Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia

Chronological summary of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia against the Persian Empire of king Darius III, with indication of the countries/places visited or simply crossed, including the most important battles/sieges and the cities founded (Alexandrias). The events of the expedition are shown in chronological order. For each event is given, separated by ― : 1) Date of event, 2) Places/cities crossed, indicated by Ancient name (Present name, Country), 3) Regions, provinces or Persian satrapies of the places/cities crossed, with indication of their capital cities (where appropriate).

Expedition

DateEventSource
April 334 B.C.Departure of the expedition from Amphipolis (Greece)[1][2][3][4]
May 334Troy (Turkey)―Troades, capital city[1][2][3][4]
May 334Battle of the Granicus River (Biga Çay, near Dimetoka, Turkey)―Hellespontine Phrygia (capital city Dascylium (Ergili), captured by Parmenion)[1][2][3][4]
Jun 334Sardes (near Salihli, Turkey)―Lydia, capital city[1]
Jun 334Ephesus (Turkey)―Ionia[1]
Jul 334Siege of Miletus (Turkey)―Ionia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Sep 334Siege of Halicarnassus (Bodrum, Turkey)―Caria, capital city[1][2][3][4]
?Lycia (Turkey)―Lycia (capital city Xanthos)[1][2][3][4]
Dec 334Phaselis (near Kemer, Turkey)―Pamphylia[1][2][3][4]
?Termessos (Turkey)―Pamphylia
Jan 333Perge (modern Murtina, near Aksu, Turkey)―Pamphylia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
?Aspendos (near Serik, Turkey)―Pamphylia
?Side (near Manavgat, Turkey)―Pamphylia
?Kelainai (near Dinar, Turkey)―Pisidia (capital city Sagalassos)
Apr 333Gordion (Yassihöyük, near Polatli, Turkey)―Great Phrygia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
?Ankyra (Ankara, Turkey)―Cappadocia (capital city Comana (Kayseri))
?Cilician Gates (Turkey)―Cilicia
Sep 333Cydnos River (Tarsus Çayi River, Turkey )―Cilicia[1][2][3][4]
Sep 333Tarsus (Turkey)―Cilicia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Oct 333Soli (Mezetlu, west of Mersin, Turkey)―Cilicia[1][2][3][4]
Nov 333Battle of Issus, Pinarus River (Payas River, near Dörtyol, Turkey)―Cilicia[1][2][3][4]
Nov 333Alexandretta or Alexandria near Issus (Iskenderun, Turkey)―Cilicia[1][2][3][4]
Dec 333Aradus Island (Arwad, 3 km off the Syrian coastal town of Tartus, Syria)―Phoenicia(Syria)[1][2][3][4]
Jan 332Byblos (40 km north of Beirut, Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)[1][2][3][4]
Jan 332Sidon (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)[1][2][3][4]
Jan-July 332Siege of Tyre (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)[1][2][3][4]
?Damascus (Syria)―Syria, capital city
???Jerusalem (Israel)―Syria[1][2][3][4]
Sep 332Siege of Gaza (Palestine)―Syria[1][2][3][4]
Dec 332Pelusium (Port Said, Egypt)―Egypt[1][2][3][4]
Jan 331Memphis (Egypt)―Egypt, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Jan 331Alexandria (Egypt)―Egypt[1][2][3][4]
Feb 331Siwa, oracle (Egypt)―Egypt[1][2][3][4]
May 331Tyre (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)[1][2][3][4]
?Damascus (Syria)―Syria
?Alep (Syria)―Syria
Jul 331Thapsacus (Tipsah) (Dibsi Faray, Euphrates River, Syria)―Mesopotamia[1][2][3][4]
Jul 331Harran (Turkey)―Mesopotamia[1][2][3][4]
Jul 331Edessa or Urhai (Urfa, Turkey)―Mesopotamia[1][2][3][4]
Jul 331Tigris River (Iraq)―Mesopotamia[1][2][3][4]
Oct 331Battle of Gaugamela (Tel Gomel, Iraq)―Mesopotamia[1][2][3][4]
Oct 331Arbela (Arbil/Irbil, Iraq)―Mesopotamia (ancient Assyria), capital city[1][2][3][4]
Oct 331Babylon (on the Euphrates, Iraq)―Babylonia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Dec 331Susa (Iran)―Susiana (Elam), capital city[1][2][3][4]
?Battle of the Persian Gate (Darvazeh-ye Fars, northeast of Yasuj, Iran)―Persia
Jan 330Persepolis (Iran)―Persia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
