Bubalina

Bubalina
Temporal range: Late Miocene - present, 13.7–0 Ma
[1]
Water Buffalo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Artiodactyla
Family:Bovidae
Subfamily:Bovinae
Tribe:Bovini
Subtribe:Bubalina
Rütimeyer, 1865
Type species
Bubalus bubalis
Linnaeus, 1758
Genera
Synonyms
  • Buffelinae (Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907)
  • Syncerina (Pilgrim, 1939)

Bubalina is a subtribe of the Bovini tribe that includes the various species of buffalo. These include the African buffalo, the anoas, and the wild water buffalo (including the domesticated variant water buffalo). Currently buffalos can be found naturally in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia (although domestic and feral populations have been introduced in Europe, the Americas, and Australia).[2] In addition to the living species, bubalinans have an extensive fossil record where remains have been found in much of Africa and Eurasia.[3]

Systematics

Placement within Bovini

 

Bovini

 

Pseudorygina (saola)

 
 

 

Bubalina (buffalos)

 
 

Bovina (Bison and Bos)

 
 
 
 
Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Bovini (Hassanin et al., 2013)[4]

The majority of phylogenetic work based on ribosomal DNA, chromosomal analysis, autosomal introns and mitochondrial DNA has recovered three distinctive subtribes of Bovini: Pseudorygina (represent solely by the saola), Bubalina, and Bovina (which today are represented by the genera Bison and Bos).[5][6][7][4] One cytogenetic analysis concerning the phylogenetic position on the saola suggests the species could be related to buffalo.[8] This relationship has not, however, been supported by most phylogenetic work concerning bovins.[9][7][4]

The fossil record

The fossil record of buffalos is extensive, with fossils found throughout Africa and Eurasia.[3] According to the fossil record and the molecular work, Bubalina and Bovina diverged from one and another from a common ancestor around 13.7 million years ago in the Late Miocene.[1][4][3] The Syncerus lineage and the Bubalus lineage diverged from each other between 8.2 and 9.1 million years ago.[1][4][3] This divergence corresponds to the time when the Syncerus lineage had arrived into Africa from Asia.[10][3]

Below is the list of fossil species that have been described so far (listed alphabetically):[3]

  • Subtribe Bubalina (Rütimeyer, 1865)
    • Genus Bubalus (Smith, 1827)
      • †Bubalus brevicornis (Young, 1936)
      • †Bubalus cebuensis (Croft et al., 2006)
      • †Bubalus grovesi (Rozzi, 2017)[11]
      • †Bubalus mephistopheles (Hopwood, 1925)
      • †Bubalus murrensis (Berckhemer, 1927)
      • †Bubalus palaeindicus (Falconer, 1859)
      • †Bubalus palaeokerabau (Dubois, 1908)
      • †Bubalus platyceros (Lydekker, 1877)
      • †Bubalus teilhardi (Young, 1932)
      • †Bubalus wansijocki (Boule & Teilhard, 1928)
      • †Bubalus youngi (Chow & Hsu, 1957)
    • Genus †Hemibos (Falconer, 1865)
      • †Hemibos acuticornis (Falconer & Gautley, 1868)
      • †Hemibos antelopinus (Falconer & Gautley, 1868)
      • †Hemibos galerianus (Petronio & Sardella, 1998)
      • †Hemibos gracilis (Qiu, 2004)
      • †Hemibos triquetricornis (Falconer, 1865)
    • Genus †Parabos (Arambourg & Piveteau, 1929)
      • †Parabos cordieri (de Christol, 1832)
      • †Parabos macedoniae (Arambourg & Piveteau, 1929)
      • †Parabos soriae (Morales, 1984)
    • Genus †Proamphibos (Pilgrim, 1939)
      • †Proamphibos hasticornis (Pilgrim, 1939)
      • †Proamphibos kashmiricus (Pilgrim, 1939)
      • †Proamphibos lachrymans (Pilgrim, 1939)
    • Genus Syncerus (Hodgson, 1847)
      • †Syncerus acoelotus (Gentry & Gentry, 1978)
      • †Syncerus antiquus (Duvernoy, 1851) – formerly a species of Pelorovis[12]
    • Genus †Ugandax (Cooke & Coryndon, 1970)
      • †Ugandax coryndonae (Gentry, 2006)
      • †Ugandax demissum (Gentry, 1980
      • †Ugandax gautieri (Cooke & Coryndon, 1970)

