hong Son. Some of them turned up in the compound of the Democrat party's office in Phichit Province.[13]
  • Sanan Kajornprasart, Interior Minister, as well as eight other cabinet ministers were found to have understated their declared assets. Sanan was later barred by the Constitutional Court from politics for five years.[14]
  • Chuan himself was found by the National Counter-Corruption Commission to have undeclared shareholdings in a rural cooperative.[14]

Chuan stepped down as the Leader of Democrat Party in 2003.[15]

Royal decorations

Chuan has received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand:

Foreign decorations

References

  1. ↑ http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2536/D/020/1.PDF
  2. ↑ Chris Baker, Pasuk Phongpaichit. A History of Thailand. Cambridge University Press. back matter. ISBN 0-521-81615-7.
  3. ↑ (in Chinese) 泰国华裔地位高 出过好几任总理真正的一等公民
  4. ↑ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTHAILAND/Resources/Social-Monitor/1999jan.pdf
  5. ↑ The Asean Way to Human Rights and Democracy
  6. ↑ Thailand's Community Forest Bill: U-Turn or Roundabout in Forest Policy?
  7. ↑ Media and democratic transitions in Southeast Asia Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. by Duncan McCargo
  8. ↑ Shawn W. Crispin, Rodney Tasker (18 January 2001). "Thailand Incorporated". The Far Eastern Economic Review.
  9. ↑ focusweb.org
  10. ↑ "Forgiven? But not forgotten". Asiaweek.
  11. ↑ terrorismcentral.com
  12. ↑ atimes.com
  13. 1 2 Corruption: Is there any hope at all? Archived 25 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. by Pasuk Phongpaichit
  14. 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica
  15. ↑ https://sites.google.com/site/prawatinaykrathmntrithiy/home/prawati-phan-tarwc-tho-thaksin-chin-watr/prawati-nay-chwn-hlik-phay
Political offices
Preceded by
Anand Panyarachun		 Prime Minister of Thailand
1992–1995		 Succeeded by
Banharn Silpa-Archa
Preceded by
Chavalit Yongchaiyudh		 Prime Minister of Thailand
1997–2001		 Succeeded by
Thaksin Shinawatra
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