?Pasargad (plain of Morghab, Iran)―Persia
Jun 330Deh Bid Pass (Zagros Range) to modern Yazd and Esfahan, Iran―Persia/Media[1][2][3][4]
Jun 330Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran)―Media, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Jun 330Rhagae (Rey, Iran)―Media[1][2][3][4]
Jun 330Caspian Gates (between modern Eyvanakey and Aradan or Tehran and Semnan, Iran, Media/Parthia border)―Media/Parthia[1][2][3][4]
Jul 330Alexander's detour from modern Semnan to the Dasht-e-Kavir desert (Iran)―Parthia [1]
Jul 330Thara (near Ahuan, between Semnan and Qusheh, Iran) where the Persian king Darius III was killed―Parthia[1][2][3][4]
Jul 330Hecatompylos (Shahrud, Iran)―Parthia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Jul 330Zadracarta―Hyrcania, largest city[1][2][3][4]
Aug 330Hyrcanian campaign (Caspian Sea/Elburz Range, Iran)―Hyrcania[1][2][3][4]
Sep 330Susia (Tus, near Mashhad, Iran)―Parthia[1][2][3][4]
?Nisa-Alexandroupolis (Bagir Village, 18 km southwest of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)???―Parthia
Sep 330Artacoana, Alexandria in Aria (Herat, Afghanistan)―Aria, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Oct 330Phrada, Alexandria Prophthasia (Farah, Afghanistan)―Drangiana, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Dec 330Alexandria in Arachosia (Kandahar, Afghanistan)―Arachosia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Winter 329Alexandria (Ghazni, Afghanistan)―Arachosia[1][2][3][4]
Apr 329Ortospana, Kabura (Kabul, Afghanistan)―Gandara[1][2][3][4]
Apr 329Cophen River (Kabul River, Afghanistan)―Gandara[1][2][3][4]
Apr 329Kapisa, Alexandria in the Caucasus (Bagram near Charikar, Afghanistan)―Gandara, capital city[1][2][3][4]
May 329Paropamisus (Hindu Kush, Afghanistan) (Paropamisus is the western part of Gandara)―Gandara[1][2][3][4]
May 329Khawak Pass (leading from Badakhshan to Panjshir valley, 100 km northeast of Kabul, Afghanistan)―Gandara[1][2][3][4]
May 329Drapsaca (Konduz/Kondoz or Qonduz/Qondoz, Afghanistan)―Bactria[1][2][3][4]
May 329Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria, capital city[1][2][3][4]
May 329Oxus River (Gozan, (Amudar'ja River, Afghanistan/Uzbekistan border)[1][2][3][4]
May 329Alexandria Tarmita (Termez/Termiz, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia (or Transoxiana)[1][2][3][4]
Jun 329Nautaca (Uzunkir, near Shakhrisabz, between Samarkand and Karshi, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Jun 329Maracanda (Samarkand, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Jul 329Jaxartes River (Syrdar'ya River) and Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Jul 329Fergana Valley with 7 Achaemenid cities-fortresses, among which Cyropolis or Cyreschata/Kurushkatha (Uroteppa, Tajikistan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Jul 329Alexandria Eschate (Leninabad, Khodzent, Khudzhand or Hudzand, Tajikistan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Oct 329Sogdians and Scythians Massagetes (Spitamenes' revolt) (north of Jaxartes River)[1][2][3][4]
Nov 329Maracanda (Samarkand, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Nov 329Tribactra (Bukhara, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Nov 329Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria[1][2][3][4]
Spring 328Alexandria Oxiane/on the Oxus (perhaps Ai Khanum/Ay Khanom???) (confluence of the Amudar'ja and Kowkcheh rivers, near Deshitiqala (Badakhshan region), northern frontier of Afghanistan )―Bactria[1][2][3][4]
?Alexandria in Margiana (Mary/Merv, Turkmenistan) (founded by Craterus and refounded by Antiochus I and called Antiochia)―Margiana, capital city