Taxonomy

There are currently two recognized extant genera of bubalinans – the African Syncerus and the Asiatic Bubalus.[5][9][2] Whilst the majority of molecular and morphological work strongly supports the recognition of these two genera as being sister taxa,[5][13][1] there remans some uncertainty over the number of species that should be recognized.[9][2] There are two different classifications that have been adopted by bovid workers. The first is from the widely used taxonomic reference book Mammal Species of the World from Wilson and Reeder (2005) which recognized the following species:[14]

  • Subtribe Bubalina (Rütimeyer, 1865)

The second classification comes from Groves and Grubb (2011) who conducted large scale taxonomic analysis on the world's ungulate species. The species most affected was the African buffalo which, they argued, should be split into several separate species based on intensive morphological comparisons (in particular the dimensions of the skull elements and skin coloration). Their classification defined species based on phylogenetic species concept.[9] Indeed, the African buffalo is noted to exhibit extreme morphological variability, causing great confusion over how many valid taxa there are and their precise taxonomic status.[15] While some bovid biologists have adopted the Groves and Grubb taxonomy,[2] others express their concern that this taxonomic proposal needs more additional evidence before being adopted.[16]

Below is the listing of species recognized by Groves and Grubb (2011)[9] with species names following Castelló (2016) from Bovids of the World:[2]

  • Subtribe Bubalina (Rütimeyer, 1865)
    • Genus Syncerus (Hodgson, 1847)
      • Syncerus nanus (Boddaert, 1785) - Forest buffalo
      • Syncerus brachyceros (Gray, 1837) - Lake Chad buffalo
      • Syncerus mathewsi (Lydekker, 1904) - Virunga buffalo
      • Syncerus caffer (Sparrman, 1779) - Cape buffalo
    • Genus Bubalus (Hamilton-Smith, 1827)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Hassanin, A.; Ropiquet, A. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Bovidae, Bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the Kouprey, Bos sauveli Urbain 1937" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 896–907.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Castelló, J.R. (2016). Bovids of the Word. Princeton University Press.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hassanin, A. (2014). "Systematic and evolution of Bovini". In Melletti, D.R.; Burton, J. Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–20.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Hassanin, A.; An, J.; Ropiquet, A.; Nguyen, T.T.; Couloux, A. (2013). "Combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of Laurasiatherian mammals: Application to the tribe Bovini (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (3): 766–775.
  5. 1 2 3 Tanaka, K.; Solis, C.D.; Masangkay, J.S.; Maeda, K.L.; Kawamoto, Y.; Namikawa, T. (1996). "Phylogenetic relationship among all living species of the genus Bubalus based on DNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene". Biochemical genetics. 34 (11): 443–452.
  6. ↑ Hassanin, A.; Douzery, E. J. P. (1999). "Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1422): 893–900. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0720. PMC 1689916. PMID 10380679.
  7. 1 2 Bibi, F. (2013). "Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) based on ribosomal DNA". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (166).
  8. ↑ Nguyen, T.T.; Aniskin, V.M.; Gerbault-Seureau, M.; Planton, J.P.; Renard, B.X.; Nguyen, A.; Hassanin, A.; Volobouev, V.T. (2008). "Phylogenetic position of the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) inferred from cytogenetic analysis of eleven species of Bovidae" (PDF). Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 122 (1): 41–54.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  10. ↑ Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Vrba, Elizabeth S.; Bibi, Faysal (2009). "Bovidae". In Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; WoldeGabriel, Giday. Ardipithecus Kadabba: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. University of California Press. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-520-25440-4.
  11. ↑ Rozzi, R. (2017). "Rozzi, R. (2017). A new extinct dwarfed buffalo from Sulawesi and the evolution of the subgenus Anoa: An interdisciplinary perspective". Quaternary Science Reviews. 157: 188–205.
  12. ↑ Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro, Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros, Maria Rita Palombo, Lorenzo Rook, and Paul Palmqvist: The Olduvai buffalo Pelorovis and the origin of Bos. Quaternary Research Volume 68, Issue 2, September 2007, Pages 220-226. online
  13. ↑ Lenstra, J.A.; Bradley, D.G. (1999). "Systematics and phylogeny of cattle" (PDF). The genetics of cattle: 1–14.
  14. ↑ Wilson, W.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  15. ↑ Kingdon, J. (2015). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Princeton University Press.
  16. ↑ Heller, R., Frandsen, P., Lorenzen, E. D., & Siegismund, H. R. (2013). Are there really twice as many bovid species as we thought?. Systematic biology, 62(3), 490-493.
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