Summer/Autumn 328Sogdian campaigns and attack of the Sogdian settlements in the Gissarskiy (or Hissar) Range (Pamiro-Alai region, Tajikistan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Dec 328Nautaca (Uzunkir, near Shakhrisabz, between Samarkand and Karshi, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Mar 327Sogdian Rock o Rock of Sisimithres (where Oxyartes and Roxana were) (Gissarskiy (or Hissar) Range, Pamiro-Alai region, Tajikistan)―Sogdia[1][2][3][4]
Spring 327Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria[1][2][3][4]
Spring 327Kapisa, Alexandria in the Caucasus (Bagram near Charikar, Afghanistan)―Gandara, capital city[1][2][3][4]
?Cophen River (Kabul River, Afghanistan/Pakistan)―Gandara
Sep 327Passo Khyber/Khyber Pass (Afghanistan/Pakistan)―Gandara[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327Peucelaotis (Charsadda, north of Peshawar, at the Kabul River, Pakistan), occupied by Perdiccas and Hephaestion―Gandara, Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327Arigaeum (Arigaion), capital city of the Aspasians (Nawagai, Pakistan), Alexander campaign against Aspasians and Guraei―Gandara, Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327Massaca/Massaga, capital city of the Assacenes (Alexander campaign) (Wuch near Chakdara, lower Swat (Soastus) valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327Bazira (Bir-Kot/Barikot, lower Swat valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327Ora (Ude-Gram/Odigram, lower Swat valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327Shang-La Pass, Pakistan (4300m)―Gandara, Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327Aornus Rock (Pir-Sar or Pir Sarai, 1600m, at the Indus River, Pakistan)―Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Winter 326Modern Hund, Pakistan (the two Macedonian armies reunited)―Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Mar 326Alexander's detour to Nysa (legend: founded by Dionysius) (near Jalalabad, at the river Chitral or Kunar (Euas) in eastern Afghanistan)―Gandara, Western Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Spring 326Taxila (Takshaçila, 20 km west from Islamabad, Pakistan)―Western Punjab, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Jul 326Battle of Hydaspes River against Porus (modern Jhelum, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab (kingdom of Porus, Pauravas)[1][2][3][4]
Jul 326Alexandria Nicaea (west bank of Jhelum, Haranpur???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Jul 326Alexandria Bucephala (east bank of Jhelum, Haranpur???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Aug 326Acesines River (Chenab, Pakistan) (crossing between Gujrat and Sialkot, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Aug 326Hydraotes River (Ravi, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Aug 326Sangala (near Amritsar, India) (siege against the Mallians)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
31 Aug 326Hyphasis River (Bias/Beas, India) (the eastern-most border of Alexander's expedition, mutiny of the army)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Sep 326Alexandria on the Hyphasis (west bank, eastern border of Alexander's empire, near Amritsar, India)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Sep 326Return to Hydaspes River (modern Jhelum, Pakistan), Nicaea and Bucephala (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab[1]
Nov 326Departure of the fleet at the Hydaspes River (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Nov-Dec 326Mallians and Oxydracae campaign (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Nov-Dec 326Town of the Brahmans (Harmatelia???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Nov-Dec 326Siege of Multan (capital city of the Mallians (Malava)), Pakistan (where Alexander was seriously wounded by an arrow)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Nov-Dec 326Alexandria on the Indus (at the confluence of Indus and Chenab) (Uch, Pakistan) (Alexandria of Opiane???)―Eastern Punjab[1][2][3][4]
Dec 326Campaigns against the kingdoms of Musicanus (modern Alor, Pakistan) and Sambus (modern Sehwan, Pakistan)―Sind (capital city Thatta)[1][2][3][4]
Dec 326Patala (modern Hyderabad???, Pakistan)―Sindh[1][2][3][4]
Jul-Dec 325Expedition of Craterus from Patala to Hormuz: Patala, Bolan Pass, between Sibi and Quetta (Pakistan), Kandahar (Afghanistan), Hamun Lake, Hormuz (Bandare Abbas) (Iran)[1][2][3][4]
Aug-Dec 325The return of Alexander: Patala-Hormuz (with Hephaestion)[1][2][3][4]
Aug 325Arabius River (Hab River, crossing near modern Karachi, Pakistan)―Sind[1][2][3][4]
?Arabitians and Oreitans campaigns, Pakistan―Gedrosia
Autumn 325Alexandria Rhambacia (Bela, Pakistan)―Gedrosia[1][2][3][4]
?Alexandria in Makarene (120 km west of Karachi, area of Hab River, Pakistan)
Autumn 325Gedrosian Desert (Baluchistan (Makran), Pakistan/Iran)―Gedrosia[1][2][3][4]
Nov 325Pura (Bampur, Iran)―Gedrosia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Dec 325Alexandria in Carmania (Golashkerd, Iran)―Carmania (capital city Harmozia/Hormuz)[1][2][3][4]
Sep-Dec 325Expedition of Nearchus from Patala to Hormuz: Patala, Karachi, Hab River, Sonmiani Bay, Ormara, Pasni, Gwadar, Jask, Strait of Hormuz, Hormuz (Bandar Abbas) (Iran)[1][2][3][4]
Dec 325The reuniting at Hormuz―Carmania[1][2][3][4]
Jan-Feb 324The return of Alexander from Hormuz to Susa:[1][2][3][4]
Jan 324Pasargad (plain of Morghab, Iran) (visit to the tomb of Cyrus the Great)―Persia [1]
Feb 324Persepolis (Iran)―Persia[1][2][3][4]
Feb 324Susa (Iran)―Susiana (Elam), capital city[1][2][3][4]
Jan-Feb 324The return of Hephaestion and Craterus along the coastline of Carmania and Persia (from Hormuz to Susa)[1][2][3][4]
Jan-Feb 324The return of Nearchus from Hormuz to Susa: Hormuz, Qeshm Island, Mond River, Karun River, Susa [1]
Mar 324The marriages of Susa (Iran)[1][2][3][4]
?Persian Gulf, Mouth of the Tigris (Iraq/Iran)―Susiana
Spring 324Alexandria in Susiana or Alexandria of Characene, later Alexandria Antiocheia), Karka (Charax, near Al Qurnah, Iraq)―Susiana[1][2][3][4]
Spring 324Mutiny of the army at Opis (east bank of the Tigris, not far from the confluence of Tigris and Diyala rivers, south of Baghdad, Iraq)―Babylonia[1][2][3][4]
Summer 324Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran)―Media, capital city[1][2][3][4]
Oct 324Death of Hephaestion in Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran)―Media[1][2][3][4]
Winter 323Cossaeans campaign (Loristan/Luristan, Zagros Range, Iran)―Media/Babylonia[1][2][3][4]
Spring 323Babylon (on the Euphrates, Iraq)―Babylonia, capital city[1][2][3][4]
10 or 11 June 323 B.C.Death of Alexander in Babylon (Iraq)―Babylonia[1][2][3][4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Arrian, John Rooke; Arrian's History of the expedition of Alexander the Great: and conquest of Persia. J. Davis, 1813. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Nigel Cawthorne; Alexander the Great. Haus Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-904341-56-X. Retrieved 2009-10-06. templatestyles stripmarker in |publisher= at position 24 (help)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Waldemar Heckel; The wars of Alexander the Great, 336-323 B.C. Taylor & Francis, 2003, ISBN 0-415-96855-0. Retrieved 2009-10-06. templatestyles stripmarker in |publisher= at position 25 (help)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Arrian, James S. Romm, Pamela Mensch; Alexander the Great: selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius. Hackett Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-87220-727-7. Retrieved 2009-10-06. templatestyles stripmarker in |publisher= at position 27 (help)

Bibliography

  • Roger Caratini, Alessandro Magno, Storia e leggenda del più grande condottiero dell’antichità, Newton & Compton editori, 2005